Directed searches for broadband gravitational-wave ... · Directed searches for broadband...

Directed searches for broadband gravitational-waveemission in energetic core-collapse supernovae

Maurice H.P.M. van Putten

in collaboration with Amir Levinson, Filippo Frontera, Cristiano Guidorzi,

Massimo Della Valle and Lorenzo Amati

ApJ, 2015, under review, ApJ, 2015, 812:124, ApJ, 810:7MNRAS, 2015, 447, L11, MNRAS, 2014, 444:L58, ApJ, 2014, 786:146

LeCosPA, Taipei, December 14 2015 1

Outline

Core-collapse supernovae: new opportunities for GWs

Outlook on broadband long-duration GWs

2

BATSE, BeppoSAX and Swift: near-extremal black holes loosing angular momentum

Near-optimal searches for broadband emission by MF

A case study: Type Ib/c SN 2010br (D = 10 Mpc)

(c)2015 van Putten

(c)2012 van Putten 3

Dynamical curvature

Rotating tidal field

ω = 2Ωorbit , Ωorbit ≅Ma3

a

h = h0 + h1(t) =MD

+ h1(t)

Dimensionless strain

D

(c)2015 van Putten

Gravitational waves

GR: a coupled elliptic-hyperbolic system of equations

Newton’s law: elliptic part

GW waves: hyperbolic part

Gab(GW) = rotating Newtonian tidal field

http://carina.astro.cf.ac.uk/groups/relativity/

(in SO(3,1) four-covariant form, van Putten & Eardley 1996)

4(c)2015 van Putten

Gentle sources...

PSR 1913+16

P = 7.75 hre = 0.617F(e) = 11.8LGW = 0.2% LSolar

Hulse-Taylor 1974(Nobel Prize 1993)

Inspiral rate 1 cm/day

5

Extreme transient sources...

(c)2015 van Putten

(c)2012 van Putten(c)2014 van Putten

SN1987A (Type II)

Radio-loud, asphericalrelativistic radio jets Turtle et al. 1987

Nisenson & Papaliolios 1999

Eν ≅ 1053 erg

Formation of high density matter in CC-SNe

6

Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G. S. 1970, Astron. Zh., 47, 813van Putten, Della Valle, Levinson, 2011, A&A, 535, L6

Probably powered by magnetic winds from an angular momentum-rich inner engine

Ek ≅ 1×1051 erg

(c)2015 van Putten


GWB from SN1987A?

7

angular momentum-rich BH-disk or torus formation?

LGW ~ 1051 erg s−1

?

van Putten, 2015, ApJ, 810:7; van Putten, 2008, ApJ,684:L91 Levinson, van Putten & Pick, 2015, ApJ, 812:124;

Minor non-axisymmetry in matter about the ISCO:

Major output in long duration GW burst:

(c)2015 van Putten


Ascending and descending chirps

LGW ~ 1051 erg s−1

van Putten, 2008, ApJ,684:L91 Levinson, van Putten & Pick, 2015, ApJ, 810:124

Non-axisymmetric fall back matter Non-axisymmetric matter at the ISCO

−40 −20 0 20 40−20

−10

0

10

20

x axis (a.u.)

y ax

is (a

.u.)

(c)

100 101 102 103

100

Fourier index k

sign

al |c

k2 | (a.

u.)

(d)

b m

−40 −20 0 20 40−20

−10

0

10

20

(a)

x

y

−10 −5 0 5 10−10

−5

0

5

10

(b)

x

y

b r1b r2

(c)2015 van Putten

(c)2012 van Putten(c)2014 van Putten

GRB 980425/SN1998bw

Radio-loud, aspherical

CC-SNe: diverse and energetic

9

About 20% of all CC-SNe are Type Ib/c supernovae:- H and He stripped progenitors- Probably in compact binaries - 1% branching ratio into LGRBs

van Putten, Della Valle & Levinson, 2011, A&A, 535:L6

(c)2015 van Putten


Swift phenomenology

LGRBs, SGRBs, SGRBEEs, LGRBNs:

soft EE satisfy same Amati relation

Van Putten, Lee, Della Valle, Amati & Levinson, 2014, MNRAS, 444, L58

Common and universal inner engine: rotating black hole

(c)2015 van Putten

11

Modified Bardeen accretion

M = e m − Lj

J = j m − 2Lj

ΩH

⎧

⎨⎪⎪

⎩⎪⎪

Hyper-accretion with outflows

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

a/M

accr

etio

n ef

ficie

ncy

1ISCO=const.a/M=const. 1H=const.

