DIPTERAN DIVERSITY AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF PEST DIPTERA IN WASHINGTON STATE CATTLE PASTURES,...
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Transcript of DIPTERAN DIVERSITY AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF PEST DIPTERA IN WASHINGTON STATE CATTLE PASTURES,...
DIPTERAN DIVERSITY AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF PEST DIPTERA IN
WASHINGTON STATE CATTLE PASTURES, 2006-2007
Holly Ferguson, Richard Zack, Sally O’Neal, and Douglas Walsh
Washington State University Irrigated Agriculture Research & Extension Center
24106 N. Bunn Road, Prosser, WA 99350
Food Web for Arthropods in Cattle DungFood Web for Arthropods in Cattle Dung
Modified from Skidmore (1991)
Predatory beetles and mites
Dung-feeding beetles
Fungivorousinsects
Predatory flies
Mixed-diet flies
Parasitic wasps
Dung-feedingflies
Cattle dungCattle dungCattle dungCattle dungFungiFungiFungiFungi
Fly Pests of Cattle: Muscidae
Dung-feeding FliesFace fly: common vector of pinkeye, reduces weight gain & milk productionHorn fly: biting pest, causes bunching, reduces feeding, reduces weight gain, threshold is 200/animalStable fly: biting pest, causes bunching, reduces feeding, reduces weight gain, threshold is 10/animal
Musca Musca autumnalisautumnalis
HaematobiaHaematobiairritansirritans
StomoxysStomoxyscalcitranscalcitrans
Fly Pests of Cattle: Simuliidae
Called black flies, buffalo gnatsBreed in flowing waterBiting pest, nuisance, large numbers can kill
Fly Pests of Cattle: Culicidae
MosquitoesBreed in aquatic habitatsBiting pest, causes bunching, reduces feeding, reduces weight gain, vector of pathogens
Fly Pests of Cattle: Tabanidae
Deer flies and horse fliesBreed in moist habitats-organic matter, larvae feed on other invertebrates, detritus?Biting pest, reduces weight gain, bite puncture wounds can damage hide
Fly Pests of Cattle: Ceratopogonidae
Biting midges, punkies, “no-see-ums”Breed in moist habitatsBiting pest, vector of blue tongue virus disease
Fly Pests of Cattle: Oestridae
Northern cattle grub, common cattle grubAdults are called heel flies, resemble bees, cause “gadding”Larvae burrow into skin, migrate through body and pop out on back (myiasis), causing damage to hide
Counties SampledCounties Sampledin 2006in 2006
SnohomishSnohomish
WhitmanWhitman
BentonBentonYakimaYakima
KittitasKittitas
(2)(2)
(1)(1)
(2)(2)(1)(1)
(2)(2)
Counties SampledCounties Sampledin 2007in 2007
SkagitSkagit
KittitasKittitas
BentonBenton
YakimaYakima
WhitmanWhitmanGrantGrant
(3)(3)
(2)(2)
(1)(1)
(1)(1)
(2)(2)
(1)(1)
Trapping and Sampling Methods: Flies
yellow sticky cardyellow sticky cardyellow sticky cardyellow sticky card
sticky stable sticky stable fly trapfly trapsticky stable sticky stable fly trapfly trap
baited fly bottle trapbaited fly bottle trapbaited fly bottle trapbaited fly bottle trap
QuickBayt™ QuickBayt™ bait stationbait stationQuickBayt™ QuickBayt™ bait stationbait station
COCO22 baited baitedmosquito trapmosquito trapCOCO22 baited baitedmosquito trapmosquito trap
aerial netaerial netsweep net of foragesweep net of foragesweep net around cattlesweep net around cattle
aerial netaerial netsweep net of foragesweep net of foragesweep net around cattlesweep net around cattle
pane trappane trappane trappane trap
Face flies on polled Hereford
Tom Harvey, K-StateTom Harvey, K-State
Table 1. Dipteran families with cattle pest members found in cattle pasture trap and net samples, Washington State, 2006 -2008. Sampling method
Family (in alphabetical
order) County
Yellow sticky card
Sticky stable fly trap
Alsynite trap
Baited fly bot tle
trap
Pane trap
Sweep net around cattle*
Sweep net of forage
Aerial net*
CO 2 trap*
Ceratopogonidae All present present ? ? ? present present Chloropidae All present ? ? ? ? present present Culicidae All present present present ? ? present prese nt Muscidae All present present present present present present present present Oestridae Grant ,
Yakima present ? ? ? ? present
S imuliidae All pres ent ? ? ? ? pres ent pres ent pres ent
Tabanidae Benton, Kittitas ,
Whitman
pres ent pres ent ? ? ?
