Disclosures -...

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Introduction to the Emergency Department Evaluation of Headache Mia T. Minen, MD, MPH

Transcript of Disclosures -...

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Introduction to the Emergency Department Evaluation of Headache

Mia T. Minen, MD, MPH

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Disclosures• No financial disclosures

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Objectives1. Introduction of HA in the ED: Description of the patient population who presents to the EDthe patient population who presents to the ED

– Epidemiology, comorbidities, discharge statistics

2. Evaluation of HA patient in the ED

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ED use for headache • In the ED:• In the ED:

– Headache is fifth most common complaint – Third most common in women 15‐64

• Migraine accounts for the majority of the five million HA visits/yr to US EDs Mean cost of an ED visit for migraine was $775 in the USMean cost of an ED visit for migraine was $775 in the US.

• Total national annual costs for ED visits was $700 million.

Loder et al 2013, Headache, Lucado J et al 2011 HCUP statistical briefs

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The Prevalence and Burden of Migraine and Severe Headache in the United States: Updated Statistics FromHeadache in the United States: Updated Statistics From

Government Health Surveillance Studies.

Source: Headache: The Journal of Head & Face Pain, Jan2015, Vol. 55 Issue 1, p21-34, 14p

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American Migraine Prevalence and P ti (AMPP) St dPrevention (AMPP) Study

• A small proportion of the migraine patient population p p g p p paccounts for almost half of ED visits for migraine. 

• Patients who visited the ED were more likely to havePatients who visited the ED were more likely to have depression and to be of lower socio‐economic status. 

Friedman B. Frequency of emergency department or urgent care use: Results from the American migraine prevalence and prevention study. Headache. 2007;47:745‐6

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In addition, we know the following…, g• Up to 50% of migraine patients who use the ED have 

k di i b f i h EDtaken no medication before coming to the ED, including acetaminophen. 1

• A French study found that patients went to the ED for treatment because of a severe attack (49%) or because f i ff ti t t t (20%) 2of ineffective treatment (20%). 2

1. Friedman BW, Greenwald P, Bania TC, et al. Randomized trial of IV dexamethasone for acute migraine , , , gin the emergency department. Neurology. 2007;69(22):2038‐2044.2. Valade D, Lucas C, Calvel L, et al. Migraine diagnosis and management in general emergency departments in France. Cephalalgia. 2011;31(4):471‐480.

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Study of the Characteristics of Patients Presenting to the EDPresenting to the ED

• Study by Minen, Loder and Friedman • Prospecti el inter ie ed 309 consec ti e patients• Prospectively interviewed 309 consecutive patients presenting to urban ED for HA 

• 100 closed‐ended questions re sociodemographics, headache history, and current HA attack

• We performed descriptive analyses on patients fulfilling ICHD2 migraine criteria. 

• 186 patients met migraine criteriaMinen MT, Loder E, Friedman BW. A Closer Look at the Patients who Present to the Emergency Department with Headache. Headache 2014.

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Results of the Study=Missed O t iti !Opportunities!

– 77% (95%CI: 71, 83%) had a primary care provider (PCP)– Approximately 90% had medical insurancepp y– 83% had drug coverage 55% (95% CI: 48 63%) took abortive medication for– 55% (95% CI: 48, 63%) took abortive medication for migraine on the day of the ED visit49% (95%CI 42 57%) d iti f d i– 49% (95%CI: 42, 57%) screened positive for depression 

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Conclusions of Studyy• Most migraineurs presenting to the ED have a PCP and healthcare insurance. 

• ED visits result from an inability to access care yelsewhere and because patients consider pain to be an emergent condition.to be an emergent condition. 

• Missed opportunities for diagnosis and treatment likely contribute to ED visitstreatment likely contribute to ED visits. 

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Influence of Psychiatric Comorbidities in Migraineurs in the Emergency DepartmentMigraineurs in the Emergency Department

• Cross sectional analysis of 2,872 pts who visited the MGH y , pED over a 10‐years + principal dx of migraine, data on healthcare utilization+psychiatric comorbidities assessedp y

Minen MT, Tanev K. Influence of Psychiatric Comorbidities in Migraineurs in the Emergency Department: A Cross Sectional Analysis. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2014….

