Disease and Epidemiology

8/18/2019 Disease and Epidemiology

1/76

isease andisease and

Epidemiologpidemiolog

y


2/76

What is isease?hat is isease? Any condition that jeopardizes Any condition that jeopardizesthe survival of an organism inthe survival of an organism ina particular environmenta particular environment

What is epidemiology?The study of the causes,

distribution, and control of diseasein populations.


3/76

Some Characteristics ofome Characteristics ofiseaseiseaseChange of normal appearance,Change of normal appearance,behavior, or movementbehavior, or movement

Fever Fever Dull, inflamed eyesDull, inflamed eyesRough soiled hair, fur orRough soiled hair, fur orfeathersfeathersDifficulty !al"ing or runningDifficulty !al"ing or running

Abnormal lumps Abnormal lumpsDiscoloration#lesions of s"inDiscoloration#lesions of s"in


4/76

isease causing entitiesisease causing entities Any agent that may bring abnormal Any agent that may bring abnormalcondition to any or all of the tissues ofcondition to any or all of the tissues ofthe body via eggs, contact, food or athe body via eggs, contact, food or avectorvector

$ Types of disease causing entities%$ Types of disease causing entities%&nfectious agents ' caused by a&nfectious agents ' caused by apathogen (bacteria, virus, parasites etc),pathogen (bacteria, virus, parasites etc),

invade the body and multiply there.invade the body and multiply there.*oninfectious agents 'caused by*oninfectious agents 'caused bysomething other than pathogens.something other than pathogens.(carcinogens, environmental, etc.)(carcinogens, environmental, etc.)


5/76

Infectious Agentsnfectious Agents -pathogen – an infectious-pathogen – an infectious

disease causing agentisease causing agent+acteria+acteria

irusesiruses

-arasites-arasites

-rions ( ad-rions ( adCo! Disease)Co! Disease)


6/76

Noninfectious agentsoninfectious agents

&njuries&njuries

utations, geneticutations, genetic

-oisons and-oisons andchemicalschemicals

-oor nutrition-oor nutrition


7/76

For disease to occur and spreador disease to occur and spreadcertain conditions must e metertain conditions must e met

Chain of infection


8/76

To gro! and spread,To gro! and spread,most microorganismsmost microorganismsprefer prefer

/arm, dar"/arm, dar"environmentenvironment

oistureoisture0ource of food0ource of food1uman body fits the1uman body fits thecriteria2criteria2


9/76

!" #eser$oir" #eser$oir

A place the pathogen A place the pathogencan livecan live1uman body1uman body

Animals Animals3nvironment3nvironmentFomites%Fomites%

contaminatedcontaminatedinanimate objectsinanimate objects


10/76

%"&ortal of E'it"&ortal of E'it/ay of leaving the/ay of leaving thereservoir in !hich itreservoir in !hich ithas been gro!ing%has been gro!ing%+lood+loodTearsTearsFecesFeces4rine4rine0aliva0alivaDraining !oundsDraining !ounds


11/76

(" )eans of" )eans of

*ransmission-ransmission- *eeds to be*eeds to betransported to anothertransported to anotherreservoir reservoir

Direct person to personDirect person to personcontact contaminatedcontact contaminatedhands most commonhands most common

&ndirect contact&ndirect contact

coming in contact !ithcoming in contact !ithcontaminatedcontaminatede5uipment, food,e5uipment, food,insect biteinsect bite


12/76

+" &ortal of Entry" &ortal of Entry

+rea"s in s"in+rea"s in s"in+rea"s in mucous+rea"s in mucousmembranesmembranes

Respiratory tractRespiratory tractDigestive tractDigestive tractCirculatory systemCirculatory system

6enitourinary tract6enitourinary tract


13/76

,o your ody fights off ao your ody fights off acausati$e agentausati$e agent

ucous membranes trapucous membranes trapCilia ' transport.Cilia ' transport.

