DISCRIMINATION IN DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTSPORT

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DiscriminationDiscrimination

Discrimination occurs when a particular Discrimination occurs when a particular societal group is constrained or held back societal group is constrained or held back by factors that are not applied to the by factors that are not applied to the dominant groupdominant group

They receive less favorable treatmentThey receive less favorable treatment In a stratified society where stacking In a stratified society where stacking

occurs, minority groups will be the ones occurs, minority groups will be the ones who experience discriminationwho experience discrimination

Discrimination in SportDiscrimination in Sport

The concept of targeting policy towards The concept of targeting policy towards certain groups in order to raise certain groups in order to raise participation levels reflects this social participation levels reflects this social rankingranking

Discrimination often occurs unofficiallyDiscrimination often occurs unofficially But is often part of an official policy – e.g. But is often part of an official policy – e.g.

Apartheid in South AfricaApartheid in South Africa

Discrimination in SportDiscrimination in Sport

ATTITUDES STEREOTYPES MYTHS DISCRIMINATION SELF FULFILLING PROPHECY

The issues surrounding discrimination are to do with stereotypical images of groups of people and an imbalance of power and resources

TASKTASK

As we go through each group in society, As we go through each group in society, fill in the discrimination in sport table, fill in the discrimination in sport table, commenting on reasons for comparatively commenting on reasons for comparatively low participation and possible strategies low participation and possible strategies for increasing participationfor increasing participation

SOCIAL CLASS/WEALTHSOCIAL CLASS/WEALTH

Refers to income, background, societal Refers to income, background, societal status and educationstatus and education

The more money you have, the more The more money you have, the more opportunities you have in sport, whether opportunities you have in sport, whether taking part or watchingtaking part or watching

You have a choice of many things, You have a choice of many things, including whether to use private, voluntary including whether to use private, voluntary or public facilitiesor public facilities

SOCIAL CLASS/WEALTHSOCIAL CLASS/WEALTH

In Britain, social class, wealth In Britain, social class, wealth discrimination and the subsequent discrimination and the subsequent inequality has been around for a long timeinequality has been around for a long time

Pre-industrial times – different classes Pre-industrial times – different classes followed different sportsfollowed different sports

Upper class – huntingUpper class – hunting Lower class – mob footballLower class – mob football Or they held different roles in sportOr they held different roles in sport Upper class – Patrons or sponsorsUpper class – Patrons or sponsors Lower class – bare fist fighterLower class – bare fist fighter

SOCIAL CLASS/WEALTHSOCIAL CLASS/WEALTH

Industrial revolution – Industrial revolution – created the middle class created the middle class (3 broad classes)(3 broad classes)

Upper class – Upper class – exclusiveness and exclusiveness and privilege to hunt, shoot privilege to hunt, shoot and fishand fish

Middle class – took part Middle class – took part in sport for the love of the in sport for the love of the game and social reasons. game and social reasons. Founded NGB’s and Founded NGB’s and sports clubssports clubs

Working class males – Working class males – mainly spectators, some mainly spectators, some became professionals. became professionals. This did not happen until This did not happen until the end of the 19C, when the end of the 19C, when working and living working and living conditions improvedconditions improved

Working class females – Working class females – suffered double suffered double discrimination – gender discrimination – gender and social classand social class

SOCIAL CLASS/WEALTHSOCIAL CLASS/WEALTH This 3 tier system is still evident todayThis 3 tier system is still evident today Upper class can follow polo, or even golf as Upper class can follow polo, or even golf as

these are expensivethese are expensive Footballs hard core support is predominantly Footballs hard core support is predominantly

working class malesworking class males Evidence shows lower socio-economic Evidence shows lower socio-economic

backgrounds lead to lower sports participationbackgrounds lead to lower sports participation Due to cost, lower levels of health and fitness, Due to cost, lower levels of health and fitness,

low self esteem, lack of opportunitieslow self esteem, lack of opportunities Working class could also feel ‘sport is not for me’ Working class could also feel ‘sport is not for me’

as there is a middle class culture surrounding as there is a middle class culture surrounding sports centressports centres

WOMENWOMEN

The issue here is that gender stereotypes The issue here is that gender stereotypes need to be broken and that girls and need to be broken and that girls and women need freedom to choose, and women need freedom to choose, and equal opportunities and provision to both equal opportunities and provision to both participate and excelparticipate and excel

Factors influencing participation and Factors influencing participation and achievement of women and girls in sportachievement of women and girls in sportOPPORTUNITY PROVISION ESTEEM