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Influence of Psychiatric Comorbidities in Migraineurs in the Emergency DepartmentMigraineurs in the Emergency Department

• Migraineurs w/ psychiatric comorbidity: 3 ED i it 6 i ti t h it l t d– 3x more ED visits, 6x more inpatient hospital stays and 4x more outpatient visits 

– More likely to have a CT of the head [RR 1.42 (95% CI= 1.28, 1.56, P<0.001)] or a MRI of the brain [RR 1.53 (95% CI=1.33, 1.76, P<0.001)] 

– Received narcotics in the ED more than migraineurswithout psychiatric comorbidities (p<0.0001))Minen MT, Tanev K. Influence of Psychiatric Comorbidities in Migraineurs in the Emergency Department: A Cross Sectional Analysis. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2014.

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Discharge from the EDg• The d/c stats reveal that quality of care in ED=suboptimal • One study (N=219) found that on d/c from the ED:• One study (N=219) found that on d/c from the ED:

– Only 21.8% were pain free– Only 40.6% were asked to f/u with a physician– ~2/3 were discharged w/o any medication– Only 1 pt was given a script for preventive medication– In 64% of pts HA returned w/in 24 hours of ED d/cIn 64% of pts, HA returned w/in 24 hours of ED d/c

Gupta MX, Silberstein SD, Young WB, Hopkins M, Lopez BL, Samsa GP. Less is not more: Underutilization of headache medications in a university hospital emergency department. Headache. 2007;47(8):1125‐1133.

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Discharge from the ED• Few studies to assess what would improve the d/c stats p /• Friedman et al. comprehensive migraine intervention prior to ED D/Cto ED D/C– Intervention: explanation of the diagnosis, migraine education prescription for sumatriptan and naproxen +education, prescription for sumatriptan and naproxen + referral to a specialty HA clinic I t ti NOT i t d / i t i– Intervention was NOT associated w/ improvement in HIT scores one month after hospital d/c 

Friedman BW, Solorzano C, Norton J, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a comprehensive migraine intervention prior to discharge from an emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2012;19(10):1151‐1157.

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Discharge from the ED

‐‐>Study may have failed because of poor understanding‐‐>Study may have failed because of poor understanding of who these pts are + their motivation for seeking care in the ED (Prompted study above)in the ED (Prompted study above)

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When discharging a patient from the ED, considerWhen discharging a patient from the ED, consider the abortive treatment PITFALLSPITFALLS

1. Not actively treating

2. Fear of using multiple medications

3. Fear of using certain classes of medications

4. Not warning against medication overuse headache

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Objectives1. Introduction of HA in the ED: Description of the patient population who presents to the EDpatient population who presents to the ED

– Epidemiology, comorbidities, discharge statistics

2. Evaluation of HA patient in the ED

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Major Categories of Headache Disorders• Migraine (Twenty eight million Americans have migraines a year)• Tension TypeTension Type• Cluster and other trigeminal autonomic cephalgias• Other primary headaches• Primary stabbing, cough, exertional, thunderclap, associated with sexual activity, hypnic, hemicrania 

continua new daily persistentcontinua, new daily persistent• Headache attributed to head and/or neck trauma• Headache attributed to cranial or cervical vascular disorder‐stroke, TIA, hemorrhage, unruptured 

vascular malformation, arteritis, carotid or carotid artery pain, venous thrombosis• Headache attributed to non vascular intracranial disorder‐high or low CSF, non infectious 

inflammatory disease, intracranial neoplasm, intrathecal injection, epileptic seizure, Chiari I malformation

• Headache attributed to a substance or its withdrawal• Headache attributed to infection • Headache attributed to disorder of hemostasis‐hypoxia/hypercapnea, dialysis, arterial hypertension, 

hypothyroidism, fasting, cardiac cephalgia• Headache or facial painHeadache or facial pain • Headache attributed to psychiatric disorder• Cranial neuralgias and central causes of facial pain

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HPI for headache

• Temporal Profile• Temporal Profile–Age of onset, time to maximum intensity,

f ti f d d tifrequency, time of day, duration, recurrence• Headache Features

–Location, quality and severity of the pain• Associated signs and symptomsAssociated signs and symptoms

–Before HA, During HA, After HAA ti i it ti f t• Aggravating or precipitating factors–Trauma, medical conditions, triggers, activity, meds

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Focus on taking a complete headache historyy

• Evaluation and treatment history (Physicians/other providers)• Psychosocial historyy y

–Substance use and occupational and personal life• Psychological History• Psychological History

–Sleep history and impact of the headache• Patient’s own diagnosis• Family Historyy y• Complete medical and surgical history 

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The physical exam is important:Vital signsBody habitus and comfort

Meningismus

Positive Tinel’s sign?

