Disaster Ppt (Unit - II)

8/2/2019 Disaster Ppt (Unit - II)

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DISASTER OPERATIONSMANAGEMENT (DOM)

The management of "activities that are performedbefore, during, and after the occurrence of a disasterwith the goal of preventing loss of human life, reducingits impact on the economy, and returning to a state ofnormalcy".


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Phases of DOM

1. Disaster Mitigation

2. Disaster Preparedness

3. Disaster Recovery


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1. Disaster Mitigation

The process of designing and implementingprocedures for reducing the risk associated withthe occurrence of a disaster, typically by

reducing either the likelihood or the impact of apotential disaster event.


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2. Disaster Preparedness

Improving the expected capabilities of responseand recovery efforts in advance of an actualdisaster event, often by providing relevant

information to help individuals and organizationsprepare themselves for its occurrence.improving the expected capabilities of responseand recovery efforts in advance of an actual

disaster event, often by providing relevantinformation to help individuals and organizationsprepare themselves for its occurrence.


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3. Disaster Recovery

Minimizing the long-term effects of a disastersituation and facilitating restoration.

Recovery typically begins immediately after

urgent health and safety issues have beenaddressed, and it is the phase towards which thelargest shares of costs in the disastermanagement process are directed.


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INTRODUCTION TO RISK ASSESSMENT

Disasters in general, can broadly begrouped under three categories viz.

(i) Water and Climate related

(ii) Geology / Geomorphology related and(iii) Accident related.


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RISK ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT

I. WATER AND CLIMATE RELATED

i) Cyclone/Stormii) Flood

II. GEOLOGY / GEOMORPHOLOGY RELATED

i) Earthquake

ii) Tsunami

III. ACCIDENT RELATED

i) Fire

ii) Accidentsiii) Industrial / Chemical

IV. SECONDARY HAZARDS

i) Epidemics


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I. WATER AND CLIMATE RELATED

i) Cyclone/Storm

Potential Impacts

Apart from injury and loss of life and damage to public

and personal properties, cyclones and storms havealso impacts on the environment by way of soilerosion, silting, water pollution and increase in watersalinity in general. The resultant economic and social

consequences include loss of livelihood, loss/disruption in production and markets, familydisorganisation triggering out-migration, law and orderproblem, etc. Secondary effects may also cause waterborne epidemics.


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ii) Flood

Possible impacts of floods include damage/loss

of human life, livestock and property.Environmental impacts of flood include soilerosion, silting, water pollution, denudation of

land, ingress of saline water in cultivable landincreasing soil salinity. Socio-economicconsequences include loss of livelihood, loss/disruption in production and markets, familydisorganisation triggering outmigration, law andorder problem, spread of epidemics assecondary effect.


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II. GEOLOGY / GEOMORPHOLOGYRELATED

i) Earthquake

Potential impacts of earthquake may bemassive involving huge loss of human life andlivestock, damages to public and personalproperties. Damages to the environment maybe caused by landslide and land subsidence,loss of vegetative cover due to soil erosion

and siltation (due to flash flood owing toshoring tides), alteration in river flows andnatural landscape, liquefaction, etc.


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ii) Tsunami

Tsunami involves huge loss of life andproperty and damages to the environmentand socio-economic order. The impacts of

tsunami are almost identical to the impactsas discussed for floods and earthquakes.


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III. ACCIDENT RELATED

i) Fire

Potential impacts of fires are the burns,injuries and even loss of human life andproperty. Fire may disrupt services like

overhead power and communication lines.Economic consequences may includedisruption in productive activities and loss of

livelihood. Environmental impacts include airpollution due to emission of obnoxious gaseswhich may affect nearby settlements.


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ii) Accidents Potential impacts due to accidents include injuries and

burns which demand surgical interventions, poisoningor exposure to toxic material, trauma and even loss ofhuman life. Property damage includes damage/loss offishing vessels/crafts and other surface vehicles,

mechanical devices and equipments used duringconstruction and operational phases.

Apart from loss of life and property, accidents may

lead to partial or complete disruption of activitiesduringthe construction phase and harbour operationsafter its commencement. Fire and release ofobnoxious gas from the accident spot are the

immediate secondary effects.


