Discourse Pa Wayan

8/3/2019 Discourse Pa Wayan

1/55

Discourse SemanticsAnalysisby Drs. I Wayan Suarnajaya, M.A., Ph.D


2/55

Discourse as an Aspect of Linguistics

Units of Language

Phonemes

Words

Phrases

Clauses

Sentences

Texts

Aspects of Linguistics

Phonology

Morphology

Syntax

Discourse


3/55

The Other Aspects of Linguistics

Semantics

Psycholinguistics

Sociolinguistics

Pragmatics

Psychology

Language

Sociology

Language


4/55

The Concepts of Discourse

AnalysisA.

Discourse refers to a general term forexamples of language use languagewhich has been produced as the result ofan act of communication.

Grammar refers therules a language usesto form grammatical

units such as phrase,clause, and sentence.


5/55

Other notions of Discourse(Analysis): Discourse refers to larger units of

language such as

paragraphs,conversations, and

interviews

Discourse Analysis is sometimes

used to refer to the study of both

written and spoken discourse.

To some researchers, Discourse

Analysis is used to refer to the

study of spoken discourse


6/55

To some researchers, DiscourseAnalysis is used to refer to the study of

spoken discourse (conversational

analysis)

Text Linguistics refers to the study of

written discourse,

Discourse Analysis: as the study howsentences in spoken and written

language form larger meaningful units

such as paragraphs, conversations, and

interviews.

Continue


7/55

Continue .........The definition indicates that discourseanalysis deals with such things as:

a)How the choice of articles, pronouns, and

tenses affects the structure of discourse.

b) The relationship between utterances in a

discourse

c) The moves made by the speakers tointroduce a new topic, change the topic, or

assert a high role relationship to other

participants.


8/55

continue.....Discourse Analysis is the analysis of spoken and

written language as it is used to enact social andcultural perspectives and identities.

The analysis is concerned with both a theory of

language in use as well as a method of

research made up of a set of tools of enquiry andstrategies for using them.

Discourse analysis is then an analysis of language

attempting to understand how language works in a

fully intergrated way as simultaneously a mental,social, cultural, institutional, and political

phenomenon.


9/55

People think that the primary purposeof human language is to

communicate information or to

exchange information. But,

language actually serves a great

many functions, basically classified

into two, namely:

a. To scaffold the performance of

social activities

Language as action andaffi l iation


10/55

Continue .......b. To scaffold human affiliation within

cultures and social groups and

institutions. Cultures, social groups,

and institutions shape socialactivities. They also get produced,

reproduced, and transformed

through human activities.Discourse Analys is therefore

concerned with a theory and a

method for studying how the


11/55

Contnue .......details of language get recruited onsite to pull off specific social activities

and social identities memberships

in various social groups, cultures, andinstitution.

Language in use is everywhere and

always political.


12/55

Politics in language in use?

It refers to anything and any place wherehuman social interactions and relationshipshave implications for how social goods areor ought to be distributed. Social goodsmean anything that a group of people

believe to be a source of power, status, orworth academic intelligence, money,control, possessions, verbal abilities, age,wisdom, knowledge, technology, literacy,and morality.

It refers to anything and any place where

human social interactions and relationshipshave implications for how social goods areor ought to be distributed. Social goodsmean anything that a group of peoplebelieve to be a source of power, status, orworth academic intelligence, money,control, possessions, verbal abilities, age,wisdom, knowledge, technology, literacy,and morality.


13/55

When speaking, a particular perspective on what the

world is like is always considered. This involves in

taking perspectives on: what is normal, what isacceptable and not, what is right and not, what is real

and not, what is the way things are and not, What is

the ways things ought to be and not, what is possible

and not, what people like us or people like them doand dont do. These are all also perspectives on how

we believe, wish, or act as if potential social goods are

or ought to be distributed.

Continue


14/55

An approach to discourse analysis

refers to the analysis of language as

it is used to enact activities,

perspectives, and identities. The

analysis, in this case, is partlyconcerned with a method of research.

It should be noted that any method

always goes with a theory, in thesense that they cannot be separated.

Theory and method in discourseanalysis


15/55

A method of reseaech is a way to

investigate some particular domain,

which is in the form of language in-use.The study of a domain requires a theory

of what the domain is. In discourse

analysis, the theory of domain can be in

the form of a theory about the nature oflanguage in-use.


