Discrimination, Retaliation and Employee Leaves of Absence · 2019-07-15 · FMLA •Covered...

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Discrimination, Retaliation and Employee Leaves of Absence: A Primer for Employers May 9, 2007 presents

Transcript of Discrimination, Retaliation and Employee Leaves of Absence · 2019-07-15 · FMLA •Covered...

Page 1: Discrimination, Retaliation and Employee Leaves of Absence · 2019-07-15 · FMLA •Covered employers must grant an eligible employee up to a total of 12 workweeks of unpaid leave

Discrimination, Retaliation and Employee Leaves of Absence: 

A Primer for Employers

May 9, 2007

presents

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Program Agenda

Discrimination & retaliation overview and updateMargaret H. Paget

Reasonable accommodation and leaves of absenceMatthew L. Mitchell

Policies that every employer should adoptC. Forbes Sargent

Investigating complaints Matthew C. Moschella

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Discrimination and Retaliation: Discrimination and Retaliation: Overview and UpdateOverview and Update

Margaret H. Paget

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Applicable LawsTitle VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)

Americans with Disabilities ActMassachusetts General Laws Chapter 151BThe following statutes also prohibits retaliation against employees:

•Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA)

•Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)•Massachusetts Maternity Leave Act (MMLA)

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EMPLOYEE v. EMPLOYERVERDICTS AND SETTLEMENTS

(State courts and MCAD: 2000‐2006)

52%48%48%

52%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

DISCRIMINATION RETALIATION

EMPLOYEEEMPLOYER

278 44Total # of cases:

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AVERAGE COMPENSATORY DAMAGE AWARDS FOR DISCRIMINATION

(State courts and MCAD: 2000‐2006

103,369

352,966

164,466

85,465

27,134

136,362 136,712128,118

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

OVERALLAVERAGE

RACE SEX SEXUALORIENTATION

RELIGION AGE DISABILITY RETALIATION

97 24 42Total # of cases: 5 2 8 37 16

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Average Punitive Damages Awards

60,000

300,000

850,000

281,250

0100,000

2,016,833

331,923

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

OVERALLAVERAGE

RACE SEX SEXUALORIENTATION

RELIGION AGE DISABILITY RETALIATION

Total # of cases: 13 5 4 4 1 0 1 3

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Protected Classes

• Race/Color• Sex• National Origin• Ethnicity• Religious Creed• Age

• Individuals aged 40 and over• Disability• Sexual Orientation

The anti‐discrimination laws prohibit discrimination in employment based on an individual’s: 

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Who is an “employer”?151B: Employers with 6 or more employeesExceptions:

•Non‐profit clubs, fraternal associations or corporations that are exclusively social in function are not considered “employers”under Chapter 151B.

•Religious organizations organized for charitable or educational purposes may, in certain circumstances, make employment decisions based on religious principles of organization

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Who is an “employee”?

•An independent contractor;• A volunteer;• An individual employed by his/her parents, spouse or child; 

•An individual in the domestic service of any person;

• A partner or director‐shareholder, depending on the circumstances

An employee is not:

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• Refusal to hire (or firing) an individual because of membership in protected group;

• Unequal terms, conditions or privileges of employment because of employee’s membership in protected group;• Exception: bona fide occupational qualifications

• Refusal to provide reasonable accommodation to otherwise qualified handicapped persons; and

• Refusal to provide reasonable accommodation for religious observance.

Discriminatory practice includes:

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Sexual HarassmentTwo forms of actionable sexual harassment:1. Quid pro quo: Sexual advances or other conduct of a

sexual nature when submission to such advances ismade either explicitly or implicitly a term or conditionof employment or as a basis for employment decisions.

2. Hostile work environment: Sexual conduct that has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individualʹs work performance by creating an intimidating, hostile, humiliating or sexually offensive work environment. 

Note:  All employers, regardless of size, are liable for sexual harassment against employees under G.L. c. 214 section 1C.

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It’s not just about sex anymore.

Harassment on the basis of one’s membership in any protected classis unlawful.

Harassment

Clifton v. MBTA, 445 Mass. 611 (2005)(recognizing 151B claim based on racial harassment and a racially hostile work environment.)

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Who may be liable for harassment?

• Any harassment by a supervisory employee.

• Harassment by non‐supervisory employee if employer knew or should have known and failed to take steps to stop.

Employer Liability

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Who may be liable for harassment?

• Individual closely identified with business. 

•Examples: owner, president, principal, partner

• The Harasser (sexual)

• Individuals with an obligation and the authority to prevent harassment, and who intentionallyfail to do so may be liable.

Individual/personal liability:

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It is unlawful to:1. Fire or otherwise discriminate against any 

person because he or she has opposed discriminatory practices;

2. Coerce, intimidate, threaten or interfere with another person in exercising his/her rights under 151B;

Pointer:An employer may be found liable for retaliation even when the employee’s claims of discrimination are found lacking.