FUNDING

PRIZE MONEY

SPONSORSHIP

MEDIA

ROLE MODELS CREATE PUBLIC IMAGEINFLUENCES FINANCE

ATTITUDES

MYTHS

STEREOTYPES

COMMUNITIES

FAMILIES

SCHOOLS

WOMEN - ATTITUDESWOMEN - ATTITUDES

Gender roles are Gender roles are formed within formed within societiessocieties

Each sex has socially Each sex has socially accepted ways to accepted ways to behavebehave

There are There are stereotypical models stereotypical models for masculinity and for masculinity and femininityfemininity

These stereotypes These stereotypes can lead to mythscan lead to myths

Females are Females are supposed to be supposed to be creative and sensitivecreative and sensitive

Males are supposed Males are supposed to be aggressive, to be aggressive, determined and determined and confidentconfident

This has an effect on This has an effect on how children are how children are socialised, how they socialised, how they are to behave and fit are to behave and fit inin

WOMEN - ATTITUDESWOMEN - ATTITUDES The images of males The images of males

and females has an and females has an effect on participation effect on participation in sportin sport

Competitive sport Competitive sport often has the often has the characteristics of characteristics of masculinitymasculinity

So, if women are So, if women are involved in involved in competitive sport, competitive sport, society often society often disapprovesdisapproves

Society will support Society will support participation in participation in gymnastics and gymnastics and dance, as they have dance, as they have attributes associated attributes associated with femininitywith femininity

WOMEN - MEDIAWOMEN - MEDIA

Women receive less than 5% of men’s Women receive less than 5% of men’s coverage in national newspapers and are coverage in national newspapers and are still under represented in all areas of the still under represented in all areas of the mediamedia

The media creates a public image of sport The media creates a public image of sport and individualsand individuals

It creates role modelsIt creates role models It influences financesIt influences finances

WOMEN - MEDIAWOMEN - MEDIA The sporting audience is predominantly The sporting audience is predominantly

malemale They prefer the power, speed and They prefer the power, speed and

dynamism associated with traditional male dynamism associated with traditional male sportssports

Rather then the aesthetic and technical Rather then the aesthetic and technical brilliance of some women's sportsbrilliance of some women's sports

The majority of presenters, editors and The majority of presenters, editors and sports journalists are also male, although sports journalists are also male, although we do now have the likes of Sue Barker we do now have the likes of Sue Barker and Gabby Loganand Gabby Logan

WOMEN - MEDIAWOMEN - MEDIA Many newspapers and TV channels do not Many newspapers and TV channels do not

cover minority sports as they can not afford to be cover minority sports as they can not afford to be differentdifferent

We have the problem of self fulfilling propheciesWe have the problem of self fulfilling prophecies The media create superstars who become role The media create superstars who become role

models and increase participation , but unless models and increase participation , but unless minorities receive airtime in the first place, the minorities receive airtime in the first place, the opportunity is lostopportunity is lost

Sports with large audiences attract media Sports with large audiences attract media attention, advertising and sponsorship, which attention, advertising and sponsorship, which generate income and increase opportunities for generate income and increase opportunities for excellence and interest by the masses. Sports excellence and interest by the masses. Sports will small audiences are consequently will small audiences are consequently constrainedconstrained

WOMEN - FUNDINGWOMEN - FUNDING In the British Open In the British Open

golf championship golf championship women get just 10% women get just 10% of male prize moneyof male prize money

It has been It has been announced recently announced recently that the male winner that the male winner at Wimbledon this at Wimbledon this year, will receive year, will receive £30,000 more than £30,000 more than the female winnerthe female winner

If women receive less If women receive less prize money for doing prize money for doing the same job as men, the same job as men, is that discrimination?is that discrimination?

If female sports If female sports receive less receive less sponsorship than sponsorship than male sports their male sports their opportunities for opportunities for development are development are clearly unequal and clearly unequal and restrictedrestricted

WOMEN – FAMILIES, SCHOOLS AND WOMEN – FAMILIES, SCHOOLS AND COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES

Do families, schools and communities Do families, schools and communities discriminate?discriminate?

Do parents offer that same amount of support to Do parents offer that same amount of support to their female as to their male children?their female as to their male children?

Do schools work to make the image of girls PE Do schools work to make the image of girls PE upbeat, attractive and positive or are girls put off upbeat, attractive and positive or are girls put off by asexual kit?by asexual kit?

Do communities offer the same opportunities for Do communities offer the same opportunities for girls and boys?girls and boys?

Could it be due to the fact that community sport Could it be due to the fact that community sport has more fathers than mothers involved?has more fathers than mothers involved?