16/55

Language Social Context

a. Context of Culture (Genre)

b. Context of Situation (Register)

Field, Tenor, and ModeThe link of the three register

categories to clause structure/the

structure of language

Languange and SocialContext


17/55

N0. RegisterCategories

Structure ofLanguage

Meaning Potentials(Functional Categories)

1. Field Transitivity Experiential Meaning

2. Tenor Mood Interpersonal Meaning

3. Mode Theme Textual Meaning


18/55

Mood Structure: the grammar ofinterpersonal meaningSpeech role, speech function, and mood type.

Speech role

Giving: - John is an English teacher

Demanding: -Can I read your novel?

Commodity being exchanged: the exchange of

information and the exchange of goods and

services.

Speech role Commodity Speech Function

Exchanged


19/55

Speech role Commodity Speech

Exchanged Function

Giving Information Statement

Goods and Services Offer

Demanding Information

Question

Goods and Services Command

Speech function (SF) pairs

Initiating SF Responding SF Responding SF

of supporting type of confronting type

Offer Acceptance Rejection

Command Compliance Refusal

Statement Acknowledgement Contradiction

Question Answer Disclaimer


20/55

Speech function andgrammatical structurea. Speech function is closely related to

grammatical system statement is realized

through declarative mood and question through

interrogative mood, command through

imperative as well as declarative.b. There are two types of clause structures to

realize the mood structure of a clause:

propositions andproposals.

c. The devices used to realize interpersonalmeaning: positive/negative polarities;

interpersonal metaphor modalities and

projected modalisation


21/55

The grammatical structure ofpropositionsMood structure includes Moodand Residue

Mood element: - the part of the clause which

cannot disappear when responding speaker takes

up his/her position; - the ones included in tag

question (Subject + Finite).

Residue element: predicator, complement, and

adjunct. (Further examples see Eggins p. 160).


22/55

Transitivity StructureIt includes: Process types, Participants,

and Circumstances

Subject Predicator Object

He drove a car

He saw a car


23/55

T ran s i t i v i t y s t r u c t u r e a na l y s isTransitivity analysis ---- the types of process,participants as well as circumstances.

Process Types (Butler 1985: 164, Eggins 1994: 228):

a.Material process:Actor - Process: material-Goal/Range/Beneficiary

b.Mental process: Senser- Process: mental - Phenomenon

c.Behavioural process: Behaver Process: Behavioural

Behaviour/Phenomenon

d.Verbal process: Sayer Process: verbal Verbiage(Report, Quote)


24/55

e. Existential process: Process: existential - Existent

f. Relational process:

- Attributive: Carrier Process: relational Attribute- Identifying: Token Process: relational Value

Material Process

I stayed up all night

He invited his friends

The postman delivered the letterThey tested the instrument


25/55

I Stayed up all night

Actor Proc: material Circumstances

He invited His friendsActor Proc: material Goal

The postman delivered the letter

Actor Proc: material Goal

They tested the instrument



26/55

He made a chair

He made a mistake

They give you a cognac

He handed her the bags

Mary cooked dinner for them all

She has given birth three times

The lady put the food on the table

He is cutting the apples with a knife

He made the girl carry the bomb

They got him arrested by the police


27/55

He made a chair

Actor Proc: materialGoal

He made a mistake

Actor Proc: materialRange

They give you a cognac

Actor Proc: mat Recipient Goal

He handed her the bags

Actor Proc: mat Recipient Goal

Mary cooked dinner for them all

Actor Proc: mat Goal Client


28/55

She has given birth three times

Actor Process: material Range Circ: extent

The lady put the food on the table

Actor Process: material Goal Circ: location

He is cutting the apples with a knife

Actor Proc: material Goal Circ: manner

He made the girl carry the bomb

Agent Proc:causative


They got him arrested by the police

Agent Proc: causative Goal Proc: material Actor


29/55

Mental Processes --- the meanings ofthinking or feeling, covering:

A.Cognition the verbs of thinking,

knowing, and understanding

B.Affection associated with the verbs of

liking, fearing

C.Perception having to do with the verbs

of hearing and seeing

Material Processes vs. Mental Processes

What did X do to Y vs. What do you

think/feel/know about X?