Eye exam including pupillary light response and funduscopy

Head and neck exam sinuses

Pain in the auriculotemoporal region?

gHead and neck exam – sinuses, temporomandibular region, submandibular areas, carotid arteries, superficial nerves p gsuperficial nerves

Neurologic exam

Vestibular signs, Dix‐Hallpikemaneuver

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Lab Testingg• Routine testing is low yield• Some experts state that serum glucose, electrolytes,serum glucose, electrolytes, cbc and pregnancy tests are generally recommendedgenerally recommended (Levin) but other reviews state otherwise (Minen)state otherwise (Minen)

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Do you perform imaging?Discussion of Best Practices 

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ImagingThere are no clear guidelines on when to obtain imaging. • American College of Emergency Physicians (ACER) issued recommendations on when head imaging is necessary in patients who present with acute onset headache. 

dl d h k ll f h l l lEdlow JA, Panagos PD, Godwin SA, Thomas TL, Decker WW, American College of Emergency Physicians. Clinical policy: Critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with acute headache. Ann Emerg Med. 2008;52(4):407‐436.

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Level B recs:  “recommendations for management that may identify a particular strategy or range of management strategies that reflect moderate clinical certainty”certainty.  

– Highlight red flags:• New onset severe headache• New onset severe headache• New abnormal findings in a neurologic examination• Immunosuppression/HIV‐positivityImmunosuppression/HIV positivity

Level C recs: “ other strategies for patient management that are based on preliminary, inconclusive or conflicting evidence, or in the absence of any published literature, based on panel recommendations.” 

– Non‐urgent imaging in patients over 50 with a new type of headache and a normal neurologic examination. 

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Acute Head Imaging in the EDAmerican Academy of Neurology’s 11 Finalist Recommendations for the Choosing Wisely Campaign was d f b i i i f i i hdo not perform brain imaging for patients presenting to the ED with recurrence of their baseline primary headache di ddisorder.  

Langer‐Gould AM, Anderson WE, Armstrong MJ, et al. The American Academy of Neurology's top five choosing wisely recommendations. Neurology. 2013.

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Imaging continued…• Use of CT is increasing 1 despite awareness• Use of CT is increasing 1 despite   awareness radiation risk2

• A study published in 2006 revealed that 14% of ED visits for headache included CT head scans 3visits for headache included  CT head scans 

• However, a 2008 retrospective chart review of 100 i h d ED f HA f d hpatients who presented to ED for HA found that 

CT head was done for 51% of the pts 41. IMV 2006 CT market summary report. des plains, IL: IMV medical information division. . 2006.2. Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Computed tomography‐‐an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(22):2277‐2284.3. Goldstein JN, Camargo CA,Jr, Pelletier AJ, Edlow JA. Headache in united states emergency departments: Demographics, work‐up and frequency of pathological diagnoses. Cephalalgia. 

2006;26(6):684‐690.4. Sahai‐Srivastava S, Desai P, Zheng L. Analysis of headache management in a busy emergency room in the united states. Headache. 2008;48(6):931‐938.

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Need to have low threshold for

MRV CTV f i h b i• MRV or CTV for venous sinus thrombosis

• MRA or CTA of the head for RCVS

• MRA or CTA of the neck for carotid or b l i l di ivertebral arterial dissection

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Spinal Tapp p• Traditionally, for spontaneous thunderclap headache, LP is indicatedheadache, LP is indicated because up to 7% of CTs are false negatives forare false negatives for thunderclap headache 

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Do we still need to do spinal taps to / SAH?r/o SAH?

• An observational study of 302 adult ED patients at a single hospital was done to determine yield of LP in patients who p/w with HA and underwent LP after a normal head CT to evaluate for SAH. 