Constraints to women's participation might be a Constraints to women's participation might be a lack of time and disposable income, access and lack of time and disposable income, access and timing of sessionstiming of sessions

ETHNIC MINORITIESETHNIC MINORITIES Racism stems from prejudice linked with the Racism stems from prejudice linked with the

power of one racial group over anotherpower of one racial group over another Although illegal, racism still exists on the Although illegal, racism still exists on the

grounds of colour, language and cultural grounds of colour, language and cultural differencesdifferences

PFA – set up a campaign in 1993 with the PFA – set up a campaign in 1993 with the Commission for Racial equality to ‘Kick Racism Commission for Racial equality to ‘Kick Racism out of football’out of football’

This is now called ‘Kick it Out’This is now called ‘Kick it Out’ The Sports Council and NGB’s encourage the The Sports Council and NGB’s encourage the

fight against racismfight against racism See handoutSee handout

What can be done?What can be done? Stereotypical thinking can Stereotypical thinking can

be challengedbe challenged Race-awareness trainingRace-awareness training More opportunities can More opportunities can

be provided for different be provided for different cultural groups to pursue cultural groups to pursue their own cultural their own cultural activitiesactivities

LOOK AT THE SHEET LOOK AT THE SHEET ‘ETHNIC MINORITIES IN ‘ETHNIC MINORITIES IN SPORT’SPORT’

1993 – the then Sports 1993 – the then Sports Council wanted to:Council wanted to:

Raise awareness of racial Raise awareness of racial inequality in sportinequality in sport

Increase sporting Increase sporting opportunities for black opportunities for black and ethnic minority and ethnic minority peoplepeople

Improve skill levels in, Improve skill levels in, and positive attitudes and positive attitudes towards sport by black towards sport by black and ethnic minority and ethnic minority peoplepeople

Increase the number of Increase the number of black and ethnic minority black and ethnic minority decision makers and decision makers and organisers in sportorganisers in sport

SPORT, ABILITY and DISABILITYSPORT, ABILITY and DISABILITY

Society continues to discriminate against, Society continues to discriminate against, handicap and impose barriers on disabled handicap and impose barriers on disabled peoplepeople

Due to a significant number of disabled adults Due to a significant number of disabled adults relying on benefits, many are financially relying on benefits, many are financially disadvantaged, therefore affecting participation disadvantaged, therefore affecting participation ratesrates

We must recognise discrimination and identify We must recognise discrimination and identify measures that could or have been taken to bring measures that could or have been taken to bring about fairer provisionabout fairer provision

British PopulationBritish Population

Physical

Mental

Wheelchair users

Sensory

6 million of the British population have some form of impairment. So, we can see that not all disabled people have the same needs

BackgroundBackground

There are 7 national disability sports There are 7 national disability sports associations, which are united by the associations, which are united by the English Federation of Disability SportEnglish Federation of Disability Sport

People with disabilities have been People with disabilities have been considered as dependent and passive considered as dependent and passive rather than independent and self rather than independent and self governinggoverning

This is probably due to the fact they have This is probably due to the fact they have been supported by carers and been supported by carers and professionalsprofessionals

BackgroundBackground

It has been realised that attitudes, It has been realised that attitudes, assumptions, myths and stereotyping assumptions, myths and stereotyping along with inadequately designed along with inadequately designed environments all impose limitations on environments all impose limitations on disabled people disabled people

WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED?WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED?

1989 Government report – ‘Building on Ability’ – 1989 Government report – ‘Building on Ability’ – emphasis on ability rather than disabilityemphasis on ability rather than disability

It provided recommendations for NGB’s, Local It provided recommendations for NGB’s, Local Authorities, the media and disability sports Authorities, the media and disability sports organisations. Themes included:organisations. Themes included:

IntegrationIntegration Specialist training for coachesSpecialist training for coaches Adequate provision of facilities at local levelAdequate provision of facilities at local level The promotion of positive images of disabled The promotion of positive images of disabled

sportsmen and womensportsmen and women

WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED?WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED?

‘‘Building on Ability’ – aims:Building on Ability’ – aims: Increase participation of people with Increase participation of people with

disabilities at all levels on the performance disabilities at all levels on the performance pyramidpyramid

Ensure equality of access to facilities, Ensure equality of access to facilities, competitions, training and coachingcompetitions, training and coaching

WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED?WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED?

