Discription of electrical energy sector in Palestine

5/28/2018 Discription of electrical energy sector in Palestine

BIRZIET UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A

PROPOSED PALESTINIAN ELECTRICAL NETWORK

Prepared by

Hamada Almasalma

Mohammad Qaraqe

Supervised by

Mr. Jaser Saed

An Introduction to Graduation Project Submitted to the Electrical

Engineering Department in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

the Degree of B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering

BIRZEITDECEMBER -2010
http://www.birzeit.edu/


I

Table of ContentsPage

Table of Contents I

List of Tables III

List of Figures IVTable of Abbreviations V

VI VIIAbstract VIII

IXChapter one Introduction 1

1.1 Project Overview 1

1.2 Project Outline 2

Chapter Two Overview of Electrical Energy Situation in West Bank 3

2.1 Electrical Energy Sources 3

2.2 Electric Utilities in West Bank 5

2.3 Electrical Energy Consumption 7

2.3.1 Electrical Energy Consumption in Different Sectors 8

2.3.2 Electrical Energy Consumption in Different Areas 9

2.4 Electricity Customers in West Bank 10

2.5 Rates and Tariff Structure in the West Bank 12

2.5.1 Tariff Structure in Southern ElectricityCompany(SELCO)

12

2.5.2 Tariff structure in Hebron Electric Power

Company (HEPCO)

13

2.5.3 Tariff structure in Northern Electricity

Distribution Company (NEDCO)

13

2.5.4 Tariff structure in Jerusalem District Electrical

Company (JDECO)

14

2.6 Electrical Energy Problems 15

2.7 Future Plans in the West Bank 16

Chapter Three Nablus Distribution System 17

3.1 Nablus District 17

3.1.1 Feeders 17

3.1.2 Substations 19

3.1.3 Transmission Lines 24

3.2 Wadi Altufa Substation 24

3.2.1 Data Collection 26

3.2.2 Data Analysis 29


II

Chapter Four Hebron Distribution System 32

4.1 Hebron Electric Power Company (HEPCO) 32

4.2 Southern Electricity Company (SELCO) 35

Chapter Five Bethlehm Distribution System 375.1 Bethlehm System Descriptions 39

5.2 Alkhas Substation 42

5.2.1 Data Collection 44

5.2.2 Data Analysis 45

Chapter Six Conclusion & Future work 48

References 49


III

List of Tables

No. Table Page

Table 2-1 Electric supply system in West Bank 8

Table 2-2 Electrical energy consumption in different areas (GWh) 9

Table 2-3 Number of customers in the West Bank areas 11

Table 2-4 Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in SELCO 12

Table 2-5 Electricity selling prices for the billing system in SELCO 12

Table 2-6 Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in HEPCO 13

Table 2-7 Electricity selling prices for the billing system in HEPCO 13

Table 2-8 Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in NEDCO 13

Table 2-9 Electricity selling prices for the billing system in NEDCO 14

Table 2-10 Electricity selling prices in JDECO 14

Table 2-11 Multi tariff structure 14Table 3-1 Main substation in Nablus 19

Table 3-2 Substations and the outcome feeder 21

Table 3-3 Transmission lines specifications 24

Table 3-4 Parameters of the transmission line 26

Table 3-5 Transformer parameters 27

Table 3-6 Load parameters 27

Table 3-7 Per unit values for transmission line per phase 28

Table 3-8 Per unit values for transformer per phase 28

Table 3-9 The PF at loads 29

Table 3-10 Load 29

Table 3-11 Voltage on the buses 30

Table 4-1 Substations in HEPCO 33

Table 4-2 Capacity of each area in SELCO 35

Table 5-1 Injection points in JDECO 37

Table 5-2 Main substations in Bethlehem 39

Table 5-3 Bethlehem distribution transformers 41

Table 5-4 Transmission lines specifications in Bethlehm 41

Table 5-5 Per unit values for transmission line per phase in Bethlehem 44

Table 5-6 Transformer parameters in Bethlehm 44

Table 5-7 PF at each load in Alkhas substation 45

Table 5-8 Load in Alkhas substation 46

Table 5-9 Actual Voltage on the buses for Alkhas substation 46


IV

List of Figures

No. Figure Page

Fig. 2-1 Electric supply system in West Bank 4

Fig. 2-2 Geographical area for each electric utility in West Bank 6

Fig. 2-3 Total electricity consumption in 2009(GWh) 7

Fig. 2-4 Annual GWh consumption. 7

Fig. 2-5 Percentage electrical energy consumption 9

Fig. 2-6 Percentage electrical energy consumption per Area 10

Fig. 2-7 Growth of population in West Bank 10

Fig. 2-8 Number of customers in West Bank 11

Fig. 2-9 Multi tariff structure 15

Fig. 3-1 The main feeders in Nablus 18

Fig. 3-2 The future main feeders in Nablus 18

Fig. 3-3 Main substations 20

Fig. 3-4 Asker substation. 22

Fig. 3-5 Wadi Altufah substation 22

Fig. 3-6 Mujeer Aldeen substation 23

Fig. 3-7 Central substation 23

Fig. 3-8 Single line diagram 25

Fig. 3-9 Percentage impedance 27

Fig. 4-1 HEPCO daily load curve 32

Fig. 4-2 Main feeders in HEPCO 34

Fig. 4-3 Areas served by SELCO 36

Fig. 5-1 Main substations in Bethlehm 40

Fig. 5-2 Single line diagram of Alkas substation 43


V

Table of Abbreviations

IEC Israeli Electric Corporation

JDECO Jerusalem District Electricity Company

NEDCO Northern Electricity Distribution Company

HEPCO Hebron Electric Power Company

SELCO Southern Electricity Company

PEA Palestinian Energy Authority

NIS New Israeli Shekel

VAT Value Added Tax

MWh Megawatt Hour

GWh Gigawatt Hour

kWh Kilowatt HourMVA Megavolt Ampere

Mvar Megavolt Ampere Reactive

kV Kilovolt

V Volt

A Ampere

GMD Geometric Main Distance

CUnderground Cable

OH Overhead

ACSR Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced

XLPE Cross-linked Polyethylene

km kilometer

PF Power Factor

R Resistance

X Reactance

%Z Percentage Impedance

Isc Short Circuit Current

Vsc Short Circuit Voltage

Zsc Short Circuit Impedance


VI

""


VII

:


VIII

Abstract

The introduction of the project focuses on the electrical networks in

West Bank.