Coughing and sneezing e7pelCoughing and sneezing e7pel1ydrochloric acid in the stomach destroy1ydrochloric acid in the stomach destroyTears in the eyes bacteriocidalTears in the eyes bacteriocidal

Fever destroyFever destroy&nflammation !hite cells&nflammation !hite cells&mmune response antibodies&mmune response antibodies


14/76

Anti odies and antigensnti odies and antigens


15/76

." Suscepti le host" Suscepti le host

8arge numbers of8arge numbers ofpathogens.pathogens.+ody defenses are+ody defenses are!ea"!ea"

Results in susceptibleResults in susceptiblehost, or a personhost, or a personli"ely to get anli"ely to get aninfection or diseaseinfection or disease

Chain of infection canChain of infection canbe bro"en at anybe bro"en at anypointpoint


16/76


17/76

two types o f vectors: mechanical and biological.Microbes do not multiply within mechanical vectors -only p hysically t ransport microbes f rom host to host.In contrast, microbes m ust propagate within abiological vector before it can transmit the microbes.

mosquitomosquito ( malariamalaria , St. Louis encephalitisSt. Louis encephalitis ,dengue feverdengue fever , yellow feveryellow fever , West Nile virusWest Nile virus )

eaea ( bubonic p laguebubonic p lague )

ticktick ( Lyme diseaseLyme disease , rocky m ountain spotted feverrocky m ountain spotted fever ,tick-borne encephalitistick-borne encephalitis )

deer mousedeer mouse ( hantavirushantavirus )

kissing bugkissing bug ( TriatominaeTriatominae ) ( Chagas DiseaseChagas Disease )

batbat (RabiesRabies )

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_mountain_spotted_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_mountain_spotted_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick-borne_meningoencephalitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick-borne_meningoencephalitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_mousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_mousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissing_bughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissing_bughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triatominaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triatominaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagas_Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagas_Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_violethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_violethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htmhttp://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htmhttp://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/virusfus.gifhttp://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/virusfus.gifhttp://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/virusfus.gifhttp://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_violethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagas_Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triatominaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissing_bughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_mousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick-borne_meningoencephalitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_mountain_spotted_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virus


18/76

99Typhoid ary: allon !as a coo" in the *e! ;or"Typhoid ary: allon !as a coo" in the *e! ;or"City in the >sCity in the >s she infected $$ people !ith typhoid fever, one of !homshe infected $$ people !ith typhoid fever, one of !homdied. 3ventually estimates ran as high as ?> deathsdied. 3ventually estimates ran as high as ?> deathsattributed to her.attributed to her.Dr. 6eorge 0oper intervie!ed ary, and suggestedDr. 6eorge 0oper intervie!ed ary, and suggestedthere might be a connection bet!een the dishes shethere might be a connection bet!een the dishes sheserved and the outbrea"s of typhoid.served and the outbrea"s of typhoid.

After forcibly obtaining urine and stool samples, it !as After forcibly obtaining urine and stool samples, it !asrevealed she !as an asymptomatic carrier of typhoidrevealed she !as an asymptomatic carrier of typhoidsalmonellasalmonella&n


19/76

Charting the Spread of aharting the Spread of a

iseaseisease

&nvestigator must!or" bac"!ards to try

and determine the inde7 case

The mode oftransmission#vector

The 9!aves: ofinfection


20/76

Incu ation &eriodncu ation &eriod

Time period before signsand symptoms appear

The delay is used for thepathogen to multiply

aries !ith each disease%

Colds about days1& can be years


21/76

Infectious iseasenfectious isease

Causing Agentsausing Agents

-athogen a disease causing agent (e7ample%-athogen a disease causing agent (e7ample%bacteria, viruses)bacteria, viruses)

irulence ' ability of a pathogen to overcome theirulence ' ability of a pathogen to overcome thebodyEs defense produce a diseasebodyEs defense produce a disease1ost ' any organism serving as a residence for a1ost ' any organism serving as a residence for apathogenpathogen

ector ' agent#entity that delivers a pathogen to aector ' agent#entity that delivers a pathogen to ahost, intermittent hosthost, intermittent host