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iii) Industrial / Chemical

The potential impacts of industrial /chemical induced accidents may bepollution of the surface / river / estuarine

water quality and significant damage toaquatic life and serious air pollution due torelease of obnoxious gases.


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IV. SECONDARY HAZARDS

Epidemics are mostly localised and confined to

water borne diseases like gastro enteritis,cholera, typhoid, jaundice, etc. The incidence ofsuch diseases generally occurs during

monsoon, which gets compounded at times offloods.


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DISASTER RESPONSE Disaster response is the reaction and activity

involved in helping people who have involved insome kind of catastrophe.

Overall disaster management plan is usually

focused on disaster avoidance, The creation of an action plan that details the

necessary response if one occurs.

Once an incident has taken place, these plansfor response and recovery are then set intomotion, to best remedy the situation.


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CONT Disaster response takes the action plan and puts it

into motion when necessary. According to it and in adisaster situation, emergency personnel are ready tobe deployed for search and rescue missions.

Citizens may be advised to either evacuate or seekshelter. In the case of evacuation, transportation istypically pre-arranged to quickly and safely removecitizens from the affected area.

Also, supplies can be brought in by humanitariangroups or emergency management authorities to aid

those impacted by the incident.


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CONT

During this phase, the condition of the area hit by the

disaster is usually assessed, and a plan for the futureis formulated.

This can be as simple as returning people to theirhomes, or as complicated as setting up temporary,

long-term housing and providing necessities for thoseaffected.

This phase can also include plans that outline the

repair of damaged areas, and the restoration of livingconditions.

Prevention of future, similar incidents is usuallydiscussed, and a new planning phase can begin.

K A ti iti d i th


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Key Activities during theResponse Phase

Monitoring Committee(s)

Objective of Relief

Rescue & Medical care

Relief Personnel

Food & Shelter Health and Sanitation

Trauma Counseling

Surface Communication

Security Information Sharing

Rapid Damage Assessment

Transparency

Early transition to rehabilitation

WHAT ARE NON GOVERNMENTAL


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WHAT ARE NON-GOVERNMENTALORGANISATIONS (NGOs)?

In the current context:

A civic or public advocacy organization, whichgenerates, transfers, or administers humanitarian andother aid (development / relief)

Generally, NGO's are organized as nonprofitcorporations (charities)

Can be local or international (INGOs)

May work with or independent of government Generally, do not include professional associations,

businesses, and foundations

E l f NGO i l d i di t &


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Examples of NGOs involved in disaster &humanitarian crisis response

Care

MSF

Oxfam

Red Cross (not ICRC)

Save the Children

St John Ambulance World Vision

Wh th th l i


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Who are the other players indisaster health management?

Government

National

State / Provincial

Local

United Nations

Donors

Hybrid organisations with own defined status

International Committee of the Red Cross(ICRC)


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What do they do?

Operational verses Advocacy

Grassroots, long-term projects,development work

Willing to work in high risk areas; notconstrained by sovereignty

In theory, emphasis on sustainability

Full integration with local population Good positioning for disaster response


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Who pays them?

Funding sources

Private Donations (citizens, businesses andfoundations)

International Organizations (UN)

National Governments

Perceptions are important

Importance of public relations and the Media

Where international assistance


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Where international assistancerequired in disasters?

Donors also rely on NGOs, because of their accessto the populations in need and again, their access isdependent on their neutrality

NGOs, as implementing partners of donor

organizations, are the legs on which disasterresponse stands

Accountability

How do we know that NGOs are doing the rightthing?

Who monitors NGOs?

Who Monitors NGOs?


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Who Monitors NGOs? Little External Monitoring

Self-Regulation: NGO Standards

Red Cross Code of Conduct

InterAction PVO Standards

Sphere Minimum Standards in Disaster Response

Sphere Project

www.sphereproject.org

Launched in 1997

Humanitarian NGOs and related organizations, including Red Cross andRed Crescent movements

Three elements

Handbook Collaboration

Expression of commitment to quality and accountability


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NGO Culture

Independent: need to cooperate

Decentralized authority

On-the-job training (changing however)

Often develop a range of field guidelines,e.g. MSF, Red Cross

Hopefully develop long-term perspective


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Disaster Ppt (Unit - II)

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