Retaliation

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U.S. Supreme Court update on retaliation: Retaliation claims are not limited to conduct affecting only terms and conditions of employment, but include conduct that might reasonably dissuade an employee from bringing a discrimination claim.

Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White,U.S. Sup. Ct., No. 05‐259 (2006)

Retaliation

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1. Employee files complaint within 300 days of alleged discriminatory act.• MCAD Appoints investigator

2. Employer submits position statement

3. MCAD Investigates4. Probable cause determination

5. Conciliation conference

6. Discovery7. Public Hearing

What to Expect at the MCAD

Note:Employee can remove a claim to Superior Court anytime within 3 years of alleged discriminatory act.

Complaint Process

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Matthew L. Mitchell

Reasonable Accommodation Reasonable Accommodation and Leaves of Absenceand Leaves of Absence

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The Question on Everyone’s Mind

• I am taking medication for hypertension.

• My doctor wants me to take a few days off.

• I’m having a difficult pregnancy.

• My reserve unit has been called up Iraq.

What do you do when an employee comes to you and says?

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The three word answer. . . 

State and federal laws charge the employerwith initiating a “reasonable accommodation”dialogue once the employer has a reasonable belief that the employee may be disabled or otherwise in need of a leave of absence.

Engage the Employee

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Applicable Laws• Accommodation Laws

– Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)– Chapter 151B

• Leave of Absence Laws– Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)– Massachusetts Maternity Leave Act (MMLA)– The Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA)

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Reasonable Accommodation

A qualified employer is required to provide a reasonable accommodation to a qualified applicant or employee with adisability.

The Basics

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What is Reasonable Accommodation?Reasonable accommodations may include:

• Providing or modifying equipment or devices;• Job restructuring;• Part‐time or modified work schedule;• Providing readers or interpreters;• Making the workplace readily accessible;• Allowing for leaves of absence.

An employer is not required to provide any accommodation that would pose an undue hardship.

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When it is triggered?

• Once the employer knows that the individual is handicapped and requires a reasonable accommodation to perform essential job functions.

Courts place the burden on the employer to recommend a reasonable accommodation to assist a disabled employee.

Reasonable Accommodation

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• Analyze the particular job involved. 

• Consult with the employee.

• Identify potential accommodations.

• Consider the employee’s preferences.

• Request documentation.

Reasonable AccommodationInteractive Process

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Rita is a pastry chef at a local restaurant.  She is injured in a car accident and is forced to take time off of work.  After a month, she informs the restaurant manager that she is fit to return. Before her first day back, Rita’s mother calls and informs the manager that Rita’s injury is permanent, that it is very painful for her to stand, and Rita will need to sit for 10 minutes for every hour that she stands.

Reasonable AccommodationYou make the call!

What do you do?

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FMLA

• Covered employers must grant an eligible employee up to a total of 12 workweeks of unpaid leave during any 12 month period for one or more of the following reasons:

• Birth• Adoption or foster care;• “Serious health condition.”• To care for an immediate family member with a “serious health condition”.

• Notice

The Basics

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Massachusetts Maternity Leave Act

• Maternity leave (8 weeks, unpaid) is available only to female employees either ʺfor the purpose of giving birthʺ or adopting a child. 

• Leave is available at the time of the birth or adoption, but not substantially earlier or substantially later. 

The Basics

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Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA)

• USERRA requires every employer, regardless of size to reinstate employees after military leave, including training.  

• Employees accrue seniority while out on leave.

• Employees are eligible for COBRA coverage for up to 24  months.

• If reinstatement is not possible, Employer must attempt to re‐assign employee to comparable position.

• Must provide employees with conspicuous notice of rights.

The Basics

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Policies That Every Policies That Every Employer Should AdoptEmployer Should Adopt

C. Forbes Sargent III

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Sexual Harassment Policy

• Required by Chapter 151B for employers with 6 or more employees.

• Strongly suggested for all employers.

• MCAD encourages anti‐harassment policy as well.

– Include in sexual harassment policy if not a separate policy.

• Sexual harassment training strongly encouragedunder Chapter 151B for managers and supervisors.

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Sexual Harassment Policy• Policy must be provided to every employee annually.• Employee to sign and acknowledge that received and understands policy.

• Should post policy as well.• Designate a point person to receive complaints.Failure to have a sexual harassment policy in place if required under Chapter 151B may lead to inference by MCAD that employer does not understand its obligations under the law.

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Leave of Absence

• Maternity Leave

• Military Leave (USERRA)

• FMLA (50 or more employees)

• Jury Duty

Policies provide clarity andconsistency for all employees.

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E‐mail and Computer Use Policies

• Policies that include no harassment by means of computers and e‐mails.

• Includes inappropriate websites/e‐mails.

• Having policies makes clear no expectation of privacy in use of company systems.  

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Hiring• Chapter 151B not only prevents termination based upon unlawful discrimination, but also prohibits refusal to hire based upon unlawful discrimination.

