The Discourse‐Initial 

Mo and Epistemic 

Modality

Sum

iyo

Nish

iguc

hiTo

kyo

Univ

ersit

y of

Sci

ence

Pre-

JK W

orks

hop

on E

vid

entia

lsan

d M

odal

sSe

oul N

atio

nal U

nive

rsity

Oct

19,

201

1

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orks

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1

Abstract

•Se

nten

ces w

ith th

e Ja

pane

se fo

cus m

arke

r m

o“a

lso/t

oo”

can

be u

ttere

d d

iscou

rse-

initi

ally

. •

Inst

ead

of a

con

trast

ive

narro

w fo

cus,

mo

sent

ence

s hav

e a

pres

enta

tiona

l neu

tral

focu

s.•

The

disc

ours

e-in

itial

mo

“also

/too

” is

an

epist

emic

nec

essit

y m

odal

and

an

emph

atic

mar

ker s

imila

r to

ind

eed

or r

eally

.

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2

•A

s a m

odal

, mo

“also

/too

” as

soci

ates

with

a

who

le p

ropo

sitio

n.

•Be

caus

e its

mea

ning

is re

lativ

ized

to th

e m

atrix

subj

ect o

f the

em

bed

ded

cla

use

in

whi

ch it

app

ears

, mo

cont

ribut

es to

trut

h-co

nditi

onal

mea

ning

as o

ppos

ed to

co

nven

tiona

l impl

icat

ure,

whi

ch re

flect

s the

sp

eake

r’s p

ersp

ectiv

e w

ithou

t sco

pe, a

s ar

gued

in P

otts

(200

7).

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3

Moʺalso/evenʺ

•M

o “a

lso/e

ven”

in J

apan

ese

is a

parti

cle

that

atta

ches

to a

nou

n ph

rase

. •

Japa

nese

gra

mm

aria

ns h

ave

cons

ider

ed it

as

pol

ysem

ous(

Sad

anob

u19

97):

(i) a

lso(ii

) eve

n(ii

i) at

tenu

atio

n(N

umat

a19

86)

adm

iratio

n(T

eram

ura

1984

), 10/1

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4

Mo 1“also”

(1) #

(Jun

-ga

utat

-te,)

[Ken

] F-m

ood

ot-ta

.Ju

n-N

omsin

g-Pa

st-a

nd K

en-a

lso d

ance

-Pas

t“J

un sa

ng, a

nd K

en d

ance

d, t

oo.”

•A

focu

s mar

ker o

r qua

ntifi

er-li

ke e

lem

ent (

Kuro

da

1969

), ty

pica

lly p

lace

s con

trast

ive

focu

s on

NP

•Lik

e En

glish

also

and

too,

mo

“also

” re

quire

s an

iden

tifie

d in

divi

dual

(van

der

San

dta

nd G

eurts

2001

), Ju

n, to

be

cont

rast

ed w

ith K

en.

•Si

mila

r to

Engl

ish to

o (K

arttu

nen

and

Pet

ers 1

979)

, a m

o-p

asse

rtion

is fe

licito

us o

nly

whe

n it

follo

ws a

noth

er

sent

ence

such

as “

Som

eone

oth

er th

an K

en c

ame”

or,

at

leas

t, w

hen

the

pres

uppo

sitio

nsar

e sa

tisfie

d b

y th

e ex

tralin

guist

icco

ntex

t.10

/19/

2011

Sum

iyo

Nish

iguc

hi,

PreJ

KWor

ksho

p@SN

U5

Mo 2“even”

(2)

IKEA

-mo

bikk

uri-n

o ko

npak

uto-

naka

guse

ttoIK

EA-e

ven

surp

rise-

Gen

com

pact

-be

fu

rnitu

re se

t“A

set o

f com

pact

furn

iture

, whi

ch w

ould

eve

n su

rpris

e IK

EA”

•IK

EA is

the

furn

iture

mak

er le

ast l

ikel

y to

be

surp

rised

at t

he

com

pact

ness

of t

he fu

rnitu

re, b

ecau

se it

is m

ostly

likel

y to

m

ake

the

mos

t com

pact

furn

iture

sets

.