22/76

/acteriaacteria

0mallest simplest0mallest simplestform of lifeform of life

pro"aryoticpro"aryotic

0ingle celled0ingle celled1ave a cell !all1ave a cell !all

ary in size shapeary in size shape

any are beneficialany are beneficialdecompose and recycledecompose and recyclenutrientsnutrientsFoods ' yogurt, !ines,Foods ' yogurt, !ines,cheesecheese

Aid in digestion Aid in digestion


23/76

BacteriaBacteriaCharacteristicsCharacteristics1. Two Domains:

Archaebacteria ) li9e ine tre;e conditions

Eubacteria ) all other bacteria


24/76

istinguishingistinguishingCharacteristicsharacteristicsof /acteriaf /acteria

$. G7ygen need$. G7ygen need*o o7ygen (anaerobic) '*o o7ygen (anaerobic) 'such as botulism,such as botulism,tetanustetanusG7ygen re5uiredG7ygen re5uired(aerobic)(aerobic)

Facultative anaerobic 'Facultative anaerobic 'prefers o7ygen, but canprefers o7ygen, but cansurvive in anaerobicsurvive in anaerobicconditionsconditions


25/76

3. Prokaryotic3. Prokaryotic

Nomembranebound

organellessuch as anucleus or

mitochondria


26/76

4. !ow big are bacteria"

#. $here do they li%e"

-icrosco ic

Archaebacteria live in e7treme harsh environments ' hottemperatures, e7treme salinity for e7ample and include halophiles,methanogens, thermophiles, sulfophilic strainsEubacteria bacteria !e encounter on a daily basis ' 3. coli fore7ample

http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm

http://www.microbelibrary.org/microbelibrary/files/ccImages/Articleimages/keen/Gramstainkeen.htmlhttp://www.microbelibrary.org/microbelibrary/files/ccImages/Articleimages/keen/Gramstainkeen.html


27/76


28/76

Staphylococcus

Streptococcus

.


29/76

).). !a%e Cell $alls!a%e Cell $alls

*.*. +orm ,ndos(ores in !arsh+orm ,ndos(ores in !arshConditionsConditions

(($o;e are rigid, $o;e "le ible$o;e are rigid, $o;e "le ible


30/76

istinguishingistinguishing

Characteristics ofharacteristics of

/acteriaacteriaCell !all absorb 9gramEs stain:HCell !all absorb 9gramEs stain:H6ram positive ' retain stain in cell !alls6ram positive ' retain stain in cell !alls

6ram negative ' characteristic of many6ram negative ' characteristic of manypathogenic strains, may not al!ays respondpathogenic strains, may not al!ays respondto anitbioticsto anitbiotics

Ability to release to7ins ' !aste products Ability to release to7ins ' !aste productsfrom metabolismfrom metabolismhttp%##!!!.microbelibrary.org#microbelibrary#files#cchttp%##!!!.microbelibrary.org#microbelibrary#files#cc&mages#Articleimages#"een#6ramstain"een.htm&mages#Articleimages#"een#6ramstain"een.htm

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=204.248.214.9/sugardale/Assets/product_images/cheesewheel_main.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sugardale.com/&h=240&w=257&prev=/images?q=swiss+cheese&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=Nhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=204.248.214.9/sugardale/Assets/product_images/cheesewheel_main.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sugardale.com/&h=240&w=257&prev=/images?q=swiss+cheese&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=Nhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=204.248.214.9/sugardale/Assets/product_images/cheesewheel_main.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sugardale.com/&h=240&w=257&prev=/images?q=swiss+cheese&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=Nhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=204.248.214.9/sugardale/Assets/product_images/cheesewheel_main.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sugardale.com/&h=240&w=257&prev=/images?q=swiss+cheese&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=Nhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=204.248.214.9/sugardale/Assets/product_images/cheesewheel_main.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sugardale.com/&h=240&w=257&prev=/images?q=swiss+cheese&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=Nhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=204.248.214.9/sugardale/Assets/product_images/cheesewheel_main.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sugardale.com/&h=240&w=257&prev=/images?q=swiss+cheese&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=N