Lumbar puncture results classified as indicating a SAH included xanthochromia in– Lumbar puncture results classified as indicating a SAH included xanthochromia in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or red blood cells in the final tube of CSF with an aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation on cerebral angiography. 

• 2 (0.66%) diagnosed with SAH based on LP (number needed to diagnose= 151)‐ both of these patients had a known intracranial aneurysm

• 18 (5.96%) patients had a LP‐related complication (P < .01 compared with number with SAH diagnosed) (number needed to harm, 17). Complications: 12 patients w/ low‐pressure HAs, 4 w/ g ) ( , ) p p / p , /pain at the LP site, and 2 w/ contaminated CSF cultures.

Migdal VL, Wu WK, Long D, et al. Risk‐benefit analysis of lumbar puncture to evaluate for nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in adult ED patients. Am J Emerg Med. 2015 Nov;33(11):1597‐601.

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Do we still need to do spinal taps to / SAH?r/o SAH?

• Study using a mathematical probability model to determine whether CT/CTA instead of CT/LP• Study using  a mathematical probability model to determine whether  CT/CTA instead of  CT/LP can be done in the diagnostic w/u of acute‐onset HA– SAH prevalence in ED HA patients was conservatively estimated at 15%. – Representative studies reported CT sensitivity for SAH to be 91% (95% confidence interval 

[ ] ) d f f b ([CI] = 82% to 97%) and sensitivity of CTA for aneurysm to be 97.9% (95% CI = 88.9% to 99.9%). 

– Based on these data, the posttest probability of excluding aneurysmal SAH after a negative CT/CTA was 99.43% (95% CI = 98.86% to 99.81%).

• CT and then CTA can exclude SAH with a greater than 99% posttest probability• ED patients w/ acute‐onset HA without significant SAH RFs, CT/CTA may offer a less invasive and 

more specific diagnostic paradigmIf one chooses to offer LP after CT/CTA informed consent for LP should put the pretest risk– If one chooses to offer LP after CT/CTA, informed consent for LP should put the pretest risk of a missed aneurysmal SAH at less than 1%.

McCormack RF1, Hutson A. Can computed tomography angiography of the brain replace lumbar puncture in the evaluation of acute‐onset headache after a negative noncontrast cranial computed tomography scan? Acad Emerg Med. 2010 Apr;17(4):444‐51. 

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Framework for the Evaluation of HA in ED• ICHD still not being widely used in the ED• Friedman study questions:• Friedman study questions:

1. Can a structured interview and adherence to the ICHD allow ED headache pts to be classified in a reproducible manner?2. With the ICHD, how often can one specific diagnosis be assigned to each ED HA presentation?If it can be appliedICHD can be used to improve pain andIf it can be appliedICHD can be used to improve pain and functional outcomes. Otherwise, new schema need to be developed. 

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Using the ICHD in the EDg• Prospective observational cohort study for non traumatic headache• 480 participants, EM reviewers agreed on presence of secondary 

headaches in 94% of cases type or absence of primary HA in 91% ofheadaches in 94% of cases, type or absence of primary HA in 91% of cases– 10% had both a primary and secondary HA

h d h d f / d/– 20% had neither a secondary cause of HA/primary HA d/o not identified (b/c ICHD relies on h/o similar HAs)

– 26% of those with primary HA d/o could not be given specific ICHD‐p y / g p2 diagnosis

Friedman BW, Hochberg ML, Esses D, et al. Applying the International Classification of Headache Disorders to the Emergency Department: An Assessment of Reproducibility and the Frequency with which a Unique Diagnosis Can be Assigned to Every Acute Headache Presentation. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2007. 49 (4): 409‐419

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Table 3. Specific secondary headaches identified by the emergency medicine

Diagnoses No. (%), n=122Rhinosinusitis (ICHD‐2: 11.5) 30 (25)

l f ( ) ( )

identified by the emergency medicine

Intracranial infection (ICHD‐2: 9.1) 12 (10)Postdural puncture (ICHD‐2:7.2.1) 11 (9)Systemic viral infection (ICHD‐2:9.2.2) 10 (8)

Hypertensive crises without encephalopathy (ICHD‐2:10.3.2) 9 (7)