30/55

Participants in mental processes:

a.Senser a concious human

participant.

b.Phenomenon the participant being

thought, felt or perceived by theconscious senser.

Examples:

- She likes the dance- I heard her leaving

- I saw him taking a rest

- He did not realize that it was his fault

She likes the dance


31/55

She likes the dance

Senser Process: mental Phenomenon: simple

I heard her leaving

Senser Process: mental Phenomenon: act

I saw him taking a rest

Senser Process: mental Phenomenon: act

He did not realize that it was his fault

Senser Process:mental

Phenomenon: fact


32/55

All mental processes can do projection,which can be both quoting and reporting.

Projection of Quoting:

I thought, Ill go and give blood.

Projection of Reporting:

I Thought Id go and give blood.

Projection


33/55

Behavioural Processes - are the oneswith the semantic features existing between material

and mental process. These are the processes dealing

with the processes of physiological and psychologicalbehaviour which is concerned with an action that

should be experienced by a conscious being.

There are some behavioural processes having the

semantic feature of mental processes, but they are

actually different from their mental process

synonyms.

Behaviourals Mentals

look at see

listen to hear


34/55

One obligatory participant in behavioural

process is a conscious being, behaver.

- He sighed patiently

-She laughed loudly

-She smiled a broad smile at him

-Mary sniffed the soup

-She tasted the food


35/55

He sighed patiently

Behaver Process: Behavioural Circumstance: manner

She laughed loudly

Behaver Process: Behavioural Circumstance: manner

She smiled a broad smile at him

Behaver Process:Behavioural Behaviour Circumstance: location

Mary sniffed the soup

Behaver Process: Behavioural Phenomenon

She tasted the food

Behaver Process: Behavioural Phenomenon


36/55

Verbal processes are the processes of

verbal action, covering the action of sayingand all other verbal actions that convey

similar meanings with saying, such as

telling, asking, and talking, etc.

The types of participants in verbal

processes are: a. Sayer, expressing the

verbal process; b. Receiver, the beneficiary

of a verbal message; c. Verbiage, a nounreferring to some kind of verbal behaviour

and derived from the verbal process

story associated with telling.

Verbal Processes


37/55

He asked the lady Some questions

Sayer Process: verbal Receiver Verbiage

The boy is talking about the accident

Sayer Process: verbal Circumstance: manner

P j ti i t l d b l


38/55

Projection in mental processes isconcerned with reporting or quoting ideas

Projection in verbal processes deals with

reporting or quoting speech referred to aslocutions in Hallidays terms.

Processes of being

These are the processes that are notconcerned with action meaning. They

convey the states of being, covering

existentialand relationalprocesses

Projection in mental and verbal

processes


39/55

Existential Processes An existential process is concerned with

the statement that something exists.

The statement starts with the introductory

there, which does not convey any

meaning, but which is required to startcertain clauses in English


40/55

Example:

There is a man in front of the school

- The use of the word be or its synonyms likeexist, arise, and occurcharacterizes

existential processes.

- The word there, in this case, is notanalyzed for transitivity since it does not

convey any representational meaning.

- There are two constituents in an existentialprocess, namely the process itself and an

obligatory participant called existent

There was a wallet on the floor.

Th ll h fl


41/55

There was a wallet on the floor

Proc: existential Existent Circumstance: location


42/55

Relational processes: processesof beingTypes of relational processes:

a.Attributive relational processes

b. Identifying relational processes

Each can be classified into sub-categories

like intensive, circumstantial, and

possessive.

The constituents of:

a. Attributive relational processes: Carrier

Process: attributive - Attribute


43/55

Intensive relational processAn intensive relational process deals with theestablishment of the relationship between the

participants of each process type, where the

word be or its synonym is the main means of

establishing this relationship.

The differences between intensive attributive

relational process and intensive identifying

relational process:a. The meaning of an intensive attributive

process is descriptive, while intensive

identifying process is defining in nature.


44/55

Examples:

He is a student

He is very clever

Carrier Proc: Att: Intensive Attribute

You are the cleverest student

Token Proc: Identifying value

b. Reversibility occurs with intensive identifying

relational process, not with intensive atributiverelational process

You are the cleverest student

The cleverest student is you.


