Disease & Pest Management

Chief Editor : HH RP Bhakti Raghava SwamiE-mail : Bhakti.Raghava.Swami@pamho.net Date Produced : January 22, 2017Serial No : 4 of 54

Govardhan Ecovillage

DISEASE & PEST MANAGEMENT

TOPICSDisease and Pest DefinitionDisease and Pest Identification

Disease and Pest CausesDisease Management Practices

Pest Management Practices

Difference between Disease and Pest Disease – A plant disease is a physiological or structural abnormality that is deleterious to the plant or to any of its parts or products or reduces their economic value. It expresses itself in a definite series of symptoms

Pest – When the population of an organism reaches a level where it can cause considerable damage to the crop it becomes a pest

DISEASE DEFINITION

• Physiological or structural abnormality that reduces

their economic value

• Caused due to microorganisms

DISEASE CAUSESMicroorganisms

Bacteria, fungi, viruses, mycoplasma

Physiological causesHigh or Low temperatureLack or excess of soil moisture

Lack of aeration in soilDeficiency or excess of plant nutrients

Soil acidity or alkalinity

• Bacterial Diseases

• Fungal Diseases

• Viral Diseases

DISEASE Identification

"Bird's eye" lesions on ripe tomato fruit caused by bacterial canker

Bacterial Diseases

Suspected bacterial tip blight on oakleaf hydrangea

Bacterial leaf spot on magnolia (Magnolia)

Black spot

Anthracnose disease on

young leaves

Powdery

mildew

Fungal Diseases

Bunchy top of Banana Chilli Leaf Curl

Viral Diseases

Traditional methods

of Organic Pest-

Disease Management

1. Tilling of soil •By tilling the soil many pest and diseases can be managed•Soil is also a medium of pest management because humus in the soil has many micro-organisms. They destroy Nematodes in the soil and protect crops

2. Use of traditional varieties of crops

• Traditional varieties of crop are resistant to pests. They do not easily fall prey to pest

• They have tolerating power to face

natural conditions like drought, excessive rains, extreme summer, extreme winter etc.

3. Trimming

• Root out, cut and destroy the pest or disease affected parts of plants so that it stops the spread of pest and disease.

4. Use of fragrant plants on as intermediate plant Using fragrant

crops as intermediate plant with main crop helps to manage the pest and disease to a great extent

Fragrant plants

are e.g. Holy Basil, Marigold, Mint, Onion, and Garlic

5. Use of Nylon Nets

Small and tender plants are affected more by pests. Small plants have very little immunity to pest. Therefore till plants are small i.e. 30-40 days, cover them with nylon nets

Benefits of Nylon nets – protection from pest, equal distribution of sunlight. Decrease in soil erosion by dividing the rain water drops

6. Cultivation of friendly pests

Natural friendly pests

help immensely to manage enemy pest. Therefore use various flower plants in farming especially ambeliferae family

Due to this fragrant

plants, friendly pest are attracted. This automatically destroy enemy pest

7. Various crop methods

Taking various plants helps to

management of pest by affecting the production of pest

If land has crop of only one variety it increases the pest. But by reducing the no. of crops of one variety pest get less food and this helps to management of pest

8. Crop rotation In first season

use the crop which gets affected less by pest

Then in next season using the crop resistant to pest, the pest is reduced slowly. This protects the crop from pest attack

9. Colour

• Some types of aphids ( 93 varieties of Aphids ) like to suck the juice in tender green, yellow leaves like rose buds, mustard buds and tender branches of beans

• Planting vegetable of red, blue, violet colour helps to manage the pest

10. Pungent smell

• Pungent smell repels many pests e.g. aphids, jassids, beetle, red ants, moth, butterflies, etc.• Pungent plants are onion, Garlic, carrot, fenugreek, holy basil, mint, etc. • If these are planted on the boundary or as intermediate crop then much of pest won’t come in Or this will repel them away

11. Use of Mixed crop

Arranging or planting the fruits or vegetables in farm in such a way that pest and disease won’t affect plants. For example tomato, mustard, brinjal are planted in rows two feet apart.

In the middle row plant red lettuce. Plant carrot and raddish in the space left between tomato, mustard and brinjal. On the boundary pungent plants like holy basil, nirgudi etc.

12. Use of plants for pest management

• For example: Neem leaves, Nirgudi, custard apple, papaya leaves, also chilli, garlic, tobacco. Many such plants can be used for pest management

13. Biological agents – Trichoderma species ( for

fungal diseases)

• Trichoderma is a parasite and it has green colour

• It grows exuberantly on cow dung manure,

organic substances like coffee, tea powder, neem cake, straw pieces etc.

