Disaster Risk Reduction for Natural Hazards: Putting ... · Geoculture Social volcanology at Mt...
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Katherine Donovan
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences
University of Plymouth
Disaster Risk Reduction for Natural Hazards: Putting research into Practice
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Geoculture
Social volcanology at Mt Merapi
2007 Cultural reactions to volcanic eruptions
2009 mapping culture and evacuation failure
Source: Modified from Chester et al. (2000) JVGR
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Cultural reactions.
Religious reactions.
Local knowledge can aid mitigation.
Reactions can cause a failure to take action.
Case studies: Positive -Simeulue Island, Indonesia. 78000 people self evacuated during
2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.(Source: McAdoo et al. 2006)
Negative - Mt Agung, Bali, Indonesia . 1963 killed over 1000 people Deities descending from the
volcano.
Geomythology – Seattle, Washington, USA, A’yhoos Native Americans mapping out
seismic fault lines.(Source: Krajick 2005)
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“But the local people do not listen to government
officials. They listen to Marijan, the old "gate-keeper" to
the volcano who enjoys an intimate spiritual relationship
with Merapi.” – BBC news, 18th May 2006.
How and what extent does culture
affect people’s reaction to volcanic
hazards?
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Extremely active volcano
Densely populated region
Over one million people living within 10 km of summit dome.
Source: University of Maryland, GLCF and BPPTK 2006, BAKOSURNATAL 2001
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Batur
Duel motivation –government and traditional warning signs
Supernatural creatures, ceremonies, signs and taboos
Location, experience, hazard map.
Relationship – cultural intensity and evacuation failure?
Donovan (on early view) Area.
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Does the geoculture at Mt Merapi make residents more or less vulnerable?
Return to Indonesia in January 2009:
Volcano wide survey
To :
Map changes in cultural intensity and evacuation failure
Finally:
Incorporate culture into a risk map for Mt Merapi.
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2009 survey
Volcano wide survey
Cultural Intensity
Ceremonies
Personification of volcano
Signs
Taboos
Supernatural creatures
Evacuation failure
• Evacuated in 2006
• Would evacuate in future
• Opinion of head of village and head of hamlets.
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2009 survey
Volcano wide survey
Cultural Intensity
Ceremonies
Personification of volcano
Signs
Taboos
Supernatural creatures
Evacuation failure
• Evacuated in 2006
• Would evacuate in future
• Opinion of head of village and head of hamlets.
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Cultural intensity
North and northwest –culturally intense
• Strong beliefs in supernatural creatures
• Isolated
• Low hazard perception
South and Southwest – less culturally intense
• Stronger Islamic presence
• Further from the summit
East – mixed
• Wind
• Drought
• Gunung Bibi/Ijo
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2009 survey
Volcano wide survey
Cultural Intensity
Ceremonies
Personification of volcano
Signs
Taboos
Supernatural creatures
Evacuation failure
• Evacuated in 2006
• Evacuated on a diurnal basis/part time.
• Would evacuate in future
• Opinion of head of village and head of hamlets.
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Conventional GIS risk maps – missing data? Interpolation
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Source: Utami (2008)
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A special thank you goes to Aris , Zunly and Heriyah of The Inter-Cultural Institute, Yogyakarta.
http://[email protected]
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Chester et al. (2000), The increasing exposureof cities to the effects of volcaniceruptions: a global survey, GlobalEnviron Change Part B: Environ Haz,2(3):89-103.
Chester et al. (2008), The importance ofreligion in shaping volcanic riskperception in Italy, with specialreference to Vesuvius and Etna , JVGR,172 (3-4) 20: 216-228.
Donovan(2009) Doing social volcanology: anIndonesian case study, Area, in earlyview.
Krajick (2005) Geology - Tracking myth togeological reality. Science 310: 762-4
McAdoo et al.(2006) Smong: How an oralhistory saved thousands on Indonesia'sSimeulue Island during the December2004 and March 2005 tsunamis.Earthquake Spectra 22: S661-S9.
Cashman, K.V., and Cronin, S.J., (2008),Welcoming a monster to the world:Myths, oral tradition and modernsocietal response to volcanic disasters,J VGR 176: 407 - 418
Schlehe (1996), Reinterpretations ofMystical Traditions: explanations ofvolcanic eruption in Java, Anthropos, 92:391-409.
Utami (2008) Measuring social vulnerability involcanic hazards: The case study ofMerapi Volcano, Indonesia, Master ofScience thesis, University of Bristol.
Thouret, J-C. and Lavigne, F., (2005) Hazardsand Risks at Gunung Merapi, CentralJava: A case study, In. Gupta, A.,(Ed). The physical Geography ofSoutheast Asia. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.