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"Disability Resources for Students (DRS) is looking for a notetaker forthis class to assist a student who is unable to take complete class notesbecause of the effects of a disability. They have asked me to make anannouncement to request volunteers, as a notetaker has not yet been found.At least two notetakers are needed; a primary who would be able to copy his/her notes once a week, and an alternate who would be on standby as a back-up notetaker. The time commitment is minimal, but the difference it makes for the student is significant. DRS pays for the photocopying and will provide a letter of recommendation for your volunteer hours.
If you are interested in volunteering, or if you have any questions,please contact DRS for more information. They are located in Schmitz Hall, room 448. You may call DRS at 543-8924 or email them [email protected]. Thank you for your consideration."
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Forests and Society• History of Reverence for Forests • Conservation and Regulation of Forest Uses • History of Forest Protected Areas • Democratization of Forest Uses & Sustainability• Characteristics of Forests and Human Survival • Environmental U.S. Legislation
• Products and Uses of Forests and TreesProducts and Uses of Forests and Trees
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What types of forest resources are consumed/extracted in industrialized
and developing countries?
• forests important in most parts of world
• extractive economies are highly dependent on forests for subsistence – especially in tropics where high species
diversity and high poverty exist
• products extracted from forests globally (and mainly for fuelwood)
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Wood Consumption (1990) – Global: 124 billion cubic feet
• 54% Fuel – not very efficient or environmental, just burning with large losses of heat energy
• 33% Industrial (saw logs, construction, etc)• 13% Pulp and paper
– United States: 14.1 billion ft3
(11% of world consumption but <5% population)• 18% Fuel• 51% Industrial• 31% Pulp and paper
FAO predicts by 2025 fuelwood demand will be twice the available supply
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Some World Consumption Data, 1994 (% of total)
Fuelwood Fiber – for paper
Non-fiber industrial
(plywood etc)
Asia 93 % 1 % 6 %Africa 81 % 6 % 13 %South America 50 % 31 % 19 %former USSR 44 % 17 % 39 %North/Central America
21 % 37 % 41 %
Europe 15 % 33 % 52 %
Half global forest area where ~50% wood
used as fuelwood
As become more industrialized use less wood for energy, more for paper5
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Several trends are apparent from the data Table
• most of the developing nations use a significant amount of wood as fuelwood or firewood while the industrialized world uses little to none for this purpose
• as a country becomes more industrialized, there is a shift from wood to fossil fuels as an energy source.
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• ~25% world’s forests managed for wood production– amount could be supplied by 5% of forests if intensively managed
• mainly single species dominated forests– Monoculture forestry – especially in plantations– mainly led by industrial countries
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Wood Use in United States
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1800
1820
1840
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1970
1980
Billion
Cubic
Fee
t
OtherPulp LumberFuelwood
WHY decreasing?
Pulp is the production of paper productsWhat was used to make paper in mid-1880s?
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MUMMIES' RAGS WERE ONCE THE RAGE THAT PROVIDED U.S. THE PRINTED PAGE
Abstract:Linen wrappings from Egyptian mummies were once used by some U.S. papermakers in the late 19th century to make bond and printing papers.
Source: Pollack, M., Printing Impressions, v 21, n 7, Dec., 1978, 60-61
ISSN: 0032-860X
9http://www.paperonline.org/history/history_frame.html
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• Global consumption of paper products dramatically increasing during the last decade suggesting a greater proportion of future wood supply might be used for producing paper products
• Currently a third of the wood supply in Europe and the United States is used for fiber to produce paper products. This consumption does not appear to be slowing down even with high use of computers for digital transfer and storage of information (WRI, 1998-1999)
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Origins of Paper
• Paper from wood originated in China during former Han Dynasty (207 BC – 9 AD)
• 3rd century spread to Vietnam, then Tibet
• 4th century introduced to Korea
• 6th century spread to Japan, then India, then to the Moslem world, and finally Europe
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Global Paper Consumption (FAO 2001, AFPA 2000)
• Global Consumption of Paper in 2000:
• 36% in Communication (e.g., printing, writing, newsprint)
• 57% in Packaging (e.g., containerboard, packaging paper, boxboard)
• 7% in Miscellaneous (hygienic, health care, etc)
• Consumption going up1. 1990 Consumption of Paper = 10 million tons
2. 2000 Consumption of Paper = 140 million tons
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Global Per Capita Consumption of Paper Products
• World - 46 kg/person• China - 18 kg/person • Western Europe - 160 kg/person • USA - 308 kg/person
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Paper Manufacture
• Pulp and paper industry in top 10 manufacturing industries in U.S.