*Benton County s ites only.
Horn flies on black baldie
Table 2. Muscid pests found in cattle pasture trap and net samples, Washington State, 2006 -2008. Sampling method
Species County Baited fly bottle trap
Yellow sticky card
Sticky stable fly
trap
Sweet net around cattle
Sweep net of forage Aerial net* *
Face fly All present?* present present present present present Horn fly All ? present present present present
Stable fly All ? present present present *possibly house fly **Benton County sites only.
Advantages and disadvantages of sampling methods
Sampling method Advantages Disadvantages Best for
Aerial net catches flying insects, simple equipment difficult to use around bovines,
indiscriminate catch
Alsynite trap catches flying insects, capture
accumulates rapidly expensive, sticky, indiscriminate
catch face fly, stable fly,
horn fly (a few)
Baited “wet” fly bottle trap catches flying insects, capture accumulates rapidly, inexpensive
extremely malodorous, catches primarily decomposer flies, difficult
to maintain, difficult to process sample
calliphorids
“Beetle float” Easy to obtain sample, low cost, catches all beetle families of interest
somewhat smelly, somewhat difficult to process sample
dung -inhabiting beetles
CO 2 trap easy to set up, specifically catches biting flies of interest expensive, CO 2 bait short -lasting Mosquito , black fly
Dung -baited above ground trap
catches ground arthropods difficult to maintain, dung bait
short -lasting, attractive to dogs and calves
Dung -baited pitfall trap catches mainly dung -related arthropods difficult to construct and maintain, dung bait s hort -lasting, attractive
to dogs and calves
dung -inhabiting beetles
Pane trap catches flying insects, can determine
flight direction expensive, difficult to set up,
indiscriminate catch
Pitfall trap (unbaited) catches ground arthropods, easy to construc t and maintain
can get flooded out, indiscriminate ground catch, attractive to dogs
QuickBayt™ bait station easy to set up, catches house flies only bait useless when wet
Sticky stable fly trap catches flying insects, capture accumulates rapidly
expens ive, sticky, indiscriminate catch
stable fly
Sweep net easy to use scares cattle fly pests
Yellow sticky card catches flying insects, capture accumulates rapidly, inexpensive
sticky, indiscriminate catch, attractive to calves
face fly, stable fly, horn fly (a few)
Tethinidae
43 fly families represented in the traps and samples from the cattle environment
Food Web for Arthropods in Cattle DungFood Web for Arthropods in Cattle Dung
Modified from Skidmore (1991)
Predatory beetles and mites
Dung-feeding beetles
Fungivorousinsects
Predatory flies
Mixed-diet flies
Parasitic wasps
Dung-feedingflies
Cattle dungCattle dungFungiFungi
Dipteran Habitats• Dung• Decaying
vegetation• Decomposing
animals• Fungi• Grass and other
plants• Moist or aquatic
habitats• Parasites &
predators
Yellow Sticky Card Fly CapturesYellow Sticky Card Fly CapturesWest of the Cascade MountainsWest of the Cascade Mountains
Date
Blac
