DISABILITY AND LIVELIHOODmay hinder there full and effective participation in society on an equal...
Transcript of DISABILITY AND LIVELIHOODmay hinder there full and effective participation in society on an equal...
DISABILITY AND
LIVELIHOOD
Presented By:-
Amitabh Mehrotra
Founder Chairperson &
Director
SPARC-India10 Satyalok Colony,Mohibullabpur
Lucknow
Phone:-0522-2730753
According PWD 1995 Act Sec-
2(1)
Disability is defined as:
Low Vision
Leprosy-cured
Hearing impairment
Loco motor disability
Mental retardation
Mental illness
Blindness
not less than 40% of any disability as certified by a medical authority.”
Definition according to UN
Convention on the rights of Person
with Disability (UNCRPD)
Defines disability as including those who have long
term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory
impairments, which in interaction with various barriers
may hinder there full and effective participation in
society on an equal basis with others.
Legal, Policy & Institutional
Framework
Legislative Provisions
Mental Health Act (1987)
Rehabilitation Council of India Act,1992
Person with Disability Act, 1995
National Trust for the Welfare of Person with Autism,
Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple
Disability Act, 1999
Policies
National Policy for Person with Disabilities 2006.
State Government of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa,
Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Tamil
Nadu have their own policies/ draft policies in place.
Institutional Framework
Regulating Disability In India
Chief Commissioner for Person with Disability and their
corresponding State Commissioners.
National Handicapped Finance and Development
Corporation.
8 National Institutions
Government Schemes
3% reservation in government, semi-government and
local government.
Pension Scheme / unemployment allowance
Incentive to private sector
Reservation in trade, graduate, technical, technical
(vocational apprenticeship).
Livelihood and employment schemes eg. MGNREGA,
NRLM, PMEGP, PMRY.
Status of Disability
According to census 2001, there were approx. 22 million
PWDs in India who constituted to 2.13% of the total
population. This includes Person with visual, hearing,
speech, loco-motor, mental and other disability.
However, according to the world bank report 2009,
approx. 6% of Indian population has some form of
disability
The employment rate of disabled people has actually
fallen from 42.7% in 1991 down to 37.6 % in 2002.
According to the employment projection given in the
Eleventh Plan, in the Chapter „Employment
Perspective and Labour Policy‟, “58 million job
opportunities will be created in the Eleventh Plan
period leading to a reduction in the unemployment rate
to below 5%. Over the longer period up to 2016–17,
spanning the Eleventh and Twelfth Plan periods, the
additional employment opportunities created are
estimated at 116 million. The unemployment rate at the
end of the Twelfth Plan period is projected to fall to a
little over 1%.”
There is a wide gap between the employment rate of
people with and without disabilities in the
country. Therefore, the above target for bringing
down the unemployment rate cannot be achieved
without addressing the employment issues of people
with disabilities, who constitute about 5-6% of the
population. It would require proactive initiative on
the part of all concerned to ensure that disability is
included in the employment programmes of the
Government and the private sector.
Livelihood Options for
Persons With Disabilities
A study was conducted by UNDP focusing on
Livelihood Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities in
the year 2011 in ten States.
SPARC- India was the partner agency for this study in
Uttar Pradesh.
% of Disabled Population and
Human Development Index
States/ Indicators % Disabled
population
HDI (2005)
Maharashtra 1.62 0.689
Jharkhand 1.67 0.513
Andhra Pradesh 1.79 0.572
Chhattisgarh 2.02 0.516
Uttar Pradesh 2.08 0.490
Bihar 2.28 0.449
West Bengal 2.30 0.625
Madhya Pradesh 2.34 0.488
Rajasthan 2.50 0.537
Odisha 2.77 0.452
India 2.13 0.612
Analysis
Maharashtra has the least proportion of disabled
population (1.62%).
Odisha has the highest proportion of the disabled
population (2.77%).
U.P is the state with the largest no. of PWDs (34.53
lakhs).