• It destroys fungi in soil especially decomposing fungi and manage the diseases

• Trichoderma virinde and Trichoderma herzinium species grows profusely in 30-40 days

Seed treatment

Seed treatment –

Tricoderma viridae

SEEDLING TREATMENT

SEED TREATMENT

• 4 gm in 250 ml water

• 500 ml of rice water

• 1 kg seed

• Soak for 5 min

SEEDLING TREATMENT

• 500 gm in 5 liter water

• Dip seedling roots for 5 min

• Then transplant the

seedling

Cutting or uprooting affected part of the

plant.Intercropping

14. Birds – Natural pest management

• Birds also manages pest a lot. Therefore to attract them to farm fruit trees e.g. cherry etc. can be planted• Birds make their nest

on these trees and stay in the farm only

Pest Management

InsectsOf all creatures on earth, insects

are the main consumers of plants

They also play a major role in the breakdown of plant and animal material and constitute a major food source for many other animals

• The only place where insects are not commonly found is the oceans, otherwise they are present in most environments on earth, including deserts and Antarctic

• Insects possess an amazing diversity in size, form and behavior

Are they everywhere ?

Why are they so successful ?

• They have a protective shell or exoskeleton, they are small, and they can fly

• Their small size and ability to fly permits escape from enemies and dispersal to new environments

• Such potential makes them formidable pest of crops, able to adapt to new plant varieties as they are developed or rapidly becoming resistant to insecticides

So, are they useless creatures !

• Insects are directly beneficial to humans by producing honey, silk, wax, and other products

• Indirectly, they are important as pollinators of crops, natural enemies of pests, scavengers, and food for other creatures

• In reality, less than one percent of insect’s species are pests and only a few hundred of these are consistently a problem

What is a pest?• When the population of an organism reaches

a level where it can cause considerable damage to the crop it becomes a pest

• There are thousands of organisms in the world but all of them are not considered pests

• Organic crops are less pest prone than chemically produced crops

PEST LIFE CYCLE

• PEST LIFE CYCLE

Crop differences• Diverse crops reduce pest population through

pest predator balance while monocultures increase vulnerability of pests

• They can be either crop pests or storage pests depending on whether they destroy crops on the fields or during storage

Varieties of pestsDifferent types of pests :-– Termites – Carpenter ants– Bed bugs– Wasps– Carpet beetle– Stink bug– Crickets– Carpental bee– Locust

– Fruit flies– Centipede– Millipede– Aphids– Mealybug– Thrips– White fly– Jassids– Delphasids– Grasshopper

Varieties of pests• Leaf or fruit eating caterpillars

• Other pests could be insects, mites, weeds, fungi, bacteria, viruses, rodents etc. even though as a class these are a natural part of our environment

• In fact less than one out of every one thousand of insects are pests

Aphids• Aphids, also known as plant lice and in Britain and the Commonwealth as greenflies, blackflies, or whiteflies, (not to be confused with "jumping plant lice" or true whiteflies) are small sap-sucking insects, and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea

• Aphids are among the most destructive insect pests on cultivated plants in temperate regions

• About 4,400 species are known, all included in the family Aphididae. Around 250 species are serious pests for agriculture and forestry as well as an annoyance for gardeners

• They vary in length from 1 to 10 millimetres (0.04 to 0.39 in)

• Their Natural enemies include predatory ladybirds, hoverfly larvae, parasitic wasps, aphid midge larvae, crab spiders, lacewings etc.

Whitefly• The ability of whiteflies to carry

and spread disease is the widest impact they have had on global food production

• Since whiteflies congregate in large numbers, susceptible plants can be quickly overwhelmed. Further harm is done by mold growth encouraged by the honeydew whiteflies secrete

• Whitefly management is difficult and complex, as whiteflies rapidly gain resistance to chemical pesticides

Termites• Termites are a group of insects who mostly feed on dead plant material, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung, and about 10% of the estimated 4,000 species are economically significant as pests that can cause serious structural damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests

• Termites live in colonies that, at maturity, they grow in number from several hundred to several million individuals. which exploit food sources and environments unavailable to any single insect acting alone

Dermestidae• Dermestidae are commonly referred to as skin beetles. Other common names include larder beetle, hide or leather beetles, carpet beetles, and khapra beetles

• There are approximately 500 to 700 species worldwide. They can range in size from 1–12 mm

• Dermestids have a variety of habits; most general are scavengers that feed on dry animal or plant material such as skin or pollen, animal hair, feathers, dead insects and natural fibers

• Members of Dermestes are found in animal carcasses, while others may be found in mammal, bird, bee, or wasp nests

Carpenter Ants• The carpenter ant is black in

color and larger than most other types of ants. Colonies of carpenter ants can grow to almost 20,000 strong and can cause major structural damage to the frame of a house or building if not eliminated. The carpenter ant is also considered a wood destroying insect that prefers moist decaying wood.