Systemic bacterial infection (ICHD‐2: 9.2.1) 6 (5)

Disorder of neck (ICHD‐2:11.2) 6 (5)Disorder of ears (ICHD‐2: 11.4) 6 (5)

Other cranial, facial, cervical structure (ICHD‐2: 11.8) 5 (4)( ) ( )

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (ICHD‐2: 7.1.1) 4 (3)

Adverse reaction to medication (ICHD‐2: 8.1.10) 3 (2)

Ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (ICHD‐2: 6.1) 2 (2)

Friedman BW, Hochberg ML, Esses D, et al. Applying the International Classification of Headache Disorders to the Emergency Department: An Assessment of R d ibili d h F i h hi h

Medication overuse headache (ICHD‐2: 8.2) 2 (2)

Intracranial hypertension secondary to hydrocephalus (ICHD‐2:7.1.3) 2 (2)

Other 14 (11)

Reproducibility and the Frequency with which a Unique Diagnosis Can be Assigned to Every Acute Headache Presentation. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2007. 49 (4): 409‐419

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Secondary Headachey• More common in the ED than in the outpatient setting, especially for kids and the elderlyelderly

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Secondary Headache Typesy yp• Differential is long but will discuss as it pertains to the ED 

Evaluation of Headache:Evaluation of Headache:– The thunderclap causes (on next slide)– Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension– Post traumatic headache

• Other important ones to consider:– Other forms of nonvascular headache in the ED e g causes of– Other forms of nonvascular headache in the ED e.g. causes of 

elevated ICP such as Intracranial Neoplasm and SUNCT/SUNA (Dr. Marmura’s talk)Vascular causes of Headache in the ED (Dr Sheik’s talk)– Vascular causes of Headache in the ED (Dr. Sheik s talk)

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Causes of Sudden or Thunderclap HeadacheTable 4 Secondary causes of acute headache (Levin, M Seminars in Neurology 2015)Intracranial hemorrhage (subarachnoid, parenchymal)Cerebral venous thrombosisCerebral venous thrombosisReversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS)Carotid or vertebral artery dissectionAcute posttraumatic (postconcussive) headacheAcute posttraumatic (postconcussive) headacheHydrocephalusMeningitisE h litiEncephalitisAcute angle closure glaucomaAcute sinusitisSystemic infectionMedication‐induced headacheIntracranial mass

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Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotensionp yp• Orthostatic headache• MRI is frequently the imaging modality of choice: subdural collections, engorgement of venous structures pituitary hyperemia + brain sagstructures, pituitary hyperemia + brain sag

• However, if CT is done in the ED, there may be signs of SIH that can be seen e g tentorialsigns of SIH that can be seen e.g. tentorial subdural hygroma

Yaffe D, Gordon CR. Noncontrast Brain Computerized Tompgraphy Findings of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension in the Emergency Department Setting Journal of Emergency Medicine 2015 Epub ahead of printHypotension in the Emergency Department Setting. Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2015. Epub ahead of print.

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Fi 1 N l t tFigure 1. Normal noncontrastbrain computed tomography (CT) (A1–4). Noncontrast brain CT ( )findings of spontaneous intracranial hypotension: (B1) Tentorial subdural hygroma; (B2 3)Tentorial subdural hygroma; (B2,3) Subdural hygroma and hematoma; (B4) Cervical spinal venous engorgement.

Yaffe DY, Gordon CR. Noncontrast Brain Computed Tomography Findings of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension in the Emergency Department Setting, The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2016, Available online 4 January 2016

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Acute Post‐Traumatic HA‐~1.7 million Americans/yr have a traumatic brain injury (TBI)‐1.365 million Americans are treated and released from ED‐Rate of ED visits, marker of quality of ED care influenced by diagnostic accuracy, education at time of d/c and effectivediagnostic accuracy, education at time of d/c and effective care at 1st visit,  for TBI in the US has been rising‐70‐90% of the cases are considered mild‐70‐90% of the cases are considered mild‐Currently little data describing ED patients with concussion 

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Acute Post‐Traumatic HAC i b Mi t l f 19 ti t ith i h h d 72‐Case series by Minen et al of 19 patients with concussion who had 72 hour ED revisits:

63% (12) presented to the ED w/in 24 hours of concussion‐63% (12) presented to the ED w/in 24 hours of concussion‐63% (12) male, mean age 41.8+23.0 (19, 89)fall most common cause of injury‐fall=most common cause of injury at 1st visit (N=8, 47%) followed by 

lt (N 4 24%)assault (N=4, 24%)‐95% (18) had medical insurance32% (6/19) LOC‐32% (6/19)+LOC ‐Time between d/c + revisit: 31.9+20.6 (0.6, 67.7) hours

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Acute Post‐Traumatic HA

‐Case series by Minen et al of 19 patients with concussion who had 72 hour ED revisits:

‐Concussion characteristics at initial visit: headache 68% (13), d ( ) / ( ) hdizziness 47% (9), n/v 26% (5), cognitive changes 21%; at revisit, 58% (11) reported head pain, 42% (8) reported n/v, 37% (7) reported dizziness 5% (1) reported cognitive changesreported dizziness, 5% (1) reported cognitive changes ‐84% (16/19) had documented pain, with 74% (14/19) reporting moderate (4‐6) to severe (7‐10) pain on a 1‐10 scalemoderate (4 6) to severe (7 10) pain on a 1 10 scale

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Acute post‐traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic injury to the head

Headache < 3 months’ duration caused by traumatic injury to the headHeadache developed within 7 days after one of the following:

1. the injury to the head1. the injury to the head2. regaining of consciousness following the injury to the head3. discontinuation of medication(s) that impair ability to sense or report headache following the injury to the headfollowing the injury to the head

Either of the following:1. Headache resolved within 3 months after the injury to the head2. Headache has not yet resolved but 3 months have not yet passed since the 

injury to the headNot better accounted for by another ICHD‐3 diagnosis.y g

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Acute post‐traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic injury to the head

Headache with Injury to the head fulfilling both of the following:1. Associated with none of the following:

a) loss of consciousness for > 30 minutesb) Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score <13c) post‐traumatic amnesia lasting > 24 hours) p gd) altered level of awareness for >24 hourse) imaging evidence of a traumatic head injury ie. hemorrhage 

2 Associated right after the head injury with 1+ of the following symptoms and/or signs2. Associated right after the head injury with 1+ of the following symptoms and/or signs:a) transient confusion, disorientation or impaired consciousnessb) loss of memory for events just before/after head injuryc) 2+ other sx suggestive of mild TBI: n/v, visual disturbances,  dizziness +/‐vertigo, impaired memory and/or concentration

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Headache must be reported to have developed within 7 days‐ somewhat arbitrary‐ compared with longer intervals ‐days‐ somewhat arbitrary‐ compared with longer intervals,‐a 7‐day interval yields diagnostic criteria with higher specificityspecificity

Appendix criteria‐ppDelayed‐onset persistent headache attributed to moderate or severe traumatic injury to the head +Delayed‐onset persistent headache attributed to mild traumatic injury to the head 

May be used when the interval between injury+ HA onset> than 7 days.

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P t T ti H d hPost-Traumatic Headache can present with different

phenotypesphenotypes

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Headache in noncephalic acute illness• 194 consecutive patients in ED due to noncephalic illness• 194 consecutive patients in ED due to noncephalic illness 

were prospectively surveyed to determine HA prevalence and characteristicscharacteristics 

• HA– Reported in 42 7%Reported in 42.7%– More common in febrile illness (77.5% vs. 22.5%, P<0.001), younger age (58 vs. 69, P<0.001), decreased platelet count, y g g ( , ), p ,“Active HA disorder”‐def of prior HA episodes in the past year (48.2% vs. 10.8%, P<0.001)

– No gender associationTzado T, Toledano R, Fuchs L, et al. Headache in the presentation of noncephalic acute illness. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice. 2015. 6 (4): 494‐498.

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Primary Headache DisordersyMigraineClusterH i i C tiHemicrania ContinuaExertional and sex relatedPrimary thunderclap

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The ED is a BADBAD place for migraineurs

• Bright lights

L it f t t t• Long waits for treatment

• Loud

• “Treated like a drug addict!”

• Danger of unnecessary tests (CT)g y ( )

• At risk of receiving nonspecific treatments

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Thank You!Thank You!