There has been a shift towards inclusive There has been a shift towards inclusive rather than exclusive or segregated rather than exclusive or segregated provisionprovision

Campaigns such as Everybody Active and Campaigns such as Everybody Active and Pro-Motion have raised awarenessPro-Motion have raised awareness

Access has been improved due to the Access has been improved due to the Disabled Persons Act 1981 – minimum Disabled Persons Act 1981 – minimum access requirements in sports facilitiesaccess requirements in sports facilities

WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED?WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED? Technology has improved – efficient Technology has improved – efficient

wheelchairs and other equipmentwheelchairs and other equipment Improved training and coaching Improved training and coaching

techniquestechniques Specialist sports centres – Ludwig Specialist sports centres – Ludwig

Guttman sports centre in Stoke MandevilleGuttman sports centre in Stoke Mandeville Paralympics – raises awareness of elite Paralympics – raises awareness of elite

sport for people with disabilities and sport for people with disabilities and provides positive role models – Tanni Greyprovides positive role models – Tanni Grey

However, it still receives limited coverageHowever, it still receives limited coverage

AwarenessAwareness

Disabled people still need to be aware of Disabled people still need to be aware of what is available for them – facilities and what is available for them – facilities and organisationsorganisations

Teachers need to be aware that children Teachers need to be aware that children with disabilities need to learn basic with disabilities need to learn basic movement abilities which can be movement abilities which can be developed into sports specific skillsdeveloped into sports specific skills

Sports organisers need to be aware of the Sports organisers need to be aware of the specific challenge facing disabled peoplespecific challenge facing disabled people

AttitudesAttitudes

Need to be challengedNeed to be challenged Misconceptions about people with Misconceptions about people with

disabilities need to be correcteddisabilities need to be corrected Individual differences and abilities need to Individual differences and abilities need to

be emphasisedbe emphasised

AccessAccess

Many issues need to be considered:Many issues need to be considered: Toilet and changing facilities, ramps, lifts, Toilet and changing facilities, ramps, lifts,

wide car parking spaces, hand rails on wide car parking spaces, hand rails on stair flights, lever taps on wash basins, stair flights, lever taps on wash basins, automatic doors, non slip floors, signs in automatic doors, non slip floors, signs in Braille Braille

FundingFunding

Unemployment amongst disabled people Unemployment amongst disabled people is particularly highis particularly high

Disabled people who are employed can Disabled people who are employed can earn on average only 80% of the salaries earn on average only 80% of the salaries of able bodied peersof able bodied peers

Sports organisations must continue to Sports organisations must continue to invest in provision for disabled peopleinvest in provision for disabled people

Adaptation and ModificationAdaptation and Modification

In some sports, disabled athletes can In some sports, disabled athletes can compete with able bodied athletes e.g. compete with able bodied athletes e.g. archeryarchery

However, some sports need to be adapted However, some sports need to be adapted to make them accessible e.g. wheelchair to make them accessible e.g. wheelchair basketball and tennisbasketball and tennis

Some games are specifically designed for Some games are specifically designed for people with disabilities people with disabilities

Adapting team gamesAdapting team games

Disability Sport England have suggested Disability Sport England have suggested the following ways:the following ways:

Use larger, smaller lighter coloured balls Use larger, smaller lighter coloured balls and shorter handled racquets and sticksand shorter handled racquets and sticks

Lower net height and limit playing areasLower net height and limit playing areas Increase team numbersIncrease team numbers Use foam equipment to limit bounce heightUse foam equipment to limit bounce height Use bean bags and other easy grip Use bean bags and other easy grip

equipmentequipment

The issue of sport, ability & The issue of sport, ability & disabilitydisability

What is needed to bring about equality of access and opportunity?

ATTITUDES

(abolish myths and provide awareness training)

AWARENESS

(facilities, teaching, knowledge)

ADAPTION & MODIFICATION

(integrate, but treat people as individuals)

SCHOOL PE

(Integration or separation?)

ACCESS

(How suitable is the environment?)

FUNDING (money available, investment in programmes

Disability and School PEDisability and School PE

As a result of the Education Act (1988) As a result of the Education Act (1988) many disabled young people have been many disabled young people have been integrated into mainstream schoolsintegrated into mainstream schools

There are both advantages and There are both advantages and disadvantages to integration or separation disadvantages to integration or separation in PEin PE

IntegrationIntegrationADVANTAGEADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGEDISADVANTAGE

Increases awarenessIncreases awareness Could lead to bullyingCould lead to bullying

A better reflection of A better reflection of society, which integrates society, which integrates rather than separates rather than separates

It is expensive to get It is expensive to get specialist teachers for specialist teachers for each school and difficult each school and difficult for 1 PE teacher to cope for 1 PE teacher to cope with great diversity of with great diversity of abilities in 1 classabilities in 1 class

