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Transcript of direct speech reports someones Direct and indirect speech indirect speech reports someones wording...
direct speech reports someone’s
Direct and indirect speech
indirect speech reports someone’s
wording
meaning
forms of speech quotations
quotations usually involve two clausesquotations usually involve two clauses
whose saying (=reporting clause)
the saying
eg
John said I’m going home
John said that he was going home
direct
indirect
exceptexcept free direct speech
(1 clause)
clause 1 clause 2
The two clauses – who said + what they said –can occur in any order, i.e.
direct speech: reporting someone’s
wording
‘What’s going on?’ Ali demanded.
Ali demanded, ‘What’s going on?’
and…
who saidwhat was said
what was said
who said
Subject and verb order in the reporting clause can be reversed IF the reporting clause comes last
‘What’s going on?’ demanded Ali .
SV
‘What’s going on?’ Ali demanded. S V
punctuation in direct speech punctuation in direct speech
‘I am going home,’ said John, ‘Are you coming?’
punctuation marks are placed inside the quotation marks
comma before
or after the quoted words;
words within words
a quote within a quote is enclosed in quotation marks that are not the same as those already in use
a quote within a quote is enclosed in quotation marks that are not the same as those already in use
e.g. “What did Ma say?” asked Mei.
“Ma said ‘Come home’,” Ali replied.
indirect speech: reporting someone’s
meaningJohn said (that) he was going home.
The two clauses – who said + what they said –
cannot occur in any order; the reporting clause (i.e. the one that
identifies who said) must come first.
warning
grammatical features of indirect speech
When we say something we identify persons, things, places and times with reference to the speech situation.
e.g. Sue said, “I stayed here last year”
I stayed here last year
Sue Ai Lee
When we report the meaning of the
saying through indirect speech, we
must transform all references to the
speech situation - time, place and
persons.e.g. Sue said she had stayed there the year before
transforming references to persons
people refer to themselves using the
personal pronoun (I/me). This 1st
person pronoun has to be
transformed into a 3rd person
pronoun (he/she)
pronouns (personal and demonstrative) in indirect speech
e.g.
John said he was coming
John said, “I am coming.”
“I know this trick of yours,” said Alice
Alice said she knew that trick of his.
tomorrow becomes the following day
yesterday the day before
(the previous day)
today/tonight that day/night
here there
time and place in indirect speech
direct indirect
e.g.
time and place in indirect speech
John said, “I can walk here
tonight.”
John said he could walk there that night.
present tense becomes past tense
present continuous
past continuous
present perfect
past perfect
can could
shall/will should/would
may/might might
must/ has to had to
tense/modality in indirect speech
direct indirect
tense / modality in indirect speech
John said, “I am
coming.”John said he was coming
John said, “We left yesterday.” John said they had
left the day before.
John said, “We must go tomorrow.”
John said they had to go the next day.
reported questions in indirect speech
“When will he be coming?” she asked
She asked when he would be coming
in most question forms the order of Subject and auxiliary verb is: auxiliary followed by Subject, e.g.
in most question forms the order of Subject and auxiliary verb is: auxiliary followed by Subject, e.g.
When a question is reported indirectly then the order is Subject followed by auxiliary, e.g. When a question is reported indirectly then the order is Subject followed by auxiliary, e.g.
Aux
Aux
S
S
reported commands
Help yourselves He told (invited) them to help themselves
He told (invited) us to help ourselves
“Help yourselves,” he said
in free direct sp
eech
the reportin
g
clause (who sa
id)
disappears
free direct speech
‘Coming out tonight?’‘No, I’ve got to work.’
a literary device
free indirect speech
She wouldn’t go out tonight, she thought. She had work to do.
free indirect speech has features of both direct & indirect speech
the reporting
clause can come
after the quote;
the quote contains
mixed references to
time, place and
persons.
She wouldn’t go out tonight, she thought. She had work to do.
Active and passive1.The boy chased the girl. 2. The girl was chased by the boy.
in clause 1 the –er role is expressed by a noun phrase – The boy
in clause 2 the –er role is expressed by a prepositional phrase – by the boy
clause 1 is in the active;
clause 2 is in the passive.
the do-er of the action – the chaser – is the boy
why use the passive?
to speak impersonally, without assigning someone or something the responsibility for the event.
e.g. The girl was chased.
The window was smashed.
This makes our message seem detached
and objective
Making the active sentence passive
passive
subject
active
The boy saw the girl (didn’t he?)
The girl was seen by the boy (wasn’t she?)
verb object
subject verb object
not all verbs can be expressed as either active or passive. Some verbs can only be expressed as active, i.e. most intransitive verbs, e.g.
warning
The ship sailed at midnight
common errors
• inverting subject and auxiliary in reported questions, e.g.
When will they be coming?
She asked when would they be coming.
She asked when they would be coming.
• Dad, today the teacher asked me if I had any brothers or sisters.
• That’s nice of her to take an interest in you. What did she say when you told her you are an only child?
• She said, “Thank goodness.”
At a restaurant
• Waiter, what are these coins doing in my soup?
• Well, sir, you said you would stop coming to this restaurant unless there was some change in the meals.
• What kind of ants can be found in houses?• OccupANTS
• A teacher asked his class to write an essay about a football match. A minute later all the students were writing except for one child.
• The teacher looked at her paper.
• It said, “The game was cancelled because of rain.”
• Why are you putting a bandage on your pay cheque?
• Because my salary has just been cut.
Task a)Lin said she did not know why she had been so honoured, although she said that she had been wearing all her badges from when she was in the air force. She described how, when they had got on the plane, the crew had taken her on first, carrying her on with a lift. She recalled that when she first boarded, she and the pilot had been the only people sitting in the plane.
Changing from direct to indirect speech
• make incomplete/unpunctuated sentences into complete/punctuated sentences.
• Omit filler words such as really and er.• Use a range of verbs to precede or follow.
what was spoken, e.g. described, recalled.• Change from first person to third person.• Change from present to past, past to past
perfect
text in direct speech vs text in indirect speech
• Direct:• informal• immediate• creates sense of
character• sometimes
difficult to follow
• Indirect:• formal• removed• less sense of
character• easier to follow
Task b)1. No one wants to take the blame for losing the
file2. The play is considered an object in its own
right, distinct from its author3. There is no single subject for this statement4. He was not injured deliberately, or by an
animate agent, so there is no clear subject5. Someone must have broken the window, but
the structure suggests that no one wants to take responsibility for it, or the agent is not known
6. Who conducted the research is not considered relevant.
7. The passive is used to sound factual.8. This is reporting a scientific fact, with
no need to know who did the heating.
changing from passive to active
Regrettably, your file has been
lost.
Regrettably, (I regret that) I lost your file.
I will pay you $5000 so that you can replace it.
you will be paid $5000 so that it can be replaced.
Shakespeare wrote
Macbeth in 1606.
Macbeth was written
in 1606.
“The pilot must have seen the badges on my jacket,” said Lin.
Lin surmised/speculated that the pilot had seen the badges on her jacket.
Lin claimed that the pilot had almost certainly seen the badges on her jacket.
certainty (opinion) must;
surmise; speculate
“I’m in a wheelchair so I must be lifted into the plane,” explained Lin.
Lin explained that, because she was in a wheelchair, she had to be lifted into the plane.
Lin explained that, because she was in a wheelchair, she must be lifted into the plane
0bligation;must;
have to
“I’m in a wheelchair so I must be lifted into the plane,” explained Lin.
Lin explained that, because she is in a wheelchair, she must be lifted into the plane.
0bligation;must;
have to
Lin explained that, because she is in a wheelchair, she has to be lifted into the plane.