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6

Mo 2un

iversal

•M

o “e

ven”

is u

nive

rsal

whe

n it

has

ind

eter

min

ates

(wh-

wor

ds)

with

in it

s sco

pe(K

urod

a 19

65, K

ratz

eran

d S

him

oyam

a20

02):

(3)

Dar

e-m

oko

-nai

.an

yone

co

me-

Neg

“Nob

ody

com

es.”

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7

Mo 3em

phatic &

discou

rse‐initial

•W

hat I

cal

l the

em

phat

ic, d

iscou

rse-

initi

al m

ois

neith

er

“also

” no

r “ev

en.”

(4

) a.

Yo-m

ofu

ke-ta

. M

o

ner

u-to

sh

i-yo.

nigh

t-also

bec

ome.

late

-Pas

t alre

ady

sleep

-Com

p d

o-le

t’s

“It’

s lat

e, in

dee

d. I

t’s t

ime

to g

o to

bed

.”b.

Ko-

no

saifu

-mo

fuku

ku-n

at-ta

.th

is-G

en

wal

let-a

lso

old

-bec

ome-

Past

“Thi

s wal

let h

as in

dee

d b

ecom

e ol

d.”

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8

Discourse‐in

itial mo

c.

Yo-m

osu

e-d

a.w

orld

-also

fin

ale-

be“T

his i

s the

end

of t

he w

orld

.”d

. M

ari-m

oka

shik

o-i.

Mar

i-also

sm

art-b

e“M

ary

is in

dee

d sm

art.”

e.O

mae

-mo

aho-

ya-n

a.yo

u-al

so

silly

-be-

Exc

“I m

ust s

ay th

at y

ou a

re si

lly.”

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9

Discourse‐in

itial Mo

(5)

Soto

-mo

hiet

e-ki

-ta.

outs

ide-

also

co

ld-c

ome-

Past

“It i

s ind

eed

get

ting

chilly

out

side.

”

•N

o co

ntra

st b

etw

een

its sy

ntac

tic c

onst

ituen

t sot

o“o

utsid

e” &

any

ant

eced

ent.

•N

eutra

l and

pre

sent

atio

nal f

ocus

•In

stea

d o

f a n

arro

w fo

cus o

n N

P, th

ere

is a

wid

e fo

cus o

n th

e w

hole

sent

ence

.

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10

•Ev

en th

ough

mo 3

form

s a c

onst

ituen

cy w

ith

the

subj

ect D

P, it

s sem

antic

scop

e is

not t

he

DP.

•

Mo 3

doe

s not

trig

ger t

he p

resu

ppos

ition

“S

omeo

ne/s

omet

hing

oth

er th

an x

is su

ch.”

o

(6a)

doe

s not

pre

supp

ose

that

“Th

e m

orni

ng g

rew

late

"o

(6b)

doe

s not

pre

supp

ose

“You

r wal

let

beca

me

old

"

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11

Num

ata(2000)

(6)

Haru

-mo

take

naw

a-ni

na

ri-m

ashi

-ta.

sprin

g-al

sope

ak-G

OA

L be

com

e-HO

N-P

AST

“Spr

ing

has r

each

ed it

s pea

k.”

(Num

ata

2000

: 172

)

•M

o as

soci

ates

itse

lf w

ith a

who

le p

ropo

sitio

n an

d

cont

rast

s oth

er th

ings

rem

inisc

ent o

f the

seas

on a

nd th

e tra

nsiti

on o

f tim

e•

The

spea

ker p

resu

ppos

es p

rior s

ituat

ions

such

as

bloo

min

g of

che

rry b

loss

oms,

gree

n le

aves

of t

rees

, and

co

mfo

rtabl

y w

arm

wea

ther

.