Surge continues unless efficiency is anomalously highEnd point is a rapidly rotating black hole

van Putten, 2015, ApJ, in press

(c)2015 van Putten

12

Formation of near-extremal BHs

Surge in mass and angular momentumEnd point will be near-extremal close to the Thorne limit

Bardeen accretion:

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

a/M

M1

0 2 4 6 8 100

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

M [Solar]

a/M

0 2 4 6 8 100

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

M [Solar]

f ISC

O [H

z]

4 6 8 105

10

15

20

25

r ISC

O

M [Solar]

M1ISCOM1H

M = e mJ = j m

⎧⎨⎪

⎩⎪

van Putten, 2015, ApJ, 812:7

(c)2015 van Putten


BATSE light curves of LGRBs

van Putten, 2012, PTP, 127, 331

(c)2015 van Putten


BH spin-down against ISCO: confrontation with in BATSE

nLC from matched filtering analysis

−1 0 1 2 30

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

2 s < T90 < 20 s

coun

t rat

e (a

.u.)

nLCBHS

−1 0 1 2 3−0.5

0

0.5

deviation± 3m

−1 0 1 2 30

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

T90 > 20 s

coun

t rat

e (a

.u.)

nLCBHS

−1 0 1 2 3−0.5

0

0.5

deviation± 3m

van Putten & Gupta, 2009, MNRAS, 394, 2238van Putten, 2012, Prog. Theor. Phys., 127, 331

van Putten, 1999, Science, 284, 115van Putten & Levinson, 2002, Science, 295, 1874

BH feedback to ISCO

(c)2015 van Putten

15

Lwi = 4

3Lwc T

τ⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

Enhanced luminosity from intermittency

van Putten, 2015, MNRAS, 447, L11

e.g. with random reversals of the orientation of magnetic fields in the inner engine

Intermittent luminosity >> continuous luminosity:

Intermittent feedback:

(c)2015 van Putten


Intermittent inner engines

y!axi

s

PRESSURE

y!axi

sy!

axi

s

z!axis

y!axi

s

MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH

z!axis


LGRB from intermittent outflows

(c)2015 van Putten

Magnetically striped long-lived relativistic MHD ejecta


17

velocity density

hydrostatic pressure azimuthal magnetic field

“Double shot” experiment:

(c)2015 van Putten


Calorimetric ratios

R* ≡

E*Erot

≅ E*(1− 2)M

:

Rj + Rk + RD + RS ≅ 1Jets kinetic energy

accompanying supernova

dissipation inner disk or torus

entropy creation event horizon


(c)2015 van Putten


Rj ≡Ej

Erot

≅ 0.2% ε0.16

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟−1

Rk ≡ESN

Erot

≅ 0.5%

Effective calorimetric ratios

Spin down against HD matter:

Jet-to-rotational energy: Kinetic energy-to-spin energy:

RD =O(1), RjD =Rj

RD

<<1

(c)2015 van Putten

20

Frame dragging

ALMA/ESO

SDP.81

Non-relativistic frame dragging around the Earth

Relativistic frame dragging

Gravity Probe B: Everitt et al., 2011, PRL. 106, 221101LAGEOS II: Ciufolini, I., & Pavils, E.C., 2004, Nature, 431, 958

van Putten, 2015, MG13, 1799

Er ≅ 6 ×1054 M

10M

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

erg

Equivalent to frame dragging at 5 million Schwarzschild radii of an extreme Kerr BH with the same angular momentum as the Earth

(c)2015 van Putten

(c)2014 van Putten - HUST 21

ω

ωbag

radiation

van Putten, 1999, Science, 284, 115, van Putten, 2001, Phys. Rev. Lett., 84, 091101; van Putten & Levinson, 2002, Science, 295, 1874; van Putten, 2002, ApJ, 575, L71; Bromberg, Levinson, van Putten, 2006, NewA, 11, 619; van Putten, 2012, Prog. Theor. Phys., 127,331van Putten, 2008, ApJ, 684, L91

From forced turbulence,Non-axisymmetric instabilities excited by heating, magnetic pressure