It is expensive to provide It is expensive to provide for adapting and for adapting and modifying sports and modifying sports and providing specialist providing specialist facilitiesfacilities

SeparationSeparationAdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Specialist teachers focus on Specialist teachers focus on specific needsspecific needs

Disabled children are more likely to Disabled children are more likely to see themselves as differentsee themselves as different

Specialist equipment is more likely Specialist equipment is more likely to be availableto be available

Might make it harder for integration Might make it harder for integration in later lifein later life

All levels of the performance All levels of the performance pyramid more easily establishedpyramid more easily established

Presumes that all disabilities are Presumes that all disabilities are the samethe same

Reduces opportunities for disabled Reduces opportunities for disabled children to mix with able bodied children to mix with able bodied children when, in many cases, the children when, in many cases, the disability is irrelevantdisability is irrelevant

Older PeopleOlder People

What’s the issue?What’s the issue? Traditionally a low or non involvement in sport by older Traditionally a low or non involvement in sport by older

people in the UKpeople in the UK Sport should be for all on an equal levelSport should be for all on an equal level But, media portray sport for younger peopleBut, media portray sport for younger people Older people are seen to have the role of spectator or Older people are seen to have the role of spectator or

administrative volunteeradministrative volunteer As we have seen, combined inequalities increase As we have seen, combined inequalities increase

constraints, so that elderly women, elderly people on low constraints, so that elderly women, elderly people on low incomes and elderly people from ethnic minority groups incomes and elderly people from ethnic minority groups will suffer greater limitations to participationwill suffer greater limitations to participation

Sport for all – 50+ All to play forSport for all – 50+ All to play for

This was introduced in 1983, it encouraged participation This was introduced in 1983, it encouraged participation by emphasising the benefits of sports participationby emphasising the benefits of sports participation

BenefitsBenefits Social Social – sport can increase self confidence, be – sport can increase self confidence, be

enjoyable and lead to friendshipsenjoyable and lead to friendships Psychological Psychological – participation can give focus to older – participation can give focus to older

people who may feel lost after forced retirement or people who may feel lost after forced retirement or redundancyredundancy

HealthHealth – Participation can aid cardio-vascular function, – Participation can aid cardio-vascular function, strength and flexibility and can increase a sense of well strength and flexibility and can increase a sense of well beingbeing

ProblemsProblems

May be put off because of the idea sport is for the youngMay be put off because of the idea sport is for the young Few leaders and coaches in the older age rangeFew leaders and coaches in the older age range Younger instructors may be unclear of the abilities and Younger instructors may be unclear of the abilities and

needs of their clients or may not specialise in working needs of their clients or may not specialise in working with older peoplewith older people

If older people have been ill or injured they need to be If older people have been ill or injured they need to be cautious and seek advice from specialist coachescautious and seek advice from specialist coaches

They may be no or little provision for older people in the They may be no or little provision for older people in the communitycommunity

Older people may have limited money to spendOlder people may have limited money to spend They may find it difficult to become active again after a They may find it difficult to become active again after a

number of yearsnumber of years

Young PeopleYoung People

IssuesIssues In 1960 the Wolfenden Report identified a gap of non In 1960 the Wolfenden Report identified a gap of non

participation when people progressed from school and participation when people progressed from school and childhood to work and adulthoodchildhood to work and adulthood

School children must have a positive experience of PE to School children must have a positive experience of PE to ensure continued participation in physical activity when ensure continued participation in physical activity when they leave schoolthey leave school

They must have their individual needs and abilities They must have their individual needs and abilities catered for so that all levels of the performance pyramid catered for so that all levels of the performance pyramid are accessibleare accessible

Young PeopleYoung People

Issues associated with young people and sport Issues associated with young people and sport are the moral questions of an emphasis on are the moral questions of an emphasis on sportsmanship or gamesmanship in competitive sportsmanship or gamesmanship in competitive sport for young people, while those associated sport for young people, while those associated with elite performers are:with elite performers are:

The advantages and disadvantages of early The advantages and disadvantages of early specialisationspecialisation

The dangers of some intense training methodsThe dangers of some intense training methods An awareness of the needs for child protection in An awareness of the needs for child protection in

the light of some evidence of abuse by coachesthe light of some evidence of abuse by coaches

Discrimination in SportDiscrimination in Sport

Look at the headings opportunity, Look at the headings opportunity, provision and esteemprovision and esteem

Under the headings, what could effect Under the headings, what could effect participation and what could be done to participation and what could be done to increase participation increase participation

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