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12

Epistemic m

odal

•I w

ould

rath

er c

laim

that

mo 3

is th

e ep

istem

ic m

odal

that

con

veys

spea

ker’s

ev

alua

tion

•In

vie

w o

f wha

t is k

now

n, th

e sp

eake

r ex

pres

ses h

is/he

r jud

gmen

t tha

t pin

mo-

pm

ust b

e tru

e.

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13

Interference w

ith negation

(7)

a. #

Mar

i-mo

kash

ikok

u-na

i.M

ari-a

lso

smar

t-Neg

“Mar

i is in

dee

d n

ot sm

art.”

b. #

Yo-m

ofu

ke-n

akat

-ta.

nigh

t-also

be

com

e.la

te-N

eg-P

ast

“It d

id n

ot g

row

late

.”c.

#Ko

nosa

ifu-m

ofu

ruku

nara

-nak

at-ta

.th

is w

alle

t-also

be

com

e ol

d-N

eg-P

ast

“Thi

s wal

let d

id n

ot b

ecom

e ol

d.”

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14

Negation is no prob

lem fo

r mo 1“also” or mo 2 “e

ven”

(8) a

. M

ari-m

oko

-nak

at-ta

.M

ari-a

lso

com

e-N

EG-P

AST

“Mar

i did

not

com

e ei

ther

.”b.

Dar

emo

ko-n

akat

-ta.

Mar

i-mo

ko-n

akat

-ta.

anyo

ne c

ome-

NEG

-PA

ST M

ari-a

lso c

ome-

NEG

-PA

ST“N

o on

e ca

me.

Not

eve

n M

ari c

ame.

”

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15

Bipo

lar Item 

•Th

e in

terfe

renc

e w

ith n

egat

ion

mig

ht in

dic

ate

dep

end

ency

of N

P-m

oon

its l

icen

sing

pred

icat

es,

e.g.

, kas

hiko

i‘be

smar

t’, f

uker

u‘b

ecom

e la

te’,

and

fu

ruku

naru

‘bec

ome

old

’.•

As i

ndet

erm

inat

e +

univ

ersa

l mo 2

is a

nega

tive

pola

rity

item

, or a

neg

ativ

e co

ncor

d it

em

(Wat

anab

e 20

04),

it is

not s

urpr

ising

that

NP

+ m

o 3

also

dem

onst

rate

s pol

arity

sens

itivi

ty.

•N

ishig

uchi

(200

5, 2

010)

ana

lyze

d N

P+

mo 3

as a

bi

pola

r ite

min

van

der

Wou

den

’ste

rmin

olog

y (v

an

der

Wou

den

2005

).

10/1

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16

Hungarian Is

Isha

s the

mea

ning

of ‘

also

,’ ‘e

ven’

and

em

phat

ic (s

ee

Piño

n19

92, f

or th

e Hu

ngar

ian

emph

atic

is).

(9)

Péte

rm

egig

érte

, ho

gy e

l fo

g Pe

ter

VM

pr

omise

.Pas

t.3SG

.Def

that

aw

ay

will

men

niés

[el] F

ism

ent.

go.P

res.3

SG

and

aw

ay is

go

.Pas

t.3SG

‘Pet

er p

rom

ised

he

wou

ld g

o, a

nd h

e w

ent,

too!

’(S

zala

i199

6:12

, F-m

arki

ng b

y th

e au

thor

)

10/1

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17

Is: P

olarity fo

cus marker

•Is

‘also

/eve

n’ is

equ

ival

ent t

o th

e En

glish

in

dee

d, s

urel

y,an

d re

ally

. •

Itst

reng

then

s the

affi

rmat

ive

whe

n po

larit

y is

in q

uest

ion.

•

Whe

ther

Pet

er w

ent i

s the

issu

e, a

nd is

em

phas

izes t

hat P

eter

real

ly w

ent.