31/76

/acteria releaseacteria release

to'ins0000not good11o'ins0000not good11


32/76


33/76

/acteria e'change genetic information yacteria e'change genetic information ycon2ugationon2ugation-- no ne cells are created- no ne cells are created

-- leads to e'change of anti iotic genes- leads to e'change of anti iotic genes

http%##!!!.hhmi.org#biointeractive#animations#conjugation#conjIframes.htm

http://tm.wc.ask.com/r?t=c&s=p&id=30751&sv=za5cb0db0&uid=&sid=&p=/imagelinks&o=0&u=http://www.armchair.com/store/gourmet/sourdough/sdoughenhtn.jpghttp://tm.wc.ask.com/r?t=c&s=p&id=30751&sv=za5cb0db0&uid=&sid=&p=/imagelinks&o=0&u=http://www.armchair.com/store/gourmet/sourdough/sdoughenhtn.jpg


34/76

/acterial iseasesacterial iseases


35/76

$. Tuberculosis


36/76

. Typhoid fever caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi . Common !orld!ide, it is transmitted by ingestion offood or !ater contaminated !ith feces from an infected person.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamaroneck,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamaroneck,_New_York


37/76

J. Diphtheria anupper respiratory tract illness

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterium


38/76

?. +otulism


39/76

K. Tetanus


40/76

. 6onorrhea

STD


41/76

B. 0yphilis

STD


42/76

=. Chlamydia

STD


43/76

a.a. &nhibit gro!th of some bacteria ' may disrupt cell&nhibit gro!th of some bacteria ' may disrupt cell!alls, or other metabolism!alls, or other metabolism

b.b. products of fungus or competing bacteriaproducts of fungus or competing bacteria

37% -enicillin, erythromycin, "anamycin, 37% -enicillin, erythromycin, "anamycin,tetracyclineLLtetracyclineLL

a.a. +acteria can IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIto become+acteria can IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIto becomeresistant to antibioticsresistant to antibiotics

/acterial Disease/acterial Disease*reatments *reatments

AN

T I <I OT I C $

AN

T I <I OT I C $

mutate


44/76

!el(-ul Bacteria!el(-ul Bacteria

Make milk into yogurt!Make milk into yogurt!

Make antibiotics!Make antibiotics!Treat Wastewater!Treat Wastewater!

Aid Digestion!Aid Digestion!

Pesticide Control!Pesticide Control!

M 3ric acDic"en

Also--Also--Decomposers/ NaturalDecomposers/ Natural

Cycle!Cycle!

ioremediation!ioremediation!

ood/Preser"ati"es!ood/Preser"ati"es!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_typhihttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/10/4/l_104_05.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_typhi


45/76

/0 ','/0 ','


46/76

3irusesiruses

icroscopic in size ' smaller than bacteriaicroscopic in size ' smaller than bacteria*ot considered to be living*ot considered to be living

Can cause serious, contagious diseaseCan cause serious, contagious diseaseClassified byClassified by

type of tissue they invade,type of tissue they invade,appearance,appearance,host they normally infecthost they normally infectType of genetic material ' D*A or R*AType of genetic material ' D*A or R*A


47/76

irus Characteristicsirus Characteristics

!uman/n2uen a

0abies irus !/

DNA

inside Chicken Po


48/76

3iruses – Structureiruses – Structure

-rotein coat-rotein coat

geo;etric sha esgeo;etric sha esRece tor roteins to ;atch 9irus withRece tor roteins to ;atch 9irus withs eci"ic host cells eci"ic host cell6enetic element6enetic element