The aim of this study is to analyze the current electricalnetwork in the west bank distribution companies and know the

performance of these networks. Moreover, it will help us take the next

step in proposing different scenarios to connect the different power

distribution companies and generate an integrated electrical network with

standard voltages, low power losses, high quality electrical energy, high

reliability, good voltage level, and low transmission cost.


IX

.,

.


1

Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Project Overview

Energy is considered to be an important component in the social, industrial,

technological, economic, and sustainable development of any country. Among all

forms of energy, electrical energy is regarded as high grade energy, and it has beenthe major driver for technological and economic development.

The Palestinian economy suffers from major distortions and underdevelopment

due to the Israeli occupation, which affects the development of infrastructure. As a

result the Palestinian electricity sector suffers from several problems.

This situation prevents any possibility to generate electricity in Palestine, so

electricity sector became totally dependent on purchasing power from IEC.

The absence of a Palestinian electrical system creates many separated electrical

networks that are owned by distribution companies and municipalities. This causes

high transmission losses, high transmission costs, and unreliable systems.

This project introduction will lay out the current situation of the electricity

sector in West Bank. It includes a study of the different distribution companies in

West Bank.

The only main transmission lines constructed in the West Bank by IEC are three

main 161 kV overhead lines feeding the three main substations: in Hebron, Qalandia

(Atarot) and Salfiet (Arael).These feeders supply West Bank by 800 MVA, 571

MVA which are supplied to the distribution companies and the remaining 229 MVA

is supplied to municipalities.


2

The ranges of voltage of West Bank networks are 400V, 6.6 kV, 11kv, 33 kV. In

Jerusalem Distribution Electric Company (JDECO), the voltage ranges are 400V, 11

kV and 33 kV. Northern Electricity Distribution Company (NEDCO) and Southern

Electricity Company (SELCO) use 400V, 6.6 kV and 33 kV ranges, but in HebronElectric Power Company (HEPCO) the ranges of voltage are 400V, 6.6 kV, 11 kV, 33

kV. Municipalities directly step down the voltage from 33 kV to 400 kV.

These networks suffer from high transmission and distribution losses (technical

and non technical) that varies from 17-32 %.

1.2 Project Outline

In chapter two of this project introduction, electrical energy supply and demand

in West Bank is presented. Data on electrical energy consuming sectors, supply

sources, tariff structure, future plans, and problems facing electrical energy sector are

presented.

Chapter three presents a general description of Nablus electrical network. Data

on connection point capacities, network transformers, distribution networks, energy

supplied, number of consumers and energy consumption. Also we did power flow

analysis for Wadi Altufah substation using Power World Simulator.

Chapter four presents a general description of Hebron electrical network. Data


supplied, number of consumers and energy consumption.

Chapter five presents a general description of JDECO electrical network. Data


supplied, number of consumers and energy consumption. Also we did power flow

analysis for Alkhas substation using Power World Simulator.


3

Chapter Two

Overview of Electrical Energy Situation in West Bank

2.1 Electrical Energy SourcesThe national independent power supply is still under construction and

rehabilitation. There is no electrical power generation in West Bank. 96% of

electrical energy consumed in 2009 was imported from IEC, and the remaining was

imported from Jordan [1].

The maximum capacity of West Bank is nearly 800 MVA. 70% of the supply

from Israel comes indirectly through three 161/33 kV substations; one in the south in

area C close to Hebron, a second in the north in the Ariel settlement (area C) close to

Nablus, and a third in Atarot industrial area (area C) near Jerusalem. These feeders

feed Hebron, Bethlehem, East Jerusalem, Ramallah, Jericho, Salfeet and Nablus.

30% comes directly through two 33 kV feeders from Beisan which feed both Jenin

and Tubas. And three 22 kV feeders from Ntanya feed both Tulkarm and Qalqiliya

[2]. The supply from Jordan comes through 33 kV (can withstand 132 kV) overhead

line (20MW) to supply only Jericho [3]. The remaining power is generated by

decentralized small diesel generators.

Fig. 2-1 shows a drawing of the West Bank electric supply system


4

(Fig. 2-1) Electric supply system in West Bank


5

2.2 Electric Utilities in West BankThe electricity sector in Palestine is somewhat fragmented. In the West Bank

there no substantial generating capacity but there are four free standing utilities that

are responsible for electricity distribution in West Bank. These utilities are:

1. Jerusalem District Electricity Company (JDECO), established in 1928, it is thelargest distribution company in the West Bank covers approximately 25% of it. It

serves Bethlehem, East Jerusalem, Ramallah and Jericho and connected to Atarot

near Jerusalem and area C near to Hebron [3].

2. Northern Electricity Distribution Company (NEDCO), established in 2008 toserve Nablus, Tulkarem, Jenin and other northern regions of the West Bank. But

till now only Nabuls and Jenin city are under its responsibility. Connection point

is in Areil settlement, at the north of Nablus [4].

3. Southern Electricity Company (SELCO), established in 2002.It serves Dura,Yatta and Dahariah. Connection point is in area C near to Hebron [6].

4. Hebron Electric Power Co. (HEPCO),established in 2000. It serves Hebron andHalhul. Connection point is in area C near to Hebron [5].

The remaining areas of the West Bank are under municipal responsibility.

Fig. 2-2 shows the geographical area of each utility. More details about these

companies and their connection points with IEC are discussed in next chapters.
http://www.google.ps/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CBgQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jdeco.net%2FDefault.aspx%3Ftabid%3D54&rct=j&q=jdeco&ei=THGeTPilCcr14Aa-xbCKDQ&usg=AFQjCNHFk6JrHVI7JYBgDAUYRHd9sAYjSg&cad=rjahttp://www.google.ps/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CBgQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jdeco.net%2FDefault.aspx%3Ftabid%3D54&rct=j&q=jdeco&ei=THGeTPilCcr14Aa-xbCKDQ&usg=AFQjCNHFk6JrHVI7JYBgDAUYRHd9sAYjSg&cad=rja


6

(Fig. 2-2) Geographical area for each electric utility in the West Bank


7

2.3 Electrical Energy Consumption

Electrical Energy consumption in West Bank is another aspect of difficult

political and economical situation. Total energy consumption in 2009 was 2366

GWh. This consumption is small compared with energy consumption in the

neighboring countries. Fig. 2-3 shows total electrical energy consumption in West

Bank and neighboring countries [8].