Prop

osal

: •

Is is

a ve

rum

focu

s (or

pol

arity

focu

s) m

arke

r (H

öhle

1992

)

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18

Mois not polarity fo

cus

•Hu

ngar

ian

is re

quire

s an

ante

ced

ent a

nd

stre

ngth

ens t

he p

olar

ity•

Japa

nese

em

phat

ic m

o-p

is d

iscou

rse-

initi

al

•Be

caus

e p

or n

ot p

is n

ot a

que

stio

n in

the

disc

ours

e, it

is d

iffic

ult t

o ca

ll mo

a po

larit

y fo

cus.

•N

ever

thel

ess,

mo

doe

s stre

ngth

en th

e af

firm

ativ

e.

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19

Una

ccusativity

All p

red

icat

es w

ith w

ide

scop

e m

oar

e un

accu

sativ

esor

ad

ject

ival

pre

dic

ates

.(1

0)fu

keru

"bec

ome

late

"ta

kena

wa-

nina

ru"re

ach

its p

eak"

furu

kuna

ru"b

ecom

e ol

d"

owar

i-nic

hika

zuku

"nea

r the

end

"hi

ete-

kuru

"bec

ome

cold

"ah

o-d

a "b

e sil

ly"

Sinc

e un

accu

sativ

eve

rbs t

ake

only

one

arg

umen

t as

intra

nsiti

ve v

erbs

do,

pas

siviza

tion

is im

poss

ible

.(1

1)

a. M

ary

appe

ared

.b.

*M

ary

was

app

eare

d.

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20

No pa

ssivization

(12)

a.

*Yo-

ga/w

afu

ke-ra

re-ta

.ni

ght-n

om/t

op g

row

late

-pas

s-pa

st`T

he n

ight

was

gro

wn

late

.'b.

*Kon

o-ka

ban-

ga/w

afu

ruku

-nar

-are

-ta.

this-

bag-

nom

/top

old

-bec

ome-

pass

-pas

t`T

his b

ag w

as b

ecom

e ol

d.'

c.*T

abi-g

a/w

aow

ari-n

ichi

kazu

k-ar

e-ta

.tri

p-no

m/t

op e

nd-d

atne

ar-p

ass-

past

`Thi

s trip

was

nea

red

by

its e

nd.'

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21

Una

ccusativehy

pothesis

(Per

lmut

ter1

978)

A

subj

ect D

P of

una

ccus

ativ

epr

edic

ates

is

base

gen

erat

ed a

s a th

eme

argu

men

t of

the

verb

in th

e co

mpl

emen

t pos

ition

of

the

verb

.

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22

Emph

atic M

eaning of Moas 

Epistemic N

ecessity M

odal

Mea

ning

of m

o•

An

expr

essiv

e em

phat

ic m

arke

r tha

t co

nvey

s eva

luat

ions

and

sent

imen

ts.

•Pr

esup

pose

d c

onte

nt•

Not

CI b

ut tr

uth

cond

ition

al•

Epist

emic

nec

essit

y m

odal

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23

Presup

posed Con

tent:

embedd

ed und

er emotive factives

(13)

a. Z

anne

nna-

koto

-ni

soto

-mo

hiet

e-ki

-ta.

unfo

rtuna

te-fa

ct-D

atou

tsid

e-al

so

cold

-Asp

-Pas

t

‘I am

sorry

that

it h

as b

ecom

e co

ld o

utsid

e.’

b.Za

nnen

na-k

oto-

ni

tabi

-mo

ow

ari-n

i chi

kazu

ite-k

i-ta.

un

fortu

nate

-fact

-Dat

trip-

also

e

nd-to

a

ppro

ach-

Asp

-Pas

t

‘The

trip

is n

earin

g its

end

.’

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24

c.

(Syn

path

etic

ally

)O

mae

-mo

aho-

ya-n

a.yo

u-al

sosil

ly-b

e-Ex

c‘I

mus

t say

that

you

are

silly

.’d

. Ur

eshi

i-kot

o-ni

tenk

i-mo

yoku

natte

-ki-t

a.ha

ppy-

fact

-Dat

wea

ther

-also

be

tter-

com

e-Pa

st‘I

am g

lad

that

the

wea

ther

has

bec

ome

bette

r.’•

The

attit

ude

of th

e sp

eake

r tow

ard

mo-

pis

not

neut

ral b

ut e

ither

neg

ativ

ely

or p

ositi

vely

incl

ined

.