3ither D*A or R*A strand3ither D*A or R*A strand


49/76

Two Ty(es o- iruses Two Ty(es o- iruses

a. 5ytic 6%irulent7a. 5ytic 6%irulent7b. 5ysogenic 6tem(oral7 8b. 5ysogenic 6tem(oral7 8

9dormant9dormanthttp455highered"mcgra -ttp455highered"mcgra -hill"com5sites5667!++.7895student:$ie 65chapter9ill"com5sites5667!++.7895student:$ie 65chapter975animation:;ui


50/76

=>*IC C>C=E>*IC C>C=E

iral genetic element (D*A or R*A)iral genetic element (D*A or R*A)becomes part of host cell D*Abecomes part of host cell D*A

1ost cell produces ne! viruses1ost cell produces ne! virusesCell lyses (is destroyed) therebyCell lyses (is destroyed) therebyreleasing viruses to invade other hostreleasing viruses to invade other host

cellscells

a irulent ((Causes disease i;;ediately((Causes disease i;;ediately


51/76

a. irulent

#ytic Cycle o$ a %irulent %irus

Infectious Diseases:Viral InfectionInfectious Diseases:Viral Infection

((Causes disease i;;ediately((Causes disease i;;ediately


52/76

http://www.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03121/moovies/Lytic.mov


53/76

irus 0e(roduction Processirus 0e(roduction Process

a&a&AbsorptionAbsorption

b&b&'ntry'ntry

c&c&(eplication(eplication

d&d&(elease(elease

b Tem(oral ((Does not cause disease((Does not cause disease


54/76

b. Tem(oral

#ysogenic Cycle o$ a Temperate %irus

"emains in cell Activated to producenew viruses

(( oes ot cause d sease((i;;ediatelyi;;ediately


55/76

http://www.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03121/moovies/Lysogenic.mov


56/76

=>S @ENIC C>C=E>S @ENIC C>C=E

Considered to be 9dormant:Considered to be 9dormant:&s replicated via host cellEs mitotic&s replicated via host cellEs mitoticcyclecycle

ay become lytic if induced by aay become lytic if induced by a

stimulus (such as a chemicalstimulus (such as a chemicalimbalance or environmental stress)imbalance or environmental stress)


57/76

"etrovirus"etrovirus http://www.whfreeman.com/kuby/content/anhttp://www.whfreeman.com/kuby/content/anm/kb03an01.htmm/kb03an01.htm

http%##!!!.pbs.org#!gbh#evolution#libraryhttp%##!!!.pbs.org#!gbh#evolution#library##J#lIJI>?.html##J#lIJI>?.html

Dr. Stephen O'Brien's work with HIV led to a discovery thatcould one day help scientists treat or prevent HIV infection:

People fro so e !uropean populations carry a "eneticutation that prevents HIV fro enterin" their white #lood

cells. O'Brien hypothesi$es that this utation% datin" #ack &years% ay have #een a selective advanta"e durin" the #u#onic

pla"ue% as it is today% with the onslau"ht of HIV. (roEvolution: )!volutionary *r s


58/76


59/76

iral Diseasesiral Diseases

.&

< =>> kinds o- iruses

0ymptoms include nasal discharge, obstruction of nasalbreathing, s!elling of the sinus membranes, sneezing, sore

throat, cough, and headache.

Co;;on Cold


60/76

0&

N-oliomyelitis is a crippling disease ofspinal nerve cells caused by poliovirusinfection.

NThe disease can stri"e non immunepersons of any age but affects mainlychildren under the age of three, andcauses paralysis in one case of every$>> to >> infections.

N-reventable by vaccination.

olio


61/76

1&

%ymptoms induced can include mosaic,mottling, necrosis, stunting, leaf curling, and

yellowing of plant tissues.