Maharashtra is the state with the highest HDI
amongst the states.
Bihar is the state with the smallest HDI amongst the
state.
Literacy
States/ Literacy
Rate
General Disabled Literacy Gap
Bihar 44.20 37.29 6.91
Jharkhand 49.70 41.54 8.16
Uttar Pradesh 51.10 44.55 6.55
Andhra Pradesh 54.20 44.23 9.97
Rajasthan 54.50 45.28 9.22
Madhya Pradesh 58.80 49.73 9.07
Chhattisgarh 59.10 48.07 11.03
Odisha 59.70 48.81 10.89
West Bengal 65.80 52.72 13.08
Maharashtra 72.90 57.72 15.18
India 61.00 49.31 11.69
Analysis
Though Maharashtra is the state with highest literacy
rate, it has also shown the highest literacy gap between
general and disabled population. Same is the case with
the second highest state of West Bengal.
Though Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have the lowest literacy
rate, they have shown the least literacy gap.
Work Participation
Work
Participation
Rate
General Disabled WPR gap
Uttar Pradesh 32.50 32.01 0.49
Bihar 33.70 33.62 0.08
West Bengal 36.80 33.26 3.54
Jharkhand 37.50 32.88 4.62
Odisha 38.80 32.40 6.40
Rajasthan 42.10 38.16 3.94
Maharashtra 42.50 33.84 8.66
Madhya Pradesh 42.70 37.60 5.10
Andhra Pradesh 45.80 36.37 9.43
Chhattisgarh 46.50 35.10 11.40
India 39.10 34.49 4.61
Analysis
Rajasthan has the highest work participation rate (WPR)
for the disabled population.
Uttar Pradesh has the lowest WPR for both general and
disabled population.
Though Bihar has a lower WPR, it has shown the least
gap between general and disabled WPR.
Why PWDs are Unemployed
Poverty
Lack of Literacy
Lack of opportunities
Lack of reasonable accommodation
Discrimination and Callous attitude
Lack of Personality Development
CBR Matrix as per WHO
Areas to be covered under
Livelihood (As per CBR
matrix)
Skill development
Self Employment
Wage Employment
Financial Service
Social Protection
Status of PWDs under the various Skill
Development Programs
States Trade Graduate Technical Technical
(Vocational)
Andhra
Pradesh
1.09 0.14 0.30 0.45
Bihar 1.88 0.00 0.00 0.00
Chhattisgarh 0.00 1.16 0.00 0.00
Jharkhand 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00
Madhya
Pradesh
0.15 0.00 1.32 0.00
Maharashtra 0.07 0.23 0.90 0.46
Odisha 3.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
Rajasthan 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.00
U.P &
Uttaranchal
0.47 0.38 0.54 0.65
West Bengal 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00
India 0.43 0.24 0.40 0.27
Analysis
Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra are the only two
states that have shown seat utilization in all the
available skill development programs.
Chhattisgarh is the only state that has not utilized the
seats for PWDs under the skill development program.
Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are the only two
states that have utilized the seats for PWDs in
technical apprentices.
Odisha is the only state that has fulfilled the 3%
reservation criteria for trade apprenticeship programs.
% of PWDs beneficiaries under livelihood
schemes (other than MGNREGA)
States SGSY(Swarna Jayanti
Gram Swarozgar
Yojna)
USEP(Urban Self
Employment
Program)
UWEP(Urban Wage
Employment
Program)
STEP-UP(Skill Training for
Employment
Promotion amongst
Urban Poor)
Andhra Pradesh 3.24 NA NA NA
Bihar 1.61 NA NA NA
Chhattisgarh 0.46 NA NA NA
Jharkhand 0.10 NA NA NA
Madhya Pradesh 3.03 NA NA NA
Maharashtra 2.66 NA NA NA
Odisha 1.08 NA NA NA
Rajasthan 1.09 NA NA NA
Uttar Pradesh 1.21 NA NA NA
West Bengal 0.25 NA NA NA
India 1.98 NA NA NA
Analysis
Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh achieved the 3%
reservation in case of assistance provided to Disabled
Swarozgar is under SGSY scheme.
