Discussion Discussion 

What challenges do you think What challenges do you think countries faced in finding workers to countries faced in finding workers to fill all the industrial jobs needed to fill all the industrial jobs needed to increase military production?increase military production?

With many young men fighting on the With many young men fighting on the fronts, countries would have had a fronts, countries would have had a shortage of industrial workers— in many shortage of industrial workers— in many cases needing to fill industrial jobs with cases needing to fill industrial jobs with women, older men, and even children.women, older men, and even children.

Emergency Measures in the Soviet UnionEmergency Measures in the Soviet Union

Death of many civilians:Death of many civilians: Early Soviet defeats led to  Early Soviet defeats led to drastic emergency measures that greatly affected the drastic emergency measures that greatly affected the civilian population. Many civilians died in such battles as civilian population. Many civilians died in such battles as the Siege of Leningrad.the Siege of Leningrad.

Movement of factories:Movement of factories: Faced with rapid German  Faced with rapid German advances, Soviet workers dismantled whole factories and advances, Soviet workers dismantled whole factories and shipped them to interior parts of the country to continue shipped them to interior parts of the country to continue the production of military supplies.the production of military supplies.

Shortages of food and housing:Shortages of food and housing: The focus on production  The focus on production of supplies for the military led to shortages among the of supplies for the military led to shortages among the citizenry.citizenry.

Role of women:Role of women: The numbers of women working in  The numbers of women working in industries increased sharply, and women even fought in industries increased sharply, and women even fought in battles.battles.

Rapid Economic Mobilization in the United StatesRapid Economic Mobilization in the United States

Population shifts and Population shifts and shortages:shortages: Workers who moved to the  Workers who moved to the locations of new factories faced a shortage locations of new factories faced a shortage of housing and schools.of housing and schools.

African American migration:African American migration: The  The movement of African Americans seeking movement of African Americans seeking jobs in industries often led to racial jobs in industries often led to racial tensions.tensions.

Internment of Japanese Americans:Internment of Japanese Americans: On  On the West Coast, many Japanese Americans the West Coast, many Japanese Americans were held in internment camps.were held in internment camps.

Delayed Economic Mobilization in GermanyDelayed Economic Mobilization in Germany

Slowness of full economic mobilization:Slowness of full economic mobilization: Determined to  Determined to avoid the collapse of the home front that Germany avoid the collapse of the home front that Germany experienced during World War I, Hitler was slow to cut the experienced during World War I, Hitler was slow to cut the production of consumer goods. German forces plundered production of consumer goods. German forces plundered the goods of defeated countries to provide for the home the goods of defeated countries to provide for the home front. Only when the war turned in favor of the Allies did he front. Only when the war turned in favor of the Allies did he order a total mobilization of the economy, increasing arms order a total mobilization of the economy, increasing arms production and closing schools, theaters, and cafés.production and closing schools, theaters, and cafés.

Attitudes toward women:Attitudes toward women: Even as more and more men  Even as more and more men went off to war, the numbers of women contributing to the went off to war, the numbers of women contributing to the war effort did not increase much.war effort did not increase much.

Preparedness for War in JapanPreparedness for War in Japan

Initial state of high mobilization:Initial state of high mobilization: After years  After years of war with China, Japan was already mobilized of war with China, Japan was already mobilized for war. The government controlled prices, for war. The government controlled prices, wages, labor, and resources.wages, labor, and resources.

Call for civilian sacrifices:Call for civilian sacrifices: Traditions of  Traditions of obedience and hierarchy were used to encourage obedience and hierarchy were used to encourage Japanese citizens to make sacrifices for the Japanese citizens to make sacrifices for the national cause—including volunteering to become national cause—including volunteering to become kamikaze pilots.kamikaze pilots.

Reluctance to mobilize woman:Reluctance to mobilize woman: Few women  Few women took jobs that directly contributed to the war took jobs that directly contributed to the war effort. Instead, needed laborers were brought effort. Instead, needed laborers were brought from other countries.from other countries.

Discussion Discussion  During the early part of the war, how did During the early part of the war, how did

Germany's approach to the economy and Germany's approach to the economy and civilian sacrifice differ from Japan's?civilian sacrifice differ from Japan's?

The German government was afraid that morale would The German government was afraid that morale would suffer if sacrifices were requested of the citizenry early suffer if sacrifices were requested of the citizenry early in the war. Therefore, Hitler did not immediately order a in the war. Therefore, Hitler did not immediately order a cut in the production of consumer goods and an increase cut in the production of consumer goods and an increase in military production. Japan was already in full in military production. Japan was already in full mobilization when it entered the war, with the mobilization when it entered the war, with the government controlling the economy. From the start, government controlling the economy. From the start, leaders encouraged citizens to make and endure leaders encouraged citizens to make and endure sacrifices and contribute to the war effort.sacrifices and contribute to the war effort.

Background Background  Fearing a Japanese invasion following the attack Fearing a Japanese invasion following the attack

on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. government established on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. government established the U.S. War Relocation Authority to organize the the U.S. War Relocation Authority to organize the removal of people of Japanese ancestry from their removal of people of Japanese ancestry from their homes on the West Coast. Some 110,000 people homes on the West Coast. Some 110,000 people were moved to isolated relocation centers in were moved to isolated relocation centers in California, Arizona, Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, and California, Arizona, Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, and Arkansas. Housed in military barracks, adults Arkansas. Housed in military barracks, adults were given few opportunities and children were were given few opportunities and children were given little education. In 1988, the government given little education. In 1988, the government apologized for the internments and passed apologized for the internments and passed legislation providing payments to the surviving legislation providing payments to the surviving victims. victims.

DiscussionDiscussion

What sacrifices did civilians make to What sacrifices did civilians make to support the war effort during World support the war effort during World War II?War II?

CCivilians coped with shortages of food, ivilians coped with shortages of food, housing, and consumer goods; women housing, and consumer goods; women worked in businesses and factories, and worked in businesses and factories, and some served in the military; children lost some served in the military; children lost homes and schools, and some worked in homes and schools, and some worked in factories and served in the military; factories and served in the military; civilians suffered terrible casualtiescivilians suffered terrible casualties