Fig. 2-4 shows the GWh consumption for different years in West Bank.The demand

for electricity continued toincrease at a rate of 6.4% [2].

8965

29492

50275

110816

11,184

2366

Lebanon Syria Israel Egypt Jordan West Bank

(Fig. 2-3) Total electricity consumption in 2009(GWh)

(Fig. 2-4) Annual GWh consumption

1973 20322142

22842366

25172678

2850

3032

3226

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014


8

Most recent indicators show that electricity consumption in West Bank could be

estimated at 757 kWh per capita [1]. By world's standard, it is considered very low.

As a base of comparison, a country like Jordan the annual per capita consumption is

2000 kWh, and in Egypt is approximately 1500 kWh. Estimate for Israel would

yield a per capita consumption of 7000 KWh that is nearly ten times that of West

Bank [9].

2.3.1Electrical Energy Consumption in Different SectorsTable 2-1 shows the general electrical energy consumption of main

sectors in West Bank in years 20052009 [1].

(Table 2-1) Electrical energy consumption in different sectorsYear 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Residential

consumption1203 1219.2 1285.2 1370.4 1419.6

Commercial&

Industrial

Consumption

721.8 731.52 771.12 822.24 851.76

Agricultural

Consumption 6.817 6.9088 7.2828 7.7656 8.0444

Others 73.383 74.3712 78.3972 83.5944 86.5956

Fig. 2-5 shows the percentage share of electrical energy consumption between

these sectors in 2009.


9

2.3.2Electrical Energy Consumption in Different AreasTable 2-2 shows the general electrical energy consumption of main areas in

West Bank in years 20052009 by customers [1].

(Table 2-2) Electrical Energy consumption in different areas (GWh)Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Hebron 435 459 472 494 504

Bethlehem 210 201 207 215 216

East Jerusalem 405 387 400 428 447

Ramallah 318 330 351 372 382

Jericho 54 48 54 59 61

Selfit 27 31 37 42 48

Nablus 170 185 201 215 229

Jenin 135 149 154 171 179

Tubas 42 45 48 58 60

Tulkarem 113 124 137 145 150

Qalqiliah 64 73 81 85 90

Total 1973 2032 2142 2284 2366

60%

36%

0.34%

3.66%4%

Residential

Commercial&Industrial

Agricultural

Othes

(Fig. 2-5) Percentage electrical energy consumption


10

Fig. 2-6 shows the percentage share of electrical energy consumption between these

areas.

2.4 Electricity Customers in West BankThe population of West Bank is growing at a rate of 2.5% as shown in Fig. 2-7. At

midyear 2009 it was estimated about 2,448,433 [7].

The rate of population growth is a key feature of the number of electricity

customers, which is an important factor to be worry about because of the limited

electricity supply in West Bank.

21%

9%

19%

16%

2.5%

1.5%

10%

7.5%

2% 7%

3.5%

Hebron

Bethlehem

East JerusalemRamallah

Jericho

Selfeet

Nablus

Jenin

Tubas

Tulkarem

Qalqiliah

(Fig. 2-6) Percentage electrical energy consumption per Area

1,500,000

1,700,000

1,900,000

2,100,000

2,300,000

2,500,000

2,700,000

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Population

Year

(Fig. 2-7) Growth of population in West Bank


11

Number of electricity customers in the West Bank is approximately 592940

customers and increasing at a rate of 4%. Fig. 2-8 shows the number of customers in

years 2005- 2009.

Table 2-3 shows number of customers per area in 2009 [1, 3, 4, 5, 6].

(Table 2-3) Number of customers in West Banksareas

Area Number of Customers

Areas of HEPCO 33533

Areas of SELCO 18000

East Jerusalem 86475

Ramallah 75272

Bethlehm 35323

Jericho 7982

Nablus 54339

West Bank Municipalities 282016

Total 592940

513181

529666

548208

570140

592940

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

(Fig. 2-8) Number of Customers in the West Bank


12

2.5 Rates and Tariff Structure in West BankThe electricity price paid by consumers is somewhat high due to the political

situation and the unavailability of electrical generation in West Bank. Also Uniform

tariff does not exist in West Bank. Distribution companies control the prices but not

the PEA, so these prices vary from one company to another.

Average price for kWh paid in West Bank to IEC is 0.38 NIS, and the average

price paid by customers is 0.64 NIS\kWh.

2.5.1 Tariff Structure in Southern Electricity Company (SELCO)

Table 2-4 shows the electricity selling prices for the prepay system (Pricesinclusive of VAT) [6].

(Table 2-4) Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in SELCO

Sector NIS/kWh

Residential 0.60

Commercial 0.62

Temporary service 1.00

Table 2-5 shows the electricity selling prices for the billing system (Prices

inclusive of VAT).

(Table 2-5) Electricity selling prices for the billing systemin SELCO

Sector kWh NIS/kWh

Residential

1-50 0.63

51-250 0.69

251-500 0.75

More than 500 0.80

Commercial --------------- 0.69

Industrial --------------- 0.63

Institutional --------------- 0.75

Government --------------- 0.80


13

2.5.2 Tariff Structure in Hebron Electric Power Company (HEPCO)

Table 2-6 shows the electricity selling prices for the prepay system (Prices

inclusive of VAT) [5].

(Table 2-6) Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in HEPCO

Sector kWh NIS/kWh

Residential &Commercial 0-150 0.54

More than 150 0.57

Others --------------- 0.50

Table 2-7 shows the electricity selling prices for the billing system (Prices inclusive

of VAT).

(Table 2-7) Electricity selling prices for the billing system in HEPCO

Sector kWh NIS/kWh

Residential & Commercial 0-150 0.63

More than 150 0.68

Others --------------- 0.61

For the billing system, HEPCO makes a discount of 10% on the billings that paid

during a specific period.

2.5.3 Tariff Structure in Northern Electricity Distribution Company(NEDCO)

Table 2-8 shows the electricity selling prices for prepay system (Pricesinclusive of VAT) [4].

(Table 2-8) Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in NEDCO

Sector NIS\kWh

Residential 0.57

Commercial 0.58

Industrial 0.58

Temporary 0.73


14

Table 2-9 shows the electricity selling prices for the billing system (Prices

inclusive of VAT) in NEDCO.