10/1

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orks

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25

Mo‐pis biased: can

not b

e used in 

typical ʹinform

ation‐seeking’ que

stions 

(14)

a.#

Soto

-mo

kura

ku-n

arim

ashi

ta-k

a?ou

tsid

e-al

sod

ark-

beca

me-

Q‘H

as it

bec

ome

dar

k ou

tsid

e?’

b.So

to-m

oku

raku

-nat

ta-d

esho

?ou

tsid

e-al

sod

ark-

beca

me-

daro

u‘It

has

bec

ome

dar

k ou

tsid

e, h

asn’

t it?

’

•Su

ch e

mbe

dd

abilit

yun

der

fact

ive

pred

icat

es a

nd

inco

mpa

tibilit

y w

ith n

eutra

l info

rmat

ion-

seek

ing

ques

tions

ind

icat

e th

at p

in m

o-p

is pr

esup

pose

d

cont

ent.

10/1

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26

Con

ventiona

l implicatureor 

truth‐cond

ition

al m

eaning

•C

onve

ntio

nal im

plic

atur

e(G

rice

1975

; Ka

rttun

enan

d P

eter

s 197

9; P

otts

200

5)? 10

/19/

2011

Sum

iyo

Nish

iguc

hi,

PreJ

KWor

ksho

p@SN

U27

(15)

a. P

asok

on-m

oya

suku

-nat

-ta.

com

pute

r-also

ch

eap-

beco

me-

Past

‘Per

sona

l com

pute

rs h

ave

ind

eed

bec

ome

chea

p.’

b. P

asok

on-g

a/w

aya

suku

-nat

-ta.

com

pute

rs-N

om/T

opch

eap-

beco

me-

Past

‘Per

sona

l com

pute

rs h

ave

beco

me

chea

p.’

(16)

a. A

nata

-mo

zuru

i hi

to-d

a.yo

u-al

so

craf

ty

pers

on-b

e‘Y

ou a

re in

dee

d a

cra

fty p

erso

n.’

b. A

nata

-wa

zuru

i hi

to-d

a.yo

u-To

pcr

afty

pe

rson

-be

‘You

are

a c

rafty

per

son.

’

•Th

e ex

ampl

es in

(a) a

re m

ore

emph

atic

and

hav

e a

som

ewha

t per

sona

l fee

l tho

ugh

the

diff

eren

ce is

m

ore

subt

le in

(15)

.

10/1

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eJKW

orks

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28

Relativ

ized to m

atrix 

subject

•Th

e m

eani

ng o

f mo

is no

t spe

aker

-orie

nted

co

nven

tiona

l impl

icat

ure

in P

otts

’s (2

005)

sens

e (G

rice

1975

).•

A c

onve

ntio

nal im

plic

atur

e is

neve

r rel

ativ

ized

to

the

belie

fs o

f an

entit

y ot

her t

han

the

spea

ker (

Potts

20

05:3

1)

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29

(17)

Mar

i-wa

[kod

omo-

mo

te-g

a M

ari-T

op

child

-also

ha

nd-N

om

kaka

ra-n

aku-

natta

-kot

o]-d

a-sh

i, so

roso

ro,

mat

ata

ke-N

eg-b

ecam

e-fa

ct-b

e-so

soon

agai

nsh

igot

o-o

suru

-tsum

ori-d

a.w

ork-

Acc

do-

will-

be‘M

ari is

goi

ng to

star

t wor

king

aga

in so

on

beca

use

her c

hild

doe

s not

nee

d m

uch

care

an

ymor

e.’

•Th

e at

titud

e to

war

d th

e ch

ild’s

gro

win

g up

is th

at o

f Mar

i, th

e m

atrix

subj

ect,

rath

er th

an th

e sp

eake

r.