Paper Wasp

• The paper wasp's color varies from a dark brown color to an almost orange color with yellow highlights on it's belly and can cause swelling from a sting. This insect also does not lose it's stinger when they bite and have been known to bite the same person numerous times within less than a minute.

Mealybug

Small as well as grown up pests suck juices from leaves and fruits; which causes the leaves to turn yellow and get dried. AFFECTED CROPS:Leafy vegetables, fruits, trees, papaya and mango etc.

Importance of management ling Pests

• A variety of animal plant and microbial pests cause a wide range of damage on the farms, in the gardens, landscapes including trees, buildings, to humans and pets etc.

• The human beings wish to management or eliminate these pests largely because of economic losses, leading to destruction of standing crops or even during storage.

• In a biological system, every organism has a niche and is a part of the delicate web of the food system.

• Spraying of chemicals leads to mass destruction of the beneficial insects such as soil nematodes, the pollinating insects etc

• This in turn affects the resilience and ecological amplitude of the ecosystem.

Indiscrimination leads to ….

Wisdom and knowledge of farmers

• From time immemorial farmers know the delicate web of nature and understood the intricacies of the food web

• The traditional organic farming has in its normal procedures of growing diverse crop, which is the basis of ecological pest management

Pest predator balance• In nature we find that every pest has a

predator (an organism which feeds on the pest), which helps to keep pest populations in check

• The predator and prey populations are so interdependent that an increase or decrease in either population causes drastic changes in the population of the other

Indirect effects that increase pests• Pest resurgence– Pesticide kills the predators of pests– Pests rebound with higher density because of

increase in equilibrium density• Secondary pest outbreak– Killing of predators of other herbivorous insects

that were not yet pests, thereby increasing their densities and to become pests

• Pesticide resistance– Herbivorous insects have evolved ways of

overcoming toxins

Pest Resurgence & Secondary Pest Outbreak

Results of broad spectrum management of insect pests as well a beneficial species

Pest Resurgence

Pest (8)

Natural Enemy

Pest Resurgence

Pest

Natural Enemy

Pest Resurgence

pest

pest

Pest ResurgenceNote: 14 pests/leaf

Secondary Pest Outbreak

Natural enemies of pest insects

• Natural enemies play an important role in limiting the densities of potential pests

• The non-toxic method to manage a key pest, the reduced use of pesticides and increased survival of natural enemies frequently reduces the numbers and damage of formerly important secondary pest species

Natural enemies of pest insects

1. Predators

2. Parasitoids

3. Pathogens

PREDATORS• Insects are an important part of the

diet of many vertebrates, including birds, amphibians, reptiles, fish and mammals

• Important insect predators include lady beetles, ground beetles, rove beetles, flower bugs and hover flies

Mealybug Destroyer

PARASITOIDS• Parasitoids are insects with an immature

stage that develops on or in a single insect host and ultimately kills the host

• Accurate identification of the host and parasitoid species is critically important in using parasitoids for biological management

Whitefly Parasites

PATHOGENS• Bacteria, fungi, protozoan and

viruses that cause disease infect insects

• These disease may reduce the rate of feeding and growth of insects pests, slow or prevent their reproduction, or kill them

Non-chemical methods of pest management

• Exclusion: Measures like digging trenches which are used to prevent entry of organisms in the farm field

• Sanitation: Sanitary measures include cleanliness in and around the farm by discarding plastics, or any other inorganic substance

• Habitat modification: Creating a live barrier around the perimeter of the farm fields that will reduce incidence of many ground-dwelling pests

Pest management practices• Use of Biopesticides

Dasaparni arka Mirchi-lasun arka Gomutra spray Neem Kernel

extract Garlic – Chilli

Extract Custard seed

Extract Rui leaves Extract Butter milk Cow Urine Cow urine – Neem

leaves – garlic Extract

Cow dung Ash – Spoiled milk (management of fungal, kevada, -----diseases)

Trichoderma species: (for fungal diseases)

Cow dung – Neem – Cow urine Paste: (for managementling khodkida in fruit trees)

Tobacco Neem Extract: (for flower shedding)

Soil – Cow dung Extract: (for aphids and other juice sucking pest)

Wilt Diseases of tomato

Rice paddy Black pepper: (for

bhuri disease) Nirgudi leaves

Pest management practices

Cow dung Ash (for all kinds of juice sucking worms)

Azetobacter Solution: (for fungal diseases)

Bordo solution (10%): (for management of pest affecting trunk of fruit trees)

Cow milk and bogan vel: (for managementling viral diseases)

Tobacco – Aloe Vera – butter milk Extract: ( for Aphids and other juice sucking worms)

Shevaga leaves: (wormicidal and fungicidal)

khodkida of sugar cane Khodkida of fruit tree e.g. mango

etc

Garlic – Chilli – Ginger arka

Red chilli Extract Neem oil spray Neem leaves Extract Tobacco Extract Cow dung Extract Solution of Baking Soda Cow urine – Neem

Extract Ash – lime Solution Leaves and flowers of

Ambadi: (for fungal diseases)

Asafetida Extract: To make fruits swell and shine.

