Disclaimer…
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Transcript of Disclaimer…
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Disclaimer…Due to the topical nature and content of the forthcoming lecture, today’s presentation will be almost entirely devoid of drum-playing or any other form of hippy-dippy entertainment. In other words, I might actually finish this time. Thank you in advance for understanding.
- Mr. Loavenbruck
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Iraq to Victory
Timeline & Spectrum of US Foreign Policy (1990–2003)
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Timeline of Major Events
1990 - Iraq invades Kuwait1991 - Operation Desert Storm1991 - Allied forces liberate Kuwait1991 - UN weapons inspectors enter Iraq1998 - Saddam ousts UN weapons inspectors2003 - US goes to war with Iraq2003 - Bush declares “mission accomplished”
MULTILATERAL
UNILATERAL
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Lecture Objectives…
• What motivated each event’s occurrence?- national interest, cause & effect
• What foreign policy tools were used?- diplomatic, economic, military
• How did US shift from multilateral to unilateral?- global cooperation to global protest
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BIG PICTURE• Describe and evaluate the Bush foreign policy in the wake of September 11, 2001.
• What foreign policy tools were used prior to and including military intervention?
• Was Bush’s approach to the war in Iraq justified?
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After the Cold War…
• US- übersuperpower- Bush’s “new world order”- global cooperation- MULTILATERAL- prevent aggression
• UN- increased role in international peace- no more ideological gridlock- redefining security issues & strategies
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Background: Iraq
• 2nd largest known oil reserves
• diverse ethnic and religious communities
• WWI thru 1968 - political instability
• Ba’ath Party – one party rule
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US-Iraqi Relations: Enter the Madman
1979 - Saddam succeeds al-Bakr as president1980 - Saddam invades Iran, oil hungry1984 - US, weary of Iran, reestablish ties w/Iraq1988 - war ends, no more common enemy1990 - Iraq invades Kuwait1991 - Operation Desert Storm
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US-Iraqi Relations: Enter the Madman
1979 - Saddam succeeds al-Bakr as president1980 - Saddam invades Iran, oil hungry1984 - US, weary of Iran, reestablish ties w/Iraq1988 - war ends, no more common enemy1990 - Iraq invades Kuwait1991 - Operation Desert Storm
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US-Iraqi Relations: Enter the Madman
1979 - Saddam succeeds al-Bakr as president1980 - Saddam invades Iran, oil hungry1984 - US, weary of Iran, reestablish ties w/Iraq1988 - war ends, no more common enemy1990 - Iraq invades Kuwait1991 - Operation Desert Storm
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The Gulf War
Saddam’s Motivation:• post-war debt• blamed and accused Kuwait• “19th Province”
US’s Motivation• Kuwait a US-ally• key oil supplier• backed by UN
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International Coalition
MULTILATERAL involvement:• Aug. ‘90: UN imposed economic sanctions
- frozen assets- international embargo
• Nov. ‘90: diplomacy abandoned- deadline set (military threat)- international support
• Jan. ‘91: no more Mr. Nice Guy• Feb. ‘92: Saddam driven from Kuwait
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Aftermath
• NO invasion of Iraq
“Take mattersinto your hands.”
• uprisings - Kurds - Shia
• Saddam cracks down
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Decade of Containment
• UN Resolution 687 - Iraqi disarmament - declare/destroy WMDs - UNSCOM inspectors
• no-fly zones
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Decade of Containment has Saddam-in-a-Box
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Foreign Policy Tools
1990-1998• diplomatic pressure• economic sanctions • military threats• military intervention• economic aid
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Saddam Goes AWOL• 1996 - Saddam begins blocking
inspections to certain sites
• 1997 - Saddam disallows U.S.members of inspection team
• 1998 - Clinton: Desert Fox
• 1998 - Saddam ousts UNSCOM
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Reason for Concern
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• No inspections
• Uncertainty grows
• U.S. tension rises
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The Wake of 9/11
• Bush Doctrine
• Multilateral support in War on Terror
• Sympathy for U.S.
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The Case for War
Jan. 29, 2002 - State of the Union• painted Iraq as linchpin of AXIS OF EVIL” including Iran, N. Korea, Syria
• making case for ousting Saddam as part of War on Terror
You’re next,France!
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The Case for War
Rationale:• megalomaniac!• stockpiles, close to nukes• invaded neighbors• used chemical weapons• defiant AND sneaky
• logical assumptions
He triedto kill my
dad!!!
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OPPOSED to War!
• allies in UN argue for more inspections
• Russia, China, France threaten veto
“By shifting from his early focus after 9/11 onwar against terrorism to war against Iraq, the pres. has manifestly disposed of the sympathy,goodwill & solidarity compiled by America &transformed it into a sense of deep misgiving &even hostility.” - Al Gore, 9/23/02
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FOR Military Intervention
“The risks of inaction are far greater than therisks of action.”
“What he wants is time & more time to husbandhis resources to invest in his ongoing chemical &biological weapons program, & to gain possessionof nuclear weapons.”
- Dick Cheney, August 2002
“If they do not act,AMERICA WILL!”
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Some More Diplomacy
11/8/02 - U.N. Resolution 1441 (passed 15-0) • Iraq is in breach of previous resolutions • Saddam must declare all WMDs in 90 days • full cooperation with U.N. inspections • “serious consequences…” if Saddam refuses
• new inspections - led by Hans Blix
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Inspections and Intelligence
12/7/02: • Iraq delivers 12,000 page report on WMDs • Blix: “not enough to create confidence…”
12/21/02: • CIA: George Tenet makes case for WMDs
1/27/03, 2/14/03: • Blix: Iraq not fully complying
“It’s a SLAM DUNK!”
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Mounting Tensions
• negotiations dragged on for weeks• debate grew increasingly critical
March 2003: • U.S. will invade with or without U.N. support
• SPIRIT of MULTILATERALISM GONE
• Powell wants to give diplomacy more time, but makes Bush’s case to the U.N.
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Operation Iraqi Freedom
March 17, 2003:• aerial attacks begin on Baghdad
Early April 2003:• “Saddam” toppled
May 1, 2003:• “Mission Accomplished”
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In Support of Bush F.P.• Every foreign policy tool, short of an invasion of Iraq, had been exhausted, and has left Saddam clandestine and defiant.
• In the wake of 9/11, the risk of inaction faroutweighed the risk of action.
• The U.S. does NOT need a permission slip to protect it national security. Saddam had to go!
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In Opposition of Bush F.P.
• Focusing on Iraq was a diversion from the real threats to our national security.
• Unilateralism will alienate our allies andinstigate our enemies & other potential threats.
• The U.S., in utilizing a policy of preemption, is setting a bad example. The world will see us as a bully, and other powerful nations couldfollow in our footsteps.
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Trying Desperately to bethe Cartoon Conga King
BOOM DA BOOM BOPDA BOOM DIP DIPBOOM DA BOOM BOPDA BOOM DAPSHLIBBY DIBBY BOP BOPDAP SHLIBBY DIPSHLIBBY DIBBY BOOM DA BOOM BLAP!