• Policies may help prevent discrimination in hiring.

For example, if you conduct CORI background checks, you must have a CORI policy which sets forth proceduresto be followed and rights of prospective employee.

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Other Policies That May HelpPrevent Harassment In Workplace

Clear disciplinary policies that harassment of any kind will not be tolerated.

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Employee Handbooks

• Employee Handbooks will cover these and other policies.

• Need to decide whether need full handbook, or just certain policies.

• Handbooks provide consistency and handy reference for employers and employees, but may limit flexibility of employer to deal with issues differently for each employee.

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Matthew C. Moschella

Investigating Complaints of Investigating Complaints of Harassment & DiscriminationHarassment & Discrimination

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Areas to Investigate  

• Supervisors• Co‐workers• Non‐employees

Investigate harassment by:

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When to Investigate?

• Investigate all complaints, scope of investigation will change depending on circumstances

• Investigate even if the accuser does not want you to

• Treat all like claims alike 

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Steps in a Harassment/Discrimination Investigation

1) Receive and evaluate the complaint

2) Consult with counsel3) Take interim measures  

to stop the harassment/ discrimination 

4) Create an investigation plan

5) Consider confidentiality and ancillary liability issues

6) Select investigators 

7) Interview the accuser8) Interview the accused9) Interview witnesses10) Review other evidence11) Reach a conclusion and 

determine the appropriate response 

12)Complete a final written report

13)Notify the accuser and the accused of the result

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Take Interim Measures to Stopthe Harassment/Discrimination 

• You have a duty to take steps to stop the harassment/discrimination during the investigation

• Interim measures must be non‐retaliatory

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Possible Interim Measures• Instructing the accused to stop the conduct

• Placing the accused or the accuser (only if accuser so requests) on administrative leave

• Transferring the accused or the accuser (only if the accuser so requests), to a different area, department, or shift

• Eliminating the accused’s supervisory authority over the accuser

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Consider Confidentiality and Ancillary Liability Issues 

• Potential claims by accused and accuser:•Defamation•Violation of privacy

• The privilege

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Select the Investigators

• Have 2 present during all interviews

• Emphasize documentation

• Maintain an investigative file 

Trap for the unwary:Do not include documentation concerningthe investigation in either the accuser’sor the accused’s personnel file

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Interview the AccuserTell the accuser that:• You take their allegation seriously and will thoroughly investigate their complaint

• You have a legal obligation to investigate• Retaliation will not be tolerated

Do not:• Promise absolute confidentiality• Tell the accuser not file an MCAD/EEOC claim• Require the accuser to confront the accused

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Ask Accuser, Accused andAll Other Witnesses

• What happened?

• Where?

• When?

• Who was there?

• What was the accuser’s response?

• Has this happened before?

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Interview Other Witnesses

• Do not involve more people than necessary (but conduct a thorough investigation)

• Tell all witnesses that retaliation will not be tolerated

• Get a signed statement

• Emphasize confidentiality

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Interview the Accused

• Tell the accused what the allegations are and that you take them seriously

• Tell the accused that you will conduct a fair and impartial investigation

• State that retaliation will not be tolerated

• Prohibit interference with MCAD/EEOC filings

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Reach a Conclusion andDetermine the Appropriate ResponseConsult with counsel• Employer must take prompt remedial action to 

stop and prevent the harassment/discrimination 

• Remedial measures do not have to be what the accuser asked for as long as they work

• The punishment should fit the crime

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Potential Responses • Oral or written warning/reprimand

• Apology

• Transfer or reassignment

• Demotion

• Training

• Suspension

• Discharge 

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Complete a Final Written Report• Chronology of events (date of interviews 

and all other steps taken)• Summary of the relevant witness 

statements and other evidence• Factual issues in dispute• Conclusions reached and supporting 

reasons• Actions taken and why

Page 54: Discrimination, Retaliation and Employee Leaves of Absence · 2019-07-15 · FMLA •Covered employers must grant an eligible employee up to a total of 12 workweeks of unpaid leave

Sherin and Lodgen LLPEmployment Law SeminarsOctober 2006 – The Do’s and Don’ts of Hiring

February 2007 – Non‐Competition, Non‐Solicitation, and Non‐Disclosure Agreements: Tools for Protecting Your Business

May 9, 2007 – Discrimination, Harassment and Employee Leaves of Absence: Preventing and Investigating Complaints

Upcoming Seminars

September 19, 2007 – The Do’s and Don’ts of Addressing Performance Problems and Terminating Employees

Page 55: Discrimination, Retaliation and Employee Leaves of Absence · 2019-07-15 · FMLA •Covered employers must grant an eligible employee up to a total of 12 workweeks of unpaid leave

Margaret H. Paget C. Forbes Sargent [email protected] [email protected]

Matthew C. Moschella Matthew L. [email protected] [email protected]

www.sherin.com