10/1

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orks

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30

evalua

tion

Epith

ets

•Sc

opel

esss

peak

er-o

rient

atio

n m

arks

co

nven

tiona

l impl

icat

ure

whi

ch c

ontri

bute

s to

the

mea

ning

diff

eren

tly fr

om re

gula

r ‘at

iss

ue’ c

onte

nt•

The

nega

tivity

of t

he e

pith

et b

asta

rdpo

ints

to

the

spea

ker’s

atti

tud

e, n

ot to

the

mat

rix

subj

ect S

usan

.(1

8)(D

iscus

sing

Bob,

one

mig

ht sa

y th

e fo

llow

ing.

)A

maz

ingl

y, S

usan

still

thin

ks th

at b

asta

rdis

a ni

ce g

uy.

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31

speaker

evalua

tion

(19)

[Iwan

-no

baka

-to

atte

-ki-t

at-te

]Iv

an-G

en

bast

ard

-with

mee

t-com

e-Pa

st-

Com

pM

ari-g

ait-

te-ta

-yo.

Mar

i-Nom

say-

Prog

-Pas

t-Par

‘Mar

i was

sayi

ng th

at sh

e m

et w

ith Iv

an th

e ba

star

d.’

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speaker evalua

tion

Epith

ets

Hon

orifics

•Ja

pane

se h

onor

ifics

alw

ays p

oint

to th

e sp

eake

r, no

t to

the

mat

rix su

bjec

t.

(20)

Mar

i-wa

Nak

amur

a-se

nsei

-no

Mar

i-Top

Nak

amur

a-pr

ofes

sor-G

en

o-ka

ki-n

i-nat

-taho

n-o

Hon-

writ

e-D

at-b

ecom

e-Pa

stbo

ok-A

ccyo

n-d

a-so

-da.

read

-Pas

t-Evi

-be

‘I he

ard

that

Mar

i rea

d th

e bo

ok th

at P

rof.

Nak

amur

a w

rote

.’10

/19/

2011

Sum

iyo

Nish

iguc

hi,

PreJ

KWor

ksho

p@SN

U33

Scop

e sensitivity of m

odal 

hazuʺsho

uldʺ

(21)

a.M

ari-w

a

[yo-

ga

fuke

-ta-h

azu]

-da-

shi,

Mar

i-Top

n

ight

-Nom

bec

ome.

late

-Pas

t-mus

t-be-

soha

yaku

kaer

u-ko

to-n

i sh

i-ta.

so

on

go.h

ome-

fact

-Dat

do-

Past

‘Mar

i is g

oing

hom

e so

on b

ecau

se it

mus

t ha

ve b

ecom

e la

te.’

b.M

ari-w

a[y

o-m

ofu

ke-ta

-kot

o]-d

a-sh

i,M

ari-T

op

nigh

t-also

b

ecom

e.la

te-P

ast-f

act-b

e-so

ha

yaku

kaer

u-ko

to-n

ish

i-ta.

so

on

go.h

ome-

fact

-Dat

do-

Past

‘Mar

i is g

oing

hom

e so

on b

ecau

se it

has

bec

ome

late

.’10

/19/

2011

Sum

iyo

Nish

iguc

hi,

PreJ

KWor

ksho

p@SN

U34

Not CI

•Th

eref

ore,

the

attit

ude

of th

e sp

eake

r or t

he m

atrix

su

bjec

t of m

o-p

is no

t con

vent

iona

l impl

icat

ure

(CI)a

ccor

din

g to

Pot

ts’s

def

initi

on.

•Ev

ery

CI i

s sco

pele

ssan

d h

as th

e w

ides

t sco

pe

poss

ible

out

of a

ll syn

tact

ic is

land

s, in

tens

iona

lco

ntex

ts, e

tc. (

Potts

200

5:79

). •

How

ever

, the

scop

e of

mo

is its

c-c

omm

and

ed

dom

ain.

•Sp

eake

r eva

luat

ion

is re

gula

r at-i

ssue

con

tent

, or

the

truth

-con

diti

onal

mea

ning

of m

o

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Epistemic N

ecessity 

•M

oha

s em

phat

ic m

eani

ng.