(Dirchlet BC)

(Ingoing radiative BC)

(outgoing radiative BC at infinity))

Magnetic moment in lowest energy state

Black hole in its lowest energy state supports open flux tubes from H to infinity

LGRB-GWB from BH feedback to the ISCO

(c)2015 van Putten

Broadband GW emission from CC-SNe

22

van Putten, Levinson, Frontera, Guidorzi, Amati & Della Valle, 2015

(under review)

(c)2015 van Putten

(c)2012 van Putten

LIGO-Virgo and KAGRA GW detectorshttp://www.ligo.caltech.edu, http://www.ego-gw.it

(c)2014 van Putten 23(c)2015 van Putten

http://www.ligo.caltech.edu/

http://www.ligo.caltech.edu/

http://www.ego-gw.it/

http://www.ego-gw.it/


Butterfly filter on df/dt

Side step Fourier by TSMF using a bank of chirp templates

(c)2015 van Putten


Mixed ascending-descending chirp templates

van Putten, Guidorzi & Frontera, 2014, ApJ, 786, 146

Universal: applies to broadband frequency analysis of light curves of gamma-rays and gravitational waves

Two principle parameters:T and f0Numerical solution to ODE of BH spin-down against ISCO

(c)2015 van Putten


BeppoSAX sample of LGRBs at 2 kHz


0.59 photons/0.5 ms bin: trivial autocorrelation

1.26 photons/0.5 ms bin: non-trivial autocorrelation

(c)2015 van Putten


BeppoSAX phenomenology

Smooth extension of Kolmogorov spectrum


no evidence for proto-PSR

Matched filtering analysis of 2 kHz light curves (1.26 photons/0.5ms bin)

Beloborodov, A. M., Stern, B. E., & Svensson, R. 1998, ApJL, 508, L25Beloborodov, A. M., Stern, B. E., & Svensson, R. 2000, ApJ, 535, 158

(c)2015 van Putten


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10x 105

−5

0

5x 10−19

sample index

synt

hetic

stra

in

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

10−16

10−15

frequency [Hz]

Four

ier c

oeffi

cien

tFourier versus TSMF

Fourier spectrum

Spectrum extracted by TSMFusing 8.64 million chirp templates


Synthetic shot noise

(c)2015 van Putten


heff ~MD

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟EGW

M⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

12~ 10−21

heff(r ) = heff

τT

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

12~ 10−22

Probing GWBs from CC-SNe

Chirp detection by TSMF (tau=1 s)van Putten, Tagoshi, Tatsumi, Masa-Katsu & Della Valla,

2011, PRD, 83, 044046

(c)2015 van Putten

Apply butterfly/TSMF to Type Ib/c event SN2010br (z=0.0023)

- Discovered April 10 2010 during LIGO sixth science run- Extremely nearby: D=10 Mpc (once / decade)- Challenging: optical light curve not resolved, anomalously weak or late-time discovery


LIGO S6 data

(c)2015 van Putten

tSN2010br

discovery2 week S6 data

true time-of-onset?


Butterfly filtered LIGO S6 data

(c)2015 van Putten


Maximal sensitivity source detection by TSMF

45

van Putten, 2015 (under review)

Two-parameter search(scaling T and f0)

Coarse grained search: one-parameter scaling (T only)

(c)2015 van Putten


Application of L1-H1 coincidence criteria

(c)2015 van Putten

van Putten, 2015 (under review)


Conclusions and outlook BATSE, BeppoSAX, Swift:

LGRBs: near-extremal black holes loosing angular momentum to ISCO

Formation of BH-disk or torus systems in energetic CC-SNe:

- CC-SNe: high density matter in aspherical SN1987A- CC-SNe: some produce BHs rather than NS- SNIc: parent population normal long GRBs- SNIc: about 100/yr within 100 Mpc

GWBs from SNIc are competitive with mergers if just 1% is successful

Strategy

Directed searches for LGWB in nearby CC-SNe from optical surveys, e.g., 0.1/yr in M51, M82 (J.-E. Heo et al., 2016, NewA, 42, 24)

Apply TSMF over weeks/minutes using one/two-parameter template banks

Sensitivity range ~100 Mpc for Advanced LIGO-Virgo, KAGRA (c)2015 van Putten

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