• 4% of US exports• Employs 700,000
people
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Industrialized Country (e.g., U.S.): Waste management
• landfills are expensive to maintain, • land less available to use for this purpose
New ways of managing wastes are needed!!!
Forest Products:paper, building materials, packing materials, furniture, clothing
FORESTS
2) Composting 3) Recycling
Fuelwood
82%
4) Burned
~18%
16%
27%
Environmental services, biodiversity
1) Landfill 57%
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Paper Manufacture• Raw Material Needs - 320 million tons
– Wood-Based Raw Materials - 176 million tons– Recycled Fiber - 96 million tons– Minerals and Chemicals - 38 million tons– Non-wood Fiber - 10 million tons
• Recovery Rate of fibers (1991)– North America - 36%– Western Europe - 39%– Japan - 50%
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Portion of paper recycled -
paper can only be recycled 4-5 times since fibers break down eventually from use of strong chemicals in preparation
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MEXICAN PAPER INDUSTRYUsing Rags to Make Paper• The Mexican paper industry created in 1590 when first paper industry opened in Mexico City• Throughout the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, the Mexican paper industry made paper from old rags, which were usually scarce. The rags collected in colonial Mexico were in short supply due to the fact that inhabitants used their clothes as long as possible, discarded them infrequently and in small quantities.
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Where does the recycled paper in Mexico come from??
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MEXICAN PAPER INDUSTRYUsing Rags to Make Paper• The recovery of discarded rags for papermaking during 17th-18th centuries such economic importance that it commanded royal attention • Felipe III of Spain signed the Reglamento de Libre Comercio de Indias (free trade law between the Spanish Crown and its territories in the Americas) in 1778 which exempted rags collected in the Spanish possessions in the Americas from the payment of import tariffs• This Reglamento attempted to encourage Mexican traperos to increase their gathering of rags, which would be exported to Spain, transformed into paper, and part of the paper sent back to New Spain
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Recycled Fiber Important for the Mexican Paper IndustryDue to the impracticality of achieving backward vertical integration with the forestry sector, the Mexican paper industry has undertaken vigorous efforts to increase the use of recycled fiber. In 1984, the Mexican paper industry used 58.3% wastepaper as a fiber source, while in 1994 it had increased to 73.8%. Correspondingly, primary fiber (wood pulp and sugar cane bagasse) utilization decreased from 41.7% in 1984 to 26.2% in 1994.
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Northern Brazil
Developing Countries: tree materials or vegetables used to make CHARCOAL – converting to a higher energy product when converted to charcoal. WHY? 20
Wood pile before covering it by turf or soil, and firing it (around 1890) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal
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India Himalayas –
• cutting trees for fire wood,
• not enough wood available,
• this is poor looking forest, and
• not enough trees for use as firewood or fuelwood
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Outside New Delhi, India – houses made of cow piles set aside to use later as fuel for cooking and heating because not enough woody or vegetable biomass to use as a fuel 22
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Harvesting resin from pine for lanterns
Collecting leaves for animal fodder (food)
Himalayas – IndiaTHESE PRODUCTS ARE ALSO NEEDED FROM FORESTS THAT ARE NOT ENERGY RELATED
Subsistence economies where people are helped to survive by collecting forest materials.
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Developing Countries: • many non-wood products are collected for subsistence from
forests; • they frequently have no economic value in regional, national
or global markets & are therefore traded locally; • timber has highest economic return
Collecting Latex – rubber tree24
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Major factors causing loss of Forests: agricultural conversion predominant
Amazon, shifting agriculture or subsistence survival by clearing small tracts of land in forest, farming for 5 – 20 yrs and then moving to another location 25
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North Brazil
• LAND CONVERSION BIGGEST LOSS OF FORESTS - Not all forests exploited for fuelwood
• Shift from subsistence economies to those providing higher economic return on global economies
• Much deforestation in south/central America due to conversion to cattle ranches which returns a higher revenue for local elites but not communities surviving at a subsistence level. 26
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• Small scale being converted to large scale agricultural enterprises (palm oil plantations) for food production
• This results in loss of native forests
27Malaysia, palm oil plantations
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Subsistence Population Densities directly related to how much Forest Cover Remaining, Maya Region
(Meyerson 2000)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10 34 40 100 200
Population Density (persons/km2)
Fore
st R
emai
ning
(% o
f Tot
al)
Population Density(# people/km2)
For forest extractive communities – surviving from forests mostly
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Wildfire Trends – loss of significant forest area in U.S. resulting from past fire control and selective logging of trees that were tolerant of fire leaving behind the more fire-intolerant species.