45/55

Circumstantial relational processesAttributive circumstantial relational processes

a. The circumstance is often expressed in the

Attribute, the verb remains intensive, the Attribute will

be a prepositional phrase or an adverb of location,

manner, cause, etc.

b. The circumstantial element is conflated in the

Attribute.

The bomb was in her luggageCarrier Proc: intensive Attribute/Circ:location

c. The circumstantial meaning may also be encoded

in the process itself with the verb is + circumstance

E l


46/55

Examples:

The operation lasted one hour

Carrier Proc: circumstantial Attribute(where lasted = be + for one hour)

Jans narrative concerns her daughters operationCarrier Proc:circumstantial Attribute

(where concerns = be + about)


47/55

Identifying circumstantialrelational processa. The circumstantial meaning is encoded either inthe participants or the process. When encoded in

the participants, both the token and the value will be

the circumstantial elements of time, place, etc.,

while the verb remains intensive.

Yesterday was the last time he gave blood

Token/circ:time Proc:Intensive Value/circ:time

b. The circumstance may also be expressed through theprocess, using the verbs: take, follow, resemble, accompany,

hold, etc.

The operation took one hour


48/55

The operation took one hour

Token Proc:circumstance Value

The terrorist accompanied the woman


The milk bottle holds one liter of liquid



49/55

Possessive relational processesPossessive processes encode meanings ofownership and possession between clausal

participants.

Possessive relational processes can be attributive

and identifying.

In Attributive Possessive Relational Processes,

possession may be encoded through the

participants (with the Attribute as possessor, and the

process remaining intensive.

This is yours

Carrier Proc:intensive Attribute/Possessor

Possession may also be encoded through the


50/55

Possession may also be encoded through the

process. The commonest Attributive possessive verbs

being to have and to belong to.

The Carrier will be Possessor

I had a daughter

You have 8 points of blood

You ve got less blood than me

Carrier/possessor Proc:possession Attribute:possessed

The carrier as what is possessed

The bomb belonged to the boyfriend

Carrier/possessed Pr:possession Att:possessor

I Id tif i i i b d ith


51/55

In Identifying possessives, possession may be expressed either

through the participants, or through the process. When

possession is expressed through the participants, the intensive

verb to be is used, with the Token and Value encoding the

possessor and the possessed. The commonest Identifyingpossessive process is to own.

The bomb was her boyfriends

Token/Possessed Pr:intensive Value/Possessor

Her boyfriends was the bomb

Value/Possessor Pr:intensive Token/Possessed

Her boyfriend owned the bomb

Token/Possessor Pr:possessive Value/Possessed

The bomb was owned by her boyfriend

Value/Possessed Pr:possessive Token/Possessor


52/55

Causative relationalsCausative relational processes may occur with eitherAttributive or Identifying structures, with causation

expressed either through a make + be

(process:intensive) structure, or, with Identifying

relationals through a caustive Process. An Agent

also called an Attributor, in Attributive relationals,

causes the Carrier to have an Attribute ascribed.

The introduction of the causative process make as

the finite in these structures means that causativepassives can be formed, but the clause is still

Attributive. Note that the intensive process is often

ellipsed from the clause. With the Identifying type,

the Agent (Assigner) makes The token take a Value.

The experience in made Diana (become) a blood


53/55

pGeneva

( )donor

Agent/Attributor Pr:causative Carrier Pr:intensive Attribute

Diana was made to become a blood donor by the experience

Carrier Pr:causative Pr:intensive Attribute Agent/Attributor

Giving blood makes you weak

Agent/Attributor Pr:causative Carrier Attribute

They made Simon the barman for the night

Agent/Assigner Pr:causative Token Value Circ:extent

Simon was made the barman for the night (by them)

Token Pr: causative Value Circ:extent Agent/Assigner

With Id tif i l th ti l ti hi


54/55

With Identifying clauses, the causative relationship

between participants can be expressed directly

through a causative circumstantial verb, such as:

results in, causes, produces, etc. The verb here isafusion of be or equals and the expression of cause:

Donating blood results in/causes weakness

Token Pr:causative, circumstantial Value

Weakness Is resulted in/caused by donatingblood

Token Pr:causative, circumstantial Value


55/55

Ok. Thatsall...

Discourse Pa Wayan

Documents

Transcript of Discourse Pa Wayan