(Table 2-9) Electricity selling prices for the billing system in NEDCO

2.5.4 Tariff Structure in Jerusalem District Electrical Company(JDECO)

Table 2-10 shows the electricity selling prices (Prices inclusive of VAT) [3].

(Table 2-10) Electricity selling prices in JDECO

Sector Price

Residential 0.59Commercial 0.66

Street Lightning 0.48

JDECO adopts multi tariff structure for customers who consume more than 50000

kWh yearly; the prices vary from one season to another and from one day to anotheraccording to criteria shown in table 2-11 and Fig. 2-9 [3].

(Table 2-11) Multi tariff structure

SeasonRate A

NIS/kWh

Rate B

NIS/kWh

Rate C

NIS/kWh

Winter 0.41 0.71 1.21

Sprig & Autumn 0.36 0.45 0.56

Summer 0.37 0.57 1.34

Sector kWh NIS\kWh

Residential 1-50 0.56

More than 50 0.59

commercial 1-100 0.58

More than 100 0.60

industrial 1-100 0.58

More than 100 0.60

agricultural ------------------- 0.64

temporary ------------------- 0.73

water pumps ------------------- 0.57


15

(Fig. 2-9) Multi tariff structure

2.6 Electrical energy problemsElectricity distribution networks, that feed all categories of consumers in the areas

of West Bank, are supplied with full requirements of electric power from IEC. Also

because of the absence of a Palestinian electrical system that includes all of these

networks every distributor contacts separately with IEC, which create a state of chaos.

This situation causes many problems like high technical losses, shortage of

supply capacities, power outages, voltage drop , and others. And there is a need for

the development of the distribution companies in West Bank which is still in progress.

The major electrical energy problems can be summarized in [1]:

1- Lack of supply capacity of electrical energy to meet present and future needs.It is a serious problem in northern West Bank especially Nablus area.

2- Electrical networks need major rehabilitation and development.3- Absence in generating capacity in West Bank.4- Energy prices are very high compared with regional and international prices.


16

5- High transmission and distribution losses (technical and non technical) whichare considered an important and an emergent problem.

2.7 Future Plans in West Bank

A project is in its way to be implemented to install four new 161/33 kV

transmission substations across West Bank, at a cost of EUR 44.5 million. Installing

of these substations will be accompanied by rehabilitation of all distribution networks

in all utilities in West Bank that will be supplied by these substations. This project

aims also to strengthen the newly established Northern Electric Distribution Company

(NEDCO).

In the long term, the Government intends to draw no more than 50% of energy

from any one source, and will meet this goal by increasing regional collaboration and

improving domestic production and storage capacity.

Two new power plants in West Bank will be constructed, which are:

Jayyus Power Plant in the north, near Qalqiliya. Turqumia Power Plant in the south, west of Hebron.

These projects will assist in the establishment of a new transmission company,

Palestine Energy Transmission Company Ltd. (PETL), which would eventually own,

operate and develop the transmission network, also facilitates the project of

connecting Palestinian network with the Jordanian network in the future. This

alternative which is considered seriously , especially as we know that in October

2008, Palestine became a full member of the 7 countries interconnection project and

became the country number eight; countries are Jordan, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq,

Libya, Turkey and Palestine. This membership will allow Palestine to be connected tothe grid of these countries at a large scale [1].


17

Chapter Three

Nabuls Distribution System

NEDCO is a distribution company in the north of West Bank which entirely

depends on purchasing electricity from IEC on 33 kV level. It was established to

serve all the northern provinces, but till now it serves Nablus province and Jenin city

only.

NEDCO purchases 275.8 GWh form IEC. 228.249 GWh was consumed by

54339 consumers with 90% load factor(1).The percentage of losses is about 17% [4].

3.1 Nablus District

3.1.1 Feeders

Nablus is supplied by 64MVA from the following four 33 kV feeders [4]:

1. Odala : With a rated capacity of 13MVA.2. Askar : With a rated capacity of 23MVA.3. Qussen: With a rated capacity of 20MVA.4. Enab : With a rated capacity of 8MVA.

NEDCO is in progressing to increase the capacity to 91MVA by increasing the

capacity of Odala to 20 MVA and replacing Qussen feeder by Jeet feeder with a

capacity of 40MVA. Fig. 3-1 shows these main feeders, and the future main feeders

are shown in Fig. 3-2.

(1)Load factor: the average power divided by the peak power over a period of time [10].


18

(Fig. 3-1) The main feeders in Nablus

(Fig. 3-2) The future main feeders in Nablus


19

3.1.2 Substations

The 33 kV feeders are reduced to 6.6 kV level by step down transformers (Dy11)

rated at 10MVA in the main substations. Table 3-1 shows the main substation with

their rated capacities and connection points.

(Table 3-1) Main substation in Nablus

Substation Capacity (MVA) Fed from Number of Transformers

(10MVA)

Askar 13 Odala 1

Central 22 Askar 2

Mujeer Aldeen 17 Qussen 2

Wadi Al-tufah 7 Qussen 1

These substations are connected together with 33 kV lines in order to increase

reliability of the system. Fig. 3-3 shows the substation and there connection points.

6.6 kV feeders are reduced to 0.4 kV level by step down transformers (Dy11)

rated at 160kVA, 250kVA, 400kVA, 630kVAand 1000kVA, 1500kVA

Some loads are not fed from these substations. They fed directly from 33 kV

feeders through step down transformers (Dy11, 33/0.4 kV) with different rated

values (160kVA, 250 kVA, 400 kVA, 630 kVA, 1000 kVA, 1500 kVA

The 6.6 kV feeder, which comes out of the 10MVA transformer, is branched to

a number of 6.6 kV feeders by connecting it to a bus bar. Table 3-2 shows the

feeders that come out from each substation and their capacities

(2)

.

(2)

Transformers in NEDCO are loaded to 40% of rated capacity and 0.92 power factor[4].


20

(Fig. 3-3) Main substations


21

(Table 3-2) substations and the outcome feeder

Substations Feeders Capacity (kVA)

Askar

Nawaser(1)1888

Nawaser(2)1748

Althalagat2240

Asker1448

Central

Askar(on)672

Khalet Aleman2772

Faisal3268

Ras alean(1)1580

Alsouq1304

Wadi Altfsh2576

Ras alean(2)3000

Aldahia2092

Mujeer Aldeen

Rafidia2428

Aldardoq1172

Almajen2184

Alethad2416

Alenjele2020

Al-Mahkma1076

Wadi Al-tufah

Kamal Jomblat2428

Algma3336

About 13.6 MVA load is not connected to these substations. Fig. 3-4, Fig. 3-5,

Fig. 3-6 and Fig. 3-7 show the feeders of each substation.