http://www.nifc.gov/stats/wildlandfirestats.html
US Wildland Fires (#)
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
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Wildfire Trends
http://www.nifc.gov/stats/wildlandfirestats.html
US Wildfires (Acres)
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
9,000,000
# Acres Average Acres
Avg. = 4.1 MillionAvg. = 4.9 Million
1994 - 2002
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Fire costs are high because of proximity of forests to urban areas 31
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2003, Biggest Insurance Losses ($ billions)
0 1 2 3 4
US, Winter Storm
S. Korea, Typhoon M oemi
US, Thunderstorms with hail
US, Thunderstorms, hail
US, "Old fire", wildfire
France, F loods, heavy rain
US, "Cedar Fire" wildfire
US, Thunderstorms, hail
US/Canada, Hurricane Isabel
US, Tornadoes, hail
The Economist, March 20, 2004
Wildfires
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1909
Fire control has made the forest landscape more susceptible to large scale fires today
NOTE: how open the forest is in this photo when there was no fire control policy!
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Fire Control
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1948 1958
196834
Effects of Fire Control over Time
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1989
NOTE: • dense stand with lots of foliage close to the ground, • species like fir, which are not tolerant of fire, dominate
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The result is FIRES
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Biomass can also be converted into many goods traditionally produced from fossil fuels as they are all carbon based:
• Energy• Transportation fuels• Industrial chemicals/materials
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Bio-oils
Chemicals
Methanol
Transportation Biofuels
Pharmaceutical Precursors
Electricity using Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Chemical Industry Precursors
DIVERSITY OF NON-TRADITIONAL PRODUCTS POSSIBLE FROM WOOD TODAY
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BIOMASS RESOURCE USES
Corn Solvents, Pharmaceuticals, Adhesives, Starch, Resins, Binders, Polymers, Cleaners, Ethanol, Fabrics
Wood Paper, Building materials, Cellulose for fibers and polymers, Resins, Binders, Adhesives, Coatings, Paints, Inks, Fatty acids, Road and roofing pitch, Methanol, Ethanol, Pharmaceutical precursorsPolymers from cellulose: plastics, motion picture film, clear lacquer coating, rayon (fabrics) [www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/proposal/dreyfus/outcome/plascot/cellace.htm]
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Technological breakthroughs facilitating development of new
biomass energy systems
• New C neutral chemical transformation processes for biomass conversion to methanol
• Developments in hydrogen fuel cells
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Wood Conversion to Energy
What is new about that?
Methods of conversion advanced from simply combusting wood to producing energy (direct heat or steam).
New Technologies convert to bio-oils, methanol at high efficiencies:
= 1 ton Wood Biomass can produce 186 gallons of Methanol
= 44 - 60% efficiency in wood transformation to methanol
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http://www2.whidbey.net/lighthook/woodgas.htm wood-gas powered VW Beetle
http://www.green-trust.org/woodgas.htm
G.B. Kobelt and fitted gas producer approx 1942-43; http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/bp/16/woodfire3.htm
circa 1943-44; http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/bp/16/woodfire3.htm
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Wood-fired gasifier still used in Australia; http://www.green-trust.org/woodgas.htm
The old wood-gas car idea is alive today using old technology in remote or rural areas
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(A) turkey guts, skin, bones, fat, blood, feathers to useful products. After first-stage heat-and-pressure reaction, fats, proteins, and
carbohydrates break down into (B) carboxylic oil, (C) a light oil - further distilled into lighter
fuels such as (D) naphtha, (E) gasoline, (F) kerosene. Process also yields: (G) fertilizer-grade minerals mostly from
bones & (H) industrially useful carbon black. 44
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Casio Fuel Cell Powered Notebook computer fueled by methanol
-runs computer 20 hrs on one refueling
Toshiba fuel cell power MP3 player on methanol – 20 hrs power digital music player
45Electronic equipment fueled by methanol powered fuel cells
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Advantages of using wood non-traditionally
A. Solutions allowing conservation, increased rural viability, and decreased loss of forestlands
B. Decrease dependence on fossil fuels for energy
C. Mitigate climate change effects due to greenhouse gas production especially from the transportation sector
D. Significant environmental effects due to decreased input of wastes into landfills, burning, and increased recycling of wood as the wood life-cycle is included in economics and management
E. Manage for old growth forest conditions, achieve conservation goals
Using Wood Non-traditionally: for alternative renewable energy, fuels
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