Jharkhand is the state with least value of disabled
swarozgar is assisted under SGSY.
Jharkhand, West Bengal and Chhattisgarh have shown
poor performance with respect to assistance provided
to PWDs under SGSY.
States/ PWDs Category- %
Post Occupied
Orthopedically
Handicapped
(OH)
Visually
Handicapped
(VH)
Hearing
Handicapped (HH)
Andhra Pradesh 90.7 73.4 98.1
Bihar NA NA NA
Chhattisgarh 38.56 1.31 0.65
Jharkhand 12.50 NA NA
Madhya Pradesh NA NA NA
Maharashtra NA NA NA
Odisha NA NA NA
Rajasthan NA NA NA
Uttar Pradesh NA NA NA
West Bengal NA NA NA
India NA NA NA
Distribution of PWDs beneficiaries
under MGNREGA
States Person days
generated per PWD
% PWDs worked
against registration
Andhra Pradesh Not Available 35.89
Bihar 25 30.77
Chhattisgarh 16 34.85
Jharkhand 20 53.32
Madhya Pradesh 14 29.17
Maharashtra 19 9.16
Odisha 21 28.38
Rajasthan 28 24.90
Uttar Pradesh 27 32.78
West Bengal 15 19.19
India 17 22.41
Analysis
Jharkhand has shown the highest PWD registration
under MGNREGA.
West Bengal is the second lowest state that has recorded
least percent of disabled beneficiaries.
Rajasthan has generated the highest person days per
PWD.
Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh and
Maharashtra are the states that have shown lesser
number of person days per PWDs.
Schemes Available for the PWDs.
Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana
(SGSY)
The SGSY is one of the biggest scheme of the rural
development ministry focusing on the livelihood of the rural
poor households. The program has an inbuilt microfinance
component. In the context of differently able person, the
scheme provides special benefits. First of all, the SHGs
(PWDs) size could be 5-10. The subsidy available for PWDs
up to 50% or 10,000 for each PWD.
Swarna Jayanti Shahari
Rozgaar Yojna (SJSRY)
Government of India have launched a rationalized
poverty alleviation scheme SJSRY replacing three
existing scheme-
- Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY)
-Urban Basic Services for the Poor (UBSP)
-Prime Minister‟s Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication
Program (PMIUPEP)
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA)
MGNREGA guarantees 100 days of employment in a
financial year to any rural household whose adult
members are willing to do unskilled manual work.
Prime Minister’s Employment
Generation Program (PMEGP)
The government of India has approved the introduction
of a new credit link subsidy program PMEGP by merging
two schemes- PMRY and Rural Employment Generation
Program.
PMEGP will be a central sector scheme to be
administered by the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises. The KVIC will implement the schemes.
National Handicapped Finance
and Development Corporation
From the Central govt. arrangement for the
financing the handicapped are made available through
specialized financial agency NHFDC.
The NHFDC was set up to promote economic
and development activities undertaken by differently
able person. The corporation provides loan to the PWDs
for a variety of income generating activities through a
credit dispersing chain.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendations for Skill
Development Program
Active collaboration with the National Skill
Development Corporation (NSDC) must be encouraged
and as a start, efforts to integrate innovative project
within the Government and private set up for the skill
enhancement to PWDs could be implemented in States.
Identification of skill training and Job according to their
ability.