22

(Fig. 3-4) Asker substation

(Fig. 3-5) Wadi Altufah substation


23

(Fig. 3-6) Mujeer Aldeen substation

(Fig. 3-7) Central substation


24

3.1.3 Transmission Lines

Electric power is transmitted by overhead transmission lines (OH) or by

underground cables (C), Table 3-3 shows different types of transmission lines and

their specifications [3, 4].

(Table 3-3) Transmission lines specifications

Type C/OH Voltage

(kV)

Rated

Current

(A)

Resistance

/ km

Reactance

/ km

Cross Section

(mm2)

XLPE C 33 651 0.0976 0.115 240

XLPE C 33 553 0.127 0.120 185XLPE C 6.6 335 0.325 0.124 120

ACSR OH 6.6 359 0.37 0.279 95/15

ACSR OH 6.6 359 0.66 0.297 50/15

ABC OH 0.4 215 0.32 0.087 95X6

ABC OH 0.4 175 0.443 0.088 70X6

ABC OH 0.4 140 0.641 0.093 50X6

3.2 Wadi Altufah Substation

In order to study the performance of NEDCO grid, we studied and analyzed

Wadi Altfah substation. For power flow analysis purpose Power World simulator was

used. Fig. 3-8 shows Wadi Altufah single line diagram.


25

(Fig. 3-8) Single line diagram


26

3.2.1 Data Collection

1. Transmission line parameters (R, X, C) as shown in Table 3-4

(Table 3-4) Parameters of the transmission line

The capacitance of the transmission line is calculated from the following

equation [13]:

C=

F/ km (3.1)

GMD= 75.59 cm, r =0.55cm (for ACSR 95mm2).

C=11.3 nF/ km, which is very small, so it is neglected.

2. Transformer parameters (R, X)

The resistance and reactance of the transformer are not available in the

nameplate. Depending on the percentage impedance (%Z) definition and short

circuit test we calculated R and X values.

A transformer's percentage impedance is evaluated by a simple test. The

secondary terminals are short-circuited. A low voltage is then applied to the primary

terminals, and increased until the current measured in the short-circuited secondaryreaches the rated ampere value. The impedance is then the ratio of that primary

voltage to the rated voltage. Fig. 3-9 shows measuring impedance method [11].

(3)MVArated = Vrated*Irated

Type Voltage

( kV )

Resistance

/ km

Reactance

/ km

Rated

MVA(3)

XLPE(120mm ) 6.6 0.325 0.124 3.83

ACSR(95/15) 6.6 0.37 0.279 4.1

ACSR(50/8) 6.6 0.66 0.297 4.1


27

The percentage impedance is calculated via equation 3.2 [11]. And the short circuit

impedance is calculated via equation 3.3 [12].

%Z =

.....(3.2)

Zsc =


28

4. Data in per unitI. Transmission Parameters

We assumed Sbaseis 100MVA for the whole system; also the base voltage

is taken to be the nominal voltages at the buses, for 6.6 kV line, the baseimpedance is calculated via equation 3.4 and the per unit impedance is

calculated via equation 3.5 [12].

Zbase=

= 0.4356 (3.4)

Zpu=

. (3.5)

(Table 3-7) Per unit values for transmission line per phase

Type Voltage

(kV)

Resistance

Pu/ km

Reactance

Pu/ km

XLPE(120mm ) 6.6 0.746 0.285

ACSR(95/15) 6.6 0.85 0.641

ACSR(50/8) 6.6 1.515 0.682

II. TransformersWe assumed Sbaseis 100MVA for the whole system; also the base

voltage is taken to be the nominal voltages on the primary winding, using

equation 3.4 the base impedance is calculated. Table 3-8 shows the per

unit values for the transformers.

(Table 3-8) Per unit values for transformer per phase

Capacity (MVA) Zbase R()

Per unit

X()

Per unit

0.25

0.4356

1.579798 0.672635

0.4 1.085859 0.46281

0.63 0.654729 0.277778

1 0.579431 0.247934

10 10.89 0.3434 0.135904


29

3.2.2 Data Analysis

Single line diagram represents a radial system that consists of 59 buses and 25

transformers, from simulation of this system the following results were obtained:

1.The capacity of Wadi Altufah substation is 5.7 MW, 2.7 Mvar with 0.90 PF.2.A 5.2MW, 2.4Mvar is consumed by the load, with 0.89 PF as an average.

Table 3-9 and Table 3-10 show the actual power factor and the actual

consumption.

3.The losses in the system is 0.5MW (9%) and 0.2 Mvar (8.3%).

(Table 3-9) PF at loads

Bus Number PF Bus Number PF

6 0.89442719 37 0.9001039

8 0.89442719 39 0.900103905

12 0.931062364 41 0.90001565

17 0.920015636 43 0.92572372

19 0.920015636 46 0.821925819

21 0.920015636 47 0.9013121

23 0.919970569 49 0.89442719

26 0.89442719 51 0.92001563628 0.85749292 53 0.920015636

30 0.89189621 55 0.857492926

32 0.92009074 58 0.931022838

35 0.934783576 59 0.92010234

(Table 3-10) Load

Bus

Number

Load MW Load

Mvar

Bus

Number

Load MW Load

Mvar

6 0.2000 0.1000 37 0.1440 0.06978 0.2000 0.1000 39 0.1440 0.0697

12 0.1600 0.0627 41 0.1800 0.0872

17 0.1472 0.0627 43 0.2668 0.1090

19 0.1472 0.0627 46 0.1000 0.0693

21 0.1472 0.0627 47 0.2268 0.1090

23 0.0920 0.0392 49 0.2000 0.1000

26 0.6000 0.3000 51 0.1472 0.0627

28 0.5000 0.3000 53 0.1472 0.0627

30 0.2268 0.1150 55 0.1000 0.0600

32 0.5520 0.2350 58 0.1000 0.0392

35 0.1250 0.0475 59 0.2320 0.0988


30

4. It was found that the maximum voltage drop on 6.6 kV was 10.3%and on0.4 kV buses was 10.5%. Table 3-11 shows the actual voltage and drop

voltage on the buses.