Tobacco -osaic


62/76

2&

Ac5uired immunodeficiency syndrome, is caused by thehuman immunodeficiency virus, or 1& .

1& destroys the body@s ability to fight infections by

attac"ing cells of the immune system.

STD

AID$


63/76

3&

The vast majority of casesreported to the Centers for

Disease Control andPrevention (CDC) eachyear occur in wild animals

like raccoons skunks!ats and fo"es#

Infects the central nervoussystem causin$

encephalopathy andultimately death#

Rabies


64/76


65/76

5&

&t usually occurs during adulthood after e7posure tochic"en po7 in childhood. The chic"en po7 virus

remains dormant in the body.

An acute infectioncaused by a activation ofthe varicella zoster virus,

!hich also causeschic"en po7.

$hingles


66/76

6&

Most in$ected c)ildren will )a"ea ras)7 )ig) $e"er7 coug)7 runny

nose7 and watery eyes&or e"ery .7888 c)ildren w)oget it7 . or 0 will die $rom it

9preads so easily t)at any c)ildw)o is not immuni:ed will

probably get it7 eit)er now orlater in li$e&

-easles


67/76

;&

Non(cancerous s=ingrowths caused by a

9iral in"ection in the tolayer o" the s=in. 2iruses

that cause the; arecalled hu;an papillomavirus 53 26.STD

>arts


68/76

.8& %&V' usually produces only mild

symptoms or si$ns or no symptoms atall#

%owever %&V' can cause recurrentpainful $enital sores in many adults and%&V' infection can !e severe in people

with suppressed immune systems#e$ardless of severity of symptoms$enital herpes fre*uently causes

psycholo$ical distress in people whoknow they are infected #

STD 3er es


69/76

..&

he most common serious liver infection in the world.&t is caused by the '(V virus that attac)s the liver.

'(V is *++ times more infectious than the A& % virus. -et, can beprevented with a safe and effective vaccine.

3e atitis <

* & $ i& $ i


70/76

*reatment &re$entionreatment &re$entionAN efenseN efense


71/76

Treatment?Pre%ention?De-ens Treatment?Pre%ention?De-ensee 6cont@d76cont@d70& %accine

1& "iruses and

accineAi%en

;nitbodiesProduced

Auard?+ight 0ealDisease


72/76

http%##student.ccbcmd.edu#Pg"aiser#biotutorials#eustruct#phag


73/76

. -hagocytosis ' the. -hagocytosis ' thedigestion of andigestion of anantigen by anantigen by animmune responseimmune responsecellcell

http%##!!!.sp.uconn.edu#Pterry#Common#phago>? .html

ocyt.htmlhttp%##highered.mcgra!

hill.com#sites#>> $J=?B??#studentIvie!>#chapter$#animationIIphagocytosis.ht

ml

h fth f


74/76

ther causes ofther causes ofdisease0isease0

-arasites '-arasites ' Grganism livingGrganism living

on, in, or at theon, in, or at thee7pense ofe7pense ofanother livinganother livingorganismorganism


75/76

*ypes of parasitesypes of parasites

-rotozoa-rotozoa0ingle celled0ingle celled

1elminths (!orm parasites)1elminths (!orm parasites)

ulti cellular ulti cellular Tape !orms, Round !orms, leeches (segmentedTape !orms, Round !orms, leeches (segmented!orm) ' most round!orms are 6GGD22!orm) ' most round!orms are 6GGD22

Arthropods ' tic"s, fleas, bed bugs, flies, Arthropods ' tic"s, fleas, bed bugs, flies,

mos5uitoesmos5uitoes Act as vectors (carriers of disease) Act as vectors (carriers of disease)FungiFungi

Si' th d th ti' rthropods th t


76/76

Si' arthropods thati' arthropods thataffect mammalsffect mammals

FliesFlies

$%os&uitos$!icks$'leas$Lice$%ites

Disease and Epidemiology

Documents

Transcript of Disease and Epidemiology