Inclusion of Person with Disabilities in all the schemes
under the Entrepreneurship and skill development
program of the Human resource and Social welfare
ministry
Recommendations
Introduce new mechanism and schemes for setting up
Micro Enterprises
To have exclusive consultation with selected industrial
houses and corporate association with the participation of
a decision maker to dialogue on the role they can play in
enhancing livelihood for PWDs
An adequate Management Information System (MIS)
needs to be established, which will ensure all the schemes
capture the category wise disaggregated data on PWDs
Few Identified sector for Training
for PWDs according to my
experience which can be helpful
Sl. No Name of the Training Sl. No Name of the Training
1 Banking and Accounts 11 Handmade Paper Product
2 Garment Making 12 Poultry
3 Hospitality 13 Animal Husbandry & Meat Processing
4 Information & Communication Technology 14 Fragrance, Flavor& Perfume
5 Printing & Designing 15 Jewellery Making
6 Retail – Sales & Opretion 16 Mobile Repairing
7 Media(Electronic & Print) 17 Medicinal and Aromatic Plant
8 Food Processing & Preservation 18 BPO sector
9 Leather & Sports Goods 19 Eco Friendly bags and other product
10 Insurance 20 Fashion and Designing
Recommendations for Self
Employment
Grants are required for promoting disability
employment, for conducting awareness/ sensitization
programs, campaign, studies etc.
Strengthen and improve the delivery mechanism of
National Handicapped Finance and Development
Corporation ( NHFDC)
Promote the Urban Livelihood program as NRLM
among the PWDs
Provide reasonable accommodation for become
entrepreneur.
Recommendations on Wage
Employment
Disability specific sub programs could be initiated under
flagship programs, especially under the MGNREGA.
To ensure that the National Rural Livelihood Mission is
inclusive with a provision of reasonable
accommodation/adjustment, also focus on Woman with
disability and severe disabled.
Ensure the 3% reservation in all the schemes and Jobs
Recommendations on
Financial Service
It is recommended to include a grant component in
addition to the loan support to the offered to the PWDs
in NHFDC .
To ensure the participation in under KVIC , SGSY, and
other poverty alleviation schemes to promote livelihood
opportunities.
To ensure easy access to avail the loan from Bank and
other financial institution.
Recommendations on Social
Protection
Parents with disabled children below poverty line :
This is required to design some additional social
assistance schemes.
Unemployed disabled persons who can be gainfully
employed: This is required to design special
employment schemes and employment drives and to
involve income generation strategies for the disabled
persons and ultimately make them eligible for protective
type of Social Security Schemes.
Recommendations
Non-employable disabled persons who alwaysrequire support of the Family/Community or theState: This is required to design State assisted/fundedschemes as well as to rehabilitate them in the homes fordisabled persons.
Disabled persons above 60 years of Age: This isrequired to help mitigate the hardships of the disabledsenior citizens through Old Age Pension Schemes in theform of Social Assistance and State assisted health care.
Recommendations
Women with Disability : This is required to
understand whether the Women with Disability are
dependent on their parents or on their husbands
and the poverty status of their family/parents and
to design schemes of Assistance or Insurance
accordingly. This will also help us to understand the
requirements of the disabled women in the child
bearing age and making provisions for their
maternity care.
General Recommendations
Incorporate the principal of Reasonable
Accommodation as articulated in the UNCRPD.
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment ensure a
centralized and detailed database for all State
pertaining to programmatic target achievement for
the PWDs.
The website of Central and Sate Livelihood schemes
should be updated to facilitate proper monitoring of
the schemes and reporting.
General Recommendations
A system of accountability and procedure for handling
non-compliance need to be defined and capacities for
effective implementation need to put place.
All government ministries (Food, Dairy, Petroleum,
Railways, Telecome, Textile etc) which have income
generation programmes including the potential for
outsourcing/offering franchise etc, could ensure that at
least 3% of their beneficiaries are PWDs.
All the above Key Points are essential in livelihood
options (Skill Development, self employment, wage
employment, Financial service and social protection) but
most important point on which I wish to lay emphasis is
Personality Development ,which can eventually fulfill
the needs and provide opportunities of Persons with
Disabilities .
References
www.dget.nic/mes
www.nrega.nic.in/netnrega/home.aspx
www.rural.nic.in -Ministry of rural Development
www.labor.nic.in- Ministry of Labor and Employment
Report of UNDP- Livelihood Opportunities for Person with Disabilities –Year 2011
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