Birds Intercropping

WHAT IS DASHAPARNI ARKA?

It is fermented Arka of non edible medicinal plants in

cow urine

COMPOSITION

S.No. Common name Botanical name Quantity

1. Neem Azadiracta indica 2.5 kg2. Karanj Pongamia Pinata 1 kg3. Tantani Lantana Camera 1 kg4. Papaya Carica Papaya 1 kg5. Rui Callotropics Procarea 1 kg6. castor Ricinus comunis 1 kg7. Nirgudi Vitex Nirgudi 1 kg8. Gulvel Tinospora Cordiftolia 1 kg9. Siaphal Anona Squamosa 1 kg 1 kg10. Besharam Aristolachia bractata 1 kg11. Cow dung N.A 1 kg12. Cow urine N.A 2.5 lt

METHOD OF PREPARATION• Collect all the essential material as per the table• Cut the leaves of different plants into small pieces• Prepare a mixture of cow dung and cow urine in

sufficient quantity of water• Mix all this material in plastic container• Stir twice a day• Allow to ferment for 30 days• Filter and place in cool place we can use this

solution for next 6 months

METHOD OF APPLICATION

• 2.5 liter solution for 200 liters of water• Make1.25% solution and spray• We can use this solution for next 6 months

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS• Insect growth regulation• Malformation • Stops reproduction• Feeding deterrent • Disturbance in mating and sexual

communication• Larva and adults of insects are repelled

Spray of dasparni extract on aphid attack of pigeon pea

Pest management practices• Use of Insect traps

Insect traps are used to monitor or directly reduce populations of insects or other arthropods

They typically use food, visual lures, chemical attractants and pheromones as bait and are installed so that they do not injure other animals or humans or result in residues in foods or feeds

Pest management practices

• Types of Insect traps Light Trap Flying insect

traps Wota trap Sticky trap Pitfall trap Malaise Traps

Window pane trapsBaited vialsFerromen trap

Pest management practices

• Types of Insect traps Light TrapLight traps, with or without ultraviolet light, attract certain insects. Light sources may include fluorescent lamps, mercury-vapor lamps, or black lights.

To catch moths.Light traps should be used

well before female flies lay eggs.

Pest management practices

• Types of Insect traps Flying insect traps

Flight interception traps or are net-like or transparent structures that impede flying insects and funnel them into collecting. Barrier traps consist of a simple vertical sheet or wall that channels insects down into collection containers.

Pest management practices

Medfly trap is used to catch Mediterranean Fruit Fly

Adult male moths, attracted by the lure, fly around it, fall and drown in the water

Pest management practices

Sticky trap

Pest management practices

• Types of Insect traps

Pitfall trapGround-dwelling arthropods, particularly ants, ground beetle adults and larvae, can be collected or sampled using pitfall traps. These are basically jars or other suitable containers

Pest management practices

• Types of Insect traps Malaise TrapsMany flying insects fly

straight up to the light when disoriented or panicked. Malaise traps take advantage of this behavioral reaction. One design uses a vertically-hung semi-transparent screen into which insects fly. When they hit the screen they fly up, only to be trapped in a tent-like top

Pest management practices

• Ferromen Trap for catching fruit flies

Why not use insecticides ?• Unfortunately insecticides kill

indiscriminately both pests and the natural enemies of the pests – what are referred to as predators

• It has been postulated that there are some one million species of insects on this earth of which 5000-15000 have turned into pests

3 key problems of using InsecticidesA. Creating susceptibility to pests by

destabilizing the plant metabolismB. Killing of natural enemies of the target

pest leading to explosion in the population of the original pests

C. Destruction by pesticides of the large number of non target species of natural enemies to a class of evolution of new secondary pests in the form of resistant varieties of pests

Chebonsson, an French scientist

• The relationship between plants and parasites are first and foremost in nature

• Healthy and balanced plant nutrition in the form of organic farming increases the plant resistance and its immunity

• Chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides increase the plant susceptibility to pests

Thank You

ISKCON Daiva Varnasrama Ministry Promoting Rural

Development in India www.iskconvarnasrama.com

OM Sri Surabhi Campaign www.srisurabhi.org

Om Sri Surabhyai Namah !

ABOUT THE EDITOR

• Name HH RP Bhakti Raghava Swami

• Age and Gender 71, Male  • Country/Province of Origin Canada, Ontario • Educational Degree and Year B.A, 1968, M.Ed., 2004  • Educational Institution State University of

Yogyakarta • Professional Work/Experience Social

Worker/Counselor • Affiliation with ISKCON Since 1974 • Present Service in ISKCON Minister, IDVM-India