(Table 3-11) Voltage on the buses

Busnumber

Nominal voltage( kV )

Actual voltage( kV )

Percentagevoltage drop

Voltage PhaseAngle

2 6.6 6.592 0.1212 0

3 6.6 6.588 0.1818 -0.23

5 6.6 6.453 2.2273 -0.23

6 0.4 0.39 2.5000 0

7 6.6 6.452 2.2424 -0.22

8 0.4 0.39 2.5000 -0.24

9 6.6 6.42 2.7273 0

10 6.6 6.329 4.1061 0.09

11 6.6 6.328 4.1212 0.08

12 0.4 0.383 4.2500 0.09

13 6.6 6.173 6.4697 0.08

14 6.6 6.142 6.9394 0.02

15 6.6 5.996 9.1515 0.06

16 6.6 5.992 9.2121 0.08

17 0.4 0.362 9.5000 0.08

18 6.6 5.984 9.3333 0.0819 0.4 0.362 9.5000 0.08

20 6.6 5.982 9.3636 -0.2421 0.4 0.362 9.5000 0.1

22 6.6 5.981 9.3788 0.09

23 0.4 0.362 9.5000 0.11

24 6.6 5.974 9.4848 0.12

25 6.6 5.938 10.0303 0.1

26 0.4 0.358 10.5000 0.09

27 6.6 5.935 10.0758 0.08

28 0.4 0.358 10.5000 0.09

29 6.6 5.974 9.4848 0.13

30 0.4 0.36 10.0000 0.12

31 6.6 5.97 9.5455 0.1

32 0.4 0.36 10.0000 0.1

33 6.6 6.585 0.2273 0.08

34 6.6 6.534 1.0000 0.07

35 0.4 0.395 1.2500 0.02

36 6.6 6.467 2.0152 0.03

37 0.4 0.391 2.2500 0

38 6.6 6.407 2.9242 -0.21

39 0.4 0.387 3.2500-0.21


31

(Table 3-11, continued)

40 6.6 6.337 3.9848 -0.19

41 0.4 0.383 4.2500 -0.21

42 6.6 6.327 4.1364 -0.12

43 0.4 0.381 4.7500 -0.15

44 6.6 6.322 4.2121 -0.1445 6.6 6.318 4.2727 -0.16

46 0.4 0.382 4.5000 -0.21

47 0.4 0.381 4.7500 -0.19

48 6.6 6.287 4.7424 -0.19

49 0.4 0.38 5.0000 -0.15

50 6.6 6.275 4.9242 -0.19

51 0.4 0.379 5.2500 -0.18

52 6.6 6.27 5.0000 -0.18

53 0.4 0.379 5.2500 -0.19

54 6.6 6.265 5.0758 -0.18

55 0.4 0.379 5.2500 -0.17

56 6.6 6.283 4.8030 -0.29

57 6.6 6.268 5.0303 -0.23

58 0.4 0.379 5.2500 -0.39

59 0.4 0.379 5.2500 -0.39

Slack Bus 33 33 0.0000 0


32

Chapter Four

Hebron Distribution System

There are two electric utilities that supply Hebron with electricity which will be

discussed in the following sections.

4.1 Hebron Electric Power Company (HEPCO)HEPCO was established in 2000. It has started its services in 2005. HEPCO

covers 92 square kilometers and provides electricity to about 34,000 electric

customers throughout Hebron and in Halhul [5].

HEPCO purchases 308.419 GWh form IEC. 241.889 GWh was consumed with

70% load factor and the percentage of losses is about 20%. Fig. 4-1 shows the daily

load curve of HEPCO [5].

(Fig. 4-1) HEPCO daily load curve


33

HEPCO is supplied by 60MVA from six 33 kV feeders to supply seven

substations. Table 4-1 shows the specifications of each substation.

(Table 4-1) Substations in HEPCO

Substation Name Description Unit Quantity

Duhdah Substation

10 MVA power transformer 2

Total purchased power from IEC MVA 15

Peak Load MVA 16

Average PF 0.93

Ras Substation



Peak Load MVA 11

Average PF 0.93

West Substation


Total purchased power from IEC 10

Peak Load 8

Average PF 0.93

Harayek Substation



Peak Load MVA 9

Average PF 0.93

Fahs Substation



Peak Load MVA 13

Average PF 0.93

Hussien Substation10 MVA power transformer MVA 2Peak Load MVA 8

Average PF 0.93

Um El Dalieh

10 MVA power transformer MVA 2

Peak Load MVA 5

Average PF 0.93

Fig. 4-2 shows these substations and the connections with IEC feeders.


34

The 33 kV feeders are reduced to 6.6 kV level by step down transformers (Dy11)

rated at 10MVA in the main substation, and then 6.6 kV feeders are reduced to 0.4 kV

level by step down transformers (Dy11) rated at 160 kVA, 250 kVA, 400 kVA, 630

kVA and 1000 kVA.

Some loads are fed directly from 33\0.4kV transformers rated at 160 kVA, 250

kVA, 400kVA, 630kVA, 1000 kVA.

HEPCO in progress to raise the voltage level to 11 kV .Now Fahs substation

distributes power at 11 kV level.

(Fig. 4-2) Main feeders in HEPCO


35

Electric power is transmitted by overhead transmission lines (ACSR, ABC) or by

underground cables (XLPE).

4.2 Southern Electricity Company (SELCO)SELCO was established in 2002.It serves Dura, Yatta, Dahariah,and some

villages in south of Hebron [6].

SELCO purchases 96.44 GWh form IEC, 69.62 MWh were consumed by 18000

customers with 80% load factor and the percentage of losses is about 28%.

In SELCO, there are no substations. The voltage is reduced directly from 33 kV

to 0.4 kV using different transformers rated at 160 kVA, 250 kVA, 400kVA, 630

kVA, 1000kVA.

SELCO is supplied by 13.3 MVA from IEC; this capacity is distributed as shown

in Fig. 4-3. Table 4-2 shows the served areas and their capacities [6].