•A

s mo-

pis

fact

ive,

mo

is a

nece

ssity

mod

al lik

e m

ust

or sh

ould

(22)

[| m

o-p

|](w

) = 1

iff

w’.[

wRw

’-> p

(w’)

= 1

](2

3)[|

mo

|] =

p <

s, t>

. w

.w

’.[w

Rw’ -

> p(

w’)

= 1

](R

: epi

stem

ic a

cces

sibilit

y re

latio

n, w

: pos

sible

wor

ld)

•In

all t

he w

orld

s tha

t are

epi

stem

ical

lyac

cess

ible

fro

m th

e ac

tual

wor

ld b

y th

e sp

eake

r, th

e pr

opos

ition

to w

hich

mo

‘also

’ is a

ttach

ed is

true

(K

ratz

er19

81).

•Se

man

tical

ly, m

ois

a fu

nctio

n fro

m a

pro

posit

ion

to

a se

t of w

orld

s com

patib

le w

ith sp

eake

r’s b

elie

f, in

al

l of w

hich

pis

true.

10/1

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Syntactic Structure

•G

iven

the

mea

ning

of t

he d

iscou

rse-

initi

al m

o, th

e ep

istem

ic se

nten

tial m

odal

mo

shou

ld ta

ke h

ighe

r sc

ope

over

the

prop

ositi

on in

the

synt

actic

tree

.

(24)

Ko-n

o sa

ifu-m

ofu

ruku

-nat

-ta.

this

wal

let-a

lso

old

-bec

ome-

Past

‘Thi

s wal

let,

unfo

rtuna

tely

and

obv

ious

ly, h

as

grow

n ol

d.’

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orks

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Kurod

a (1969)

Con

trastiv

e mo 1is generated in COMP

(25)

Dee

p St

ruct

ure:

Hana

ko-g

aod

or-ta

sh

im

oHa

nako

-Nom

dan

ce-P

ast

and

al

soM

asao

-ga

odor

-ta

mo

Mas

ao-N

om

dan

ce-P

ast

also

Surfa

ce S

truct

ure:

Hana

ko-m

ood

ot-ta

-shi

Hana

ko-a

lso

dan

ce-P

ast-a

nd

Mas

ao-m

ood

ot-ta

.M

asao

-also

d

ance

-Pas

t‘H

anak

od

ance

d, a

nd M

asao

dan

ced

to

o.’

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Nishigauchi

(1990)

•Un

iver

sal m

o,w

hich

has

a w

h-w

ord

in it

s sco

pe, i

s in

the

Com

p.

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My prop

osal:

Moas an ep

istemic m

odal

•

10/1

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DP

yo

Tʹ

Mod

alP

T

Mod

al

mo

VP

<yo>

V fuke

ta

TP

unaccusativ

e

Adjectiv

al Predicates

•

10/1

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DP

Mari

Tʹ

Mod

alP

T

Mod

almo

Pred

P

<Mari>

Predʹ

AP

kashikoiʺsmartʺ

Pres

TP

adjective

Pred

Conclusion

•A

lthou

gh so

me

stud

ies h

ave

focu

sed

on

mo

as th

e co

ntra

stiv

e to

o an

d a

uni

vers

al q

uant

ifier

alo

ng w

ith

wh-

wor

ds,

little

has

bee

n re

veal

ed a

bout

the

disc

ours

e-in

itial

mo,

whi

ch is

the

focu

s of t

his p

aper

. •

I cha

ract

erize

d th

is m

oas

an

epist

emic

nec

essit

y m

odal

sim

ilar t

o m

ust.

•Th

e m

eani

ng o

f mo

is no

t con

vent

iona

l impl

icat

ure

but a

t-iss

ue c

onte

nt, a

s tes

ted

by

its re

lativ

ized

su

bjec

t orie

ntat

ion.

•A

s a se

nten

tial m

odal

, mo

scop

es o

ver t

he

prop

ositi

on in

bas

e po

sitio

n.

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orks

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