DISEASES COMMUNICATED BY

INTESTINAL DISCHARGES

COMMUNICABLE DISEASESA communicable disease is an illness that can be transmitted

from one person to another person, from an animal to a person, or from a person to an animal.

Intestinal DiseasesIntestinal diseases are usually transmitted by food or water that is

contaminated by the feces or urine of an infected person or animal. Examples of communicable intestinal diseases include:

Typhoid Cholera Dysentery

The Human Gastrointestinal Tract or GI tract

Is an organ system

responsible for consuming and

digesting foodstuffs, absorbing

nutrients, and expelling waste.

Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Lower Gastrointestinal TractBuccal cavity Small intestine Pharynx Large intestine.EsophagusStomachDuodenum

Typhoid Fever 

is an acute illness associated with fever caused by the Salmonella typhi  bacteria. It can also be caused by Salmonella paratyphi, a related bacterium that usually causes a less severe illness. The bacteria are deposited in water or food by a human carrier and are then spread to other people in the area.

Typhoid Fever

Symptoms of Typhoid Fever How Do People Get Typhoid Fever? How Is Typhoid Fever Diagnosed? How Is Typhoid Fever Treated?

Dysentery

-refers to infectious gastrointestinal disorders characterized by inflammation of the

intestines, chiefly the colon.

-The World Health Organization (WHO) defines dysentery as any episode of diarrhea

in which blood is present in loose, watery stools.

-Dysentery is spread among humans through contaminated food and water. Once a

person is infected, the infectious organism lives in the intestines and is passed in the stool

of the infected person. With some infections, animals can also be infected and spread

the disease to humans.

Causes of DysenteryDysentery can have a number of causes. Bacterial infections are by far the most common causes of dysentery. These infections include Shigella,Campylobacter, E. coli, and Salmonella species of bacteria.

Symptoms and Complications of DysenteryThe main symptom of dysentery is frequent near-liquid diarrhea flecked with blood, mucus, or pus. Other symptoms include:sudden onset of high fever and chillsabdominal paincramps and bloatingflatulence (passing gas)urgency to pass stoolfeeling of incomplete emptyingloss of appetiteweight lossheadachefatiguevomitingdehydration

Ancylostomiasis   is also known as:

AnchylostomiasisAnkylostomiasisMiner's anemiaTunnel diseaseBrickmaker's anaemia &Egyptian chlorosis.

is a hookworm disease caused by infection with Ancylostoma hookworms.

AncylostomiasisSigns and symptoms

-Because the larvae are in an abnormal host, they do not mature to adults but instead migrate through the skin until killed by the host's inflammatory response. This migration causes local intense itching and a red serpiginous lesion. Treatment with a single dose of oral ivermectin results in cure rates of 94-100%

CausesThe infection is usually contracted by persons walking barefoot over contaminated soil. In penetrating the skin, the larvae may cause an allergic reaction. It is from the itchy patch at the site of entry that the early infection gets its nickname "ground itch".

PreventionControl of this parasite should be directed against reducing the level of environmental contamination. Treatment of heavily infected individuals is one way to reduce the source of contamination (one study has estimated that 60% of the total worm burden resides in less than 10% of the population). Other obvious methods are to improve access to sanitation, e.g. toilets, but also convincing people to maintaining them in a clean, functional state, thereby making them conducive to use.

Hepatitis

infects your liver and causes it to get inflamed.

Different Types HepatitisHepatitis AHepatitis BHepatitis CHepatitis DHepatitis E

Hepatitis E mainly spreads in Asia, Mexico, India, and Africa. The few cases that show up in the

U.S. are usually in people who return from a country where there are outbreaks of the disease.

Like hepatitis A, you usually get it by eating or drinking something that's been contaminated with the virus.

Hepatitis A. You usually get it when you eat or drink something that's got the virus in it. It's the least risky type because it almost always gets better on its own. It doesn't lead to long-term inflammation of yourliver.

Even so, about 20% of people who get hepatitis A get sick enough that they need to go to the hospital. There's a vaccine that can prevent it.

Hepatitis B. This type spreads in several ways. You can get it from sex with someone who's sick or by sharing a needle when using street drugs. The virus also can pass from a mother to her newborn child at birth or soon afterward.

Most adults with hepatitis B get better, but a small percentage can't shake the disease and become carriers, which means they can spread it to others even when their own symptoms disappear.

Hepatitis C. You get this type if you have contact with contaminatedblood or needles used to inject illegal drugs or draw tattoos.Sometimes you don't get any symptoms, or just mild ones. But in some cases hepatitis C leads to cirrhosis, a risky scarring of your liver.

Hepatitis D happens only if you're already infected with hepatitis B. It tends to make that disease more severe.

It's spread from mother to child and through sex.

Paratyphoid fever, also known simply as paratyphoid, is a bacterial infection caused by one of the three types of Salmonella enterica.[1] Symptoms usually begin six to thirty days after exposure and are the same as those of typhoid fever

Signs and symptomsParatyphoid fever resembles typhoid fever. Infection is characterized by a sustained

fever, headache, abdominal pain, malaise, anorexia, a nonproductive cough (in early stage of illness), a relative bradycardia (slow heart rate), and hepatosplenomegaly (an enlargement of the liver and spleen). About 30% of Caucasians develop rosy spots on the central body. In adults, constipation is more common than diarrhea.

Only 20% to 40% of people initially have abdominal pain. Nonspecific symptoms such as chills, sweating, headache, loss of appetite, cough, weakness, sore throat, dizziness, and muscle pains are frequently present before the onset of fever. Some very rare symptoms are psychosis (mental disorder), confusion, and seizures.

CauseParatyphoid fever is caused by any of three strains of Salmonella paratyphoid: S. Paratyphi A; S. schottmuelleri (also called S. Paratyphi B); or S. hirschfeldii (also called S. Paratyphi C). It starts when the bacterium S. Paratyphi A, B, or C is passed from another person due to bad hygiene such as not washing one's hands after using the restroom

Paratyphoid BParatyphoid B is more frequent in Europe. It can present as a typhoid-like illness, as

a severe gastroenteritis or with features of both. Herpes labialis, rare in true typhoid fever, is frequently seen in paratyphoid B. Diagnosis is with isolation of the agent in blood or stool and demonstration of antibodies antiBH in the Widal test. The disease responds well to chloramphenicol or co-trimoxazole.

Paratyphoid CParatyphoid C is a rare infection, generally seen in the Far East. It presents as a 

septicaemia with metastatic abscesses. Cholecystitis is possible in the course of the disease. Antibodies to paratyphoid C are not usually tested and the diagnosis is made with blood cultures. Chloramphenicol therapy is generally effective.

Prevention

Providing basic sanitation and safe drinking water and food is the key for controlling the disease. In developed countries, enteric fever rates decreased in the past when treatment of municipal water was introduced, human faces were excluded from food production, and pasteurization of dairy products began.[5] In addition, children and adults should be carefully educated about personal hygiene. This would include careful handwashing after defecation and sexual contact, before preparing or eating food, and especially the sanitary disposal of feces. Food handlers should be educated in personal hygiene prior to handling food or utensils and equipment. Infected individuals should be advised to avoid food preparation. Sexually active people should be educated about the risks of sexual practices that permit fecal-oral contact