(Table 4-2) Capacity of each area in SELCO

Area kVA

Yatta 5000Adhriya 2000

Dura 1500

Imreish 1000

Karma 500

Al Ramdeen 500

Burj 218

Beit Rush Alfuqa 111

Biet Rush Althta 44

Deir al'Asal Alfuqa 173

Deir al'Asal Althta 111

Al Majd 173

Sekka 630

Beit Marsam 630

Al Buweib 630

Hadab Al Fawwar 111


36

(Fig. 4-3) Areas served by SELCO

HEPCO and SELCO do not cover all parts of Hebron. The remaining parts are

fallen under municipalities responsibility, which represents a large area but with a

lower consumption of electricity due to lower population and industrial activities.


37

Chapter Five

Bethlehem Distribution System

JDECO, whichis a distribution company in the middle of West Bank, depends on

purchasing electricity from IEC (95.4%) and Jordan (4.6%) on 33 kV level. It serves

East Jerusalem, Ramallah, Bethlehem, and Jericho.

JDECO purchases 1576.606 GWh. 1077.768 GWh was consumed by 205052

customers with 60% load factor.The percentage of losses is about 32%.

Table 5-1 shows the electricity data for high voltage injection points [3].

(Table 5-1) Injection points in JDECO

Injection

pointsArea

No. Of

injection

points

Total

MVA

kWh

PurchasedkV

Energize

(year)

Ram 1 Jer. Ram.

2

20 949.39

33

1998

44% 56% 2002

Sur BaherJer. Bet.

15 531.32646% 54%

Erez

Jerusale

m

160.7MV

A

9

20

6391461

38

1973

Rakefet 20 1990

Hetsav 20 1981

Abo-Dis 20 2002

Al-tur 20 2002

Zaayem 15 2005

Nabe

Samuel7.5 2002


38


Ramallah

Ramallah

123.7MVA

9

20

545516286

33

1988

Beit Safafa 2.5 2002

Al-Barid 20 1988

Ofre 20 1996

Bereg 20 2001

Al-Ram 20 2003

Ein Samya 10 1996

Sinjel 10 2006

Beit Horon 5 2005

Nabe Saleh 7.5 2000

Beit

Eil/spare

10 1999

Shufat1

Bethlehem

74.6MVA

6

20

301581620

1974

Shufat2 20 1991

Hana 20 1994

Efrat 6 2003

Jabae 0.5

Jarad 20 1993

Jericho

Jericho

45MVA

4

15

96361923

2002

Aqbat Jaber 10 1995

Jordan 1 10 2008

Jordan 2 102008

Total 30 434 1576605975


39

5.1 Bethlehm System Descriptions

Bethlehm is supplied from 33 kV feeders, which are: Shufat1, Shufat2, Hana,

Jarad, Efrat, Sur Baher and Jabae. These feeders feed the following main substations:

Qoba Rahel , Alkhas, Beit Sahour and Jarad as shown in Table 5-2 [3].

(Table 5-2) Main substations in Bethlehem

SubstationTransformers

(33/11) kV

Coming out

11 kV feeders

Qobat Rahel 2X15 MVA

Biet Jala

Al Tantor

Mahed

Biet Sahour

Beit Sahour10 MVA

7.5 MVA

Biet Sahour1

Beit Sahour2

Bethlehem1

Bethlehem2

Jarad 2X10MVA

Khader

Doha

DhashehVillages

Alkhas 5 MVAObedya

Dar salah

Fig. 5-1 shows the main substations and their connection points.


40

(Fig. 5-1) Main substations in Bethlehm

The 33 kV feeders are reduced to 11 kV level then to 0.4 kV and some loads are

fed directly from 33/0.4 kV transformers. Table 5-3 the specifications of Bethlehem

distribution transformers [3].


41

(Table 5-3) Bethlehem distribution transformers

Transformer(kV) Rated kVANo. Of

transformersIndoor/Outdoor

11\0.4

400 5

Indoor500 4

630 7

1000 1

11\0.4

100 10

Outdoor

160 5

250 24

500 4

630 8

33\0.4

100 10

Outdoor

160 15

250 17

400 7

500 3

630 4

Total 138

Electric power is transmitted by overhead transmission lines (OH) or by

underground cables (C), Table 5-4 shows different types of transmission lines and

their specifications [3].

(Table 5-4) Transmission lines specifications in Bethlehm

Type C/

OH

Voltage

( kV )

Rated

Current

(A)

Resistance

/ km

Reactance

/ km

Cross Section

(mm2)

TSLE 3X1X150

ALC 33

370 0.206 0.20150

DKBA1X3X150

CUC 33 350 0.124 0.088 150


42


5.2 Alkhas Substation

The performances of Alkhas substation have been studied and analyzed using

power world simulator. Fig. 5-2 shows single line diagram of Alkas substation.

TSLE 3X1X150

CUC 33

455 0,124 0,20150

DKBA 1X3X120

CUC 33

305 0.1530.088 120

ACSR OH 33 732 0.150 0.386 120

ACSR OH 33 628 0.190 0.394 95

ACSR OH 33 416 0.395 0.415 50

DKBA 1X3X150

CUC 11 350 0.124 0.88 150

TSLE 3X1X150

CUC 11 455 0.124 0.19 150

DKBA 1X3X120

CUC 11 305 0.15 0.088 120

ACSR OH 11 628 0.191 0.351 95

ACSR OH 11 416 0.359 0.373 50

ABC OH 0.4 215 0.32 0.087 95X6

ABC OH 0.4 175 0.443 0.088 70X6

ABC OH 0.4 140 0.641 0.093 50X6


43

(Fig. 5-2) Single line diagram of Alkas substation.


44

5.2.1 Data Collection

1. Transmission line parameters (R, X) as shown in Table 5-5

(Table 5-5) Per unit values for transmission line per phase in Bethlehem.

Type Voltage

(kV)

Zbase Resistance

Pu/km

Reactance

Pu/km

Rated

MVA

TSLE 3X1X150

CU11

1.21

0.1025 0.1570 8.6905

DKBA 1X3X150

CU11 0.1240 0.0727 6.6850

DKBA 1X3X120

CU11 0.1240 0.0727 5.8255

ACSR (50mm )11 0.2967 0.3083 7.9258

2. Transformer parameters are shown in Table 5-6.

(Table 5-6) Transformer parameters in Bethlehm

The base impedance is calculated via equation 5.1 [12] .

