Dislocations

� Basic concepts� edge dislocation� screw dislocation

� Characteristics of Dislocations� lattice strains

� Slip Systems� slip in single crystals� polycrystalline deformation

� Twinning

Edge Dislocation

� In edge dislocations, distortion exists along an extra half-plane of atoms. These atoms also define the dislocation line.� Motion of many of these dislocations will

result in plastic deformation� Edge dislocations move in response to

shear stress applied perpendicular to the dislocation line.

Edge Dislocation

� As the dislocation moves, the extra half plane will break its existing bonds and form new bonds with its neighbor opposite of the dislocation motion.� This step is repeated in many discreet steps

until the dislocation has moved entirely through the lattice.

� After all deformation, the extra half plane forms an edge that is one unit step wide

� also called a Burger’s Vector

Edge Dislocation

Edge Dislocation Examples

� Ni-48Al alloy edge dislocation� the colored areas show the varying values of

the strain invariant field around the edge dislocation

� Shear was applied so that glide will occur to the left.

� Computer simulation

Screw Dislocation

� The motion of a screw dislocation is also a result of shear stress.� Motion is perpendicular to direction of stress,

rather than parallel (edge).� However, the net plastic deformation of both

edge and screw dislocations is the same.� Most dislocations can exhibit both edge

and screw characteristics. These are called mixed dislocations.

Screw Dislocation

Screw Dislocation Examples

� Ni-48Al alloy� l=[001], [001](010) screw dislocation showed

significant movement.� Although shear was placed so that the dislocation

would move along the (010) it moved along the (011) instead.

� Computer simulation

Screw Dislocation

Mixed Dislocations

� Many dislocations have both screw and edge components to them� called mixed dislocations� makes up most of the dislocations

encountered in real life� very difficult to have pure edge or pure screw

dislocations.

Mixed Dislocations

Mixed Dislocations

Characteristics of Dislocations

� Lattice strain� as a dislocation moves through a lattice, it

creates regions of compressive, tensile and shear stresses in the lattice.

� Atoms above an edge dislocation are squeezed together and experience compression while atoms below the dislocation are spread apart abnormally and experience tension. Shear may also occur near the dislocation

� Screw dislocations provide pure shear lattice strain only.

Characteristics of Dislocations

Characteristics of Dislocations

� During plastic deformation, the number of dislocations increase dramatically to densities of 1010 mm-2.

� Grain boundaries, internal defects and surface irregularities serve as formation sites for dislocations during deformation.

Slip Systems

� Usually there are preferred slip planes and directions in certain crystal systems. The combination of both the slip plane and direction form the slip system.� Slip plane is generally taken as the closest

packed plane in the system� Slip direction is taken as the direction on the

slip plane with the highest linear density.

Slip Systems

� FCC and BCC materials have large numbers of slip systems (at least 12) and are considered ductile. HCP systems have few slip systems and are quite brittle.

Slip in Single Crystals

� Even if an applied stress is purely tensile, there are shear components to it in directions at all but the parallel and perpendicular directions.� Classified as resolved shear stresses� magnitude depends on applied stress, as well

as its orientation with respect to both the slip plane and slip direction

Slip in Single Crystals

λφστ coscos=R

Polycrystalline Deformation

� Slip in polycrystalline systems is more complex� direction of slip will vary from one crystal to

another in the system� Polycrystalline slip requires higher values

of applied stresses than single crystal systems.� Because even favorably oriented grains

cannot slip until the less favorably oriented grains are capable of deformation.

Polycrystalline Deformation

� During deformation, coherency is maintained at grain boundaries� grain boundaries do not rip apart, rather they

remain together during deformation.� This causes a level of constraint in the

grains, as each grain’s shape is formed by the shape of its adjacent neighbors.� Most prevalent is the fact that grains will

elongate along the direction of deformation

Polycrystalline Deformation

Dislocation Movement across GBs

� As dislocations move through polycrystalline materials, they have to move through grains of different orientations, which requires higher amounts of energy, if the grains are not in the preferred orientation.

� As they travel between grains they must be emitted across the grain boundary, usually by one half of a partial dislocation, and then annihilated by the second half at a time slightly after the first one.

� LINK TO HELENA2.gif

Twinning

� A shear force which causes atomic displacements such that the atoms on one side of a plane (twin boundary) mirror the atoms on the other side.� Displacement magnitude in the twin region is

proportional to the atom’s distance from the twin plane

� takes place along defined planes and directions depending upon the system.

� Ex: BCC twinning occurs on the (112)[111] system

Twinning

Slip Twinning

orientation of atomsremains the same

reorientation of atomicdirection across twin plane

displacements take placein exact atomic spacings

atomic displacement is lessthan interatomic spacing

Twinning

� Properties of Twinning� occurs in metals with BCC or HCP crystal

structure � occurs at low temperatures and high rates of

shear loading (shock loading)� conditions in which there are few present slip

systems (restricting the possibility of slip)� small amount of deformation when compared

with slip.

Twinning