Zbase(2) =

... (5.1)

(1)

Transformers in Bethlehm are loaded to 40% of rated capacity and 0.92 power factor.(2) Sbase =100MVA

Capacity

(MVA)

%Z Load Zbase R()

Pu

X()

Pu

PF

MW Mvar

0.16 4 0.05888 0.025

1.21

1.448 0.617

0.9200.25 4.5 0.092 0.0392 0.569 0.2420.5 4 0.184 0.0784 0.464 0.198

5 6 .. ... 10.98 0.637 0.272


45

5.2.2 Data Analysis

Single line diagram represents a radial system that consists of 36 buses and 16

transformers, from simulation of this system the following results were obtained:

1. The capacity of Alkhas substation is 1.71 MW, 0.73 Mvar with 0.92 PF.2. A 1.65 MW, 0.7 Mvar was consumed by the load, with 0.919 PF as an average.

Table 5-7 and Table 5-8 show the actual power factor and the actual consumption.

(Table 5-7) PF at each load in Alkhas substation

Bus number Power Factor

4 0.91997057

6 0.91997057

8 0.91997057

10 0.91924836

12 0.91997057

15 0.91997057

16 0.91924836

18 0.91924836

20 0.9192483625 0.91924836

27 0.91997057

29 0.91924836

31 0.91997057

33 0.91997057

35 0.91924836

36 0.91924836


46

(Table 5-8) Load in Alkhas substation

Bus Number Load MW Load Mvar

4 0.184 0.0783

6 0.184 0.0784

8 0.092 0.0392

10 0.092 0.0394

12 0.092 0.039215 0.092 0.0392

16 0.092 0.0394

18 0.092 0.0394

20 0.092 0.0394

25 0.092 0.0394

27 0.092 0.0392

29 0.092 0.0394

31 0.092 0.0392

33 0.092 0.0392

35 0.092 0.039436 0.092 0.0394

3. It was found that the maximum voltage drop on 11kVwas 4% and on 0.4 kVbuses was 4%. Table 5-9 shows the actual voltage and drop voltage on the buses.

(Table 5-9) Actual voltage on the buses for Alkhas substation.

Bus Number Nominal Voltage

kV

Actual

Voltage

kV

Percentage

drop voltage

Voltage Phase

Angle

(Degree)1 33 33 0.00 0

2 11 10.773 2.06 0.21

3 11 10.733 2.43 0.12

4 0.4 0.39 2.50 0.12

5 11 10.686 2.85 0.02

6 0.4 0.388 3.00 0.02

7 11 10.615 3.50 -0.14

8 0.4 0.386 3.50 -0.14

9 11 10.594 3.69 -0.19

10 0.4 0.385 3.75 -0.1911 11 10.593 3.70 -0.19

12 0.4 0.385 3.75 -0.19

13 11 10.57 3.91 -0.25

14 11 10.565 3.95 -0.26

15 0.4 0.384 4.00 -0.26

16 0.4 0.384 4.00 -0.25

17 11 10.562 3.98 -0.27

18 0.4 0.384 4.00 -0.27


47


19 11 10.561 3.99 -0.27

20 0.4 0.384 4.00 -0.27

21 11 10.559 4.01 -0.27

23 11 10.669 3.01 -0.02

24 11 10.665 3.05 -0.03

25 0.4 0.387 3.25 -0.0326 11 10.641 3.26 -0.08

27 0.4 0.387 3.25 -0.08

28 11 10.63 3.36 -0.11

29 0.4 0.386 3.50 -0.11

30 11 10.623 3.43 -0.13

31 0.4 0.386 3.50 -0.13

32 11 10.628 3.38 -0.11

33 0.4 0.386 3.50 -0.11

34 11 10.623 3.43 -0.12

35 0.4 0.386 3.50 -0.12

36 0.4 0.384 4.00 -0.27

4. The losses in the system was 0.06MW (3.5%) and 0.03 Mvar (5%).

From our analysis for Wadi Altufah substation and Alkas substation it was

noticed that the percentage of losses is decreased in Alkas because of using 11 kV

transmission lines, and also the drop voltage is decreased and the power factor at the

load buses is almost the same as in the main substation.


48

Chapter six

Conclusion & Future work

There is no generation in West Bank; electricity sector depends on the electrical

power generated by IEC, which refuses most Palestinian requests to increase the

supplied capacity. As a result West Bank cannot guarantee electrical energy supply

for ever, so Israel has another way to practice pressure on Palestinians.

The present grid suffers from fragmentation, high losses, low reliability, high

energy prices, low maintenance, and disability to handle the future demand.

Producing our own electricity seems to be very difficult. So, it is now very

important for distribution companies to find their way to save the available electrical

energy and seek what new technologies are useful and how to improve old

technologies to efficient and helpful in electrical energy saving.

For future, we will propose different scenarios for connecting the different power

distribution companies to generate an integrated electrical network with standard

voltages, low power losses, high quality electrical energy, high reliability, good

voltage level, and low transmission cost. This well integrated network allows for

future connection to the seven Arab country grid , and eventually supplies end users

with low cost electrical energy.


49

References

1. Palestinian Energy Authority, PEA.

2. World Bank, West Bank and Gaza Energy Sector Review, Report No. 39695-GZ, May, 2007.

3. Jerusalem District Electricity Company (JDECO).

4. Northern Electricity Distribution Company (NEDCO).

5. Hebron Electric Power Company (HEPCO).

6. Southern Electricity Company (SELCO).

7. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS).

8. Electricity consumption. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.

Retrieved October 2010.

9. Electricity consumption per capita. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC.


10. Load factor. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_factor.


11. Percentage impedance.http://www.transformerworld.co.uk/impedance.htm.

Retrieved November 2010.

12. Stephen J. Chapman. Electric Machinery Fundamentals, fourth edition.

13. J.Duncan Glover,Mulukutla S. Sarma and Thomas J. Overbye. Power System Analysis and Design,

fourth edition.
http://c/Users/7amada/Desktop/Project%20Introduction/Electricity%20consumption.%20http:/data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KHhttp://c/Users/7amada/Desktop/Project%20Introduction/Electricity%20consumption.%20http:/data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KHhttp://c/Users/7amada/Desktop/Project%20Introduction/Electricity%20consumption.%20http:/data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KHhttp://www.transformerworld.co.uk/impedance.htmhttp://www.transformerworld.co.uk/impedance.htmhttp://www.transformerworld.co.uk/impedance.htmhttp://www.transformerworld.co.uk/impedance.htmhttp://c/Users/7amada/Desktop/Project%20Introduction/Electricity%20consumption.%20http:/data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH

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