k Fly
Stab
le F
ly
Mus
ca sp
.9-
299-
239-8
8-31
8-23
8-128-4
7-27
7-20
7-137-8
6-25
6-166-
86-
15-
245-
189-
299-
239-8
8-31
8-23
8-128-
47-
277-
207-
137-8
6-25
6-166-8
6-1
5-24
5-18
9-29
9-239-8
8-31
8-23
8-128-4
7-27
7-20
7-137-8
6-25
6-166-
86-
15-
245-
18
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Mean flies/day/trap
Sticky Card Fly Captures, Skagit County, 2007
Date
Blac
k Fl
y
Stab
le Fly
Mus
ca sp
.10
-49-
138-
308-
1610
-49-
138-
308-
1610
-49-
138-
308-
16
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Mean flies/day/trap
Sticky Card Fly Captures, Snohomish County, 2006
Hereford Hereford with blind with blind eyeeye
Yellow Sticky Card Fly CapturesEast of the Cascade MountainsKittitas and Yakima Counties
Date
Blac
k Fly
Stab
le Fly
Mus
ca sp
.9-
249-6
8-22
8-158-
98-
17-
267-
177-
117-5
6-27
6-20
6-136-
65-
309-
249-6
8-22
8-158-
98-
17-
267-
177-
117-5
6-27
6-20
6-136-
65-
309-
249-6
8-22
8-158-
98-
17-
267-
177-
117-5
6-27
6-20
6-136-
65-
30
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Mean flies/day/trap
Sticky Card Fly Captures, Yakima County, 2007
Date
Blac
k Fly
Stab
le F
ly
Mus
ca sp.
9-25
9-129-6
8-22
8-158-
98-
17-
267-
177-
117-5
6-27
6-20
6-136-6
5-30
5-22
9-25
9-129-
68-
228-
158-9
8-1
7-26
7-17
7-117-
56-
276-
206-
136-6
5-30
5-22
9-25
9-129-6
8-22
8-158-
98-
17-
267-
177-
117-5
6-27
6-20
6-136-6
5-30
5-22
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Mean flies/day/trap
Sticky Card Fly Captures, Kittitas County, 2007
Fresh sticky Fresh sticky card on card on fencelinefenceline
Sticky card Sticky card collected collected and and identifedidentifed
Yellow Sticky Card Fly CapturesEast of the Cascade Mountains
Benton and Grant Counties
Date
Blac
k Fl
y
Stab
le Fly
Mus
ca sp
.9-
189-5
8-21
8-148-
77-
317-
247-
199-
189-5
8-21
8-148-
77-
317-
247-
199-
189-5
8-21
8-148-
77-
317-
247-
19
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Mean flies/day/trap
Sticky Card Fly Captures, Grant County, 2007Date
Blac
k Fly
Stab
le F
ly
Mus
ca sp
.9-
209-
139-6
8-30
8-24
8-168-8
8-2
7-26
7-18
7-117-
56-
276-
196-
126-4
5-27
9-20
9-139-
68-
308-
248-
168-8
8-2
7-26
7-18
7-117-5
6-27
6-19
6-126-4
5-27
9-20
9-139-6
8-30
8-24
8-168-8
8-2
7-26
7-18
7-117-
56-
276-
196-
126-4
5-27
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Mean flies/day/trap
Sticky Card Fly Captures, Benton County, 2007
ConclusionsSticky traps catch a diversity of flies and are useful for tracking the relative abundance of face/house fly, stable fly, and black fly.Horn fly difficult to trap with methods used; digital photography is currently being used to assess horn fly abundance.Slightly more pest flies were trapped on sticky cards at east side locations, reasons unclear.
SammySammy
2008 Mascot2008 Mascot
WSU-RMA Beef Cattle ProjectWSU-RMA Beef Cattle Project
Counties SampledCounties Sampledin 2008in 2008
SkagitSkagit
IslandIsland
San San JuanJuan
KittitasKittitas
YakimaYakima BentonBenton
WhitmanWhitman
(1)(1)
(1)(1)
(3)(3)
(2)(2)
(2)(2)(4)(4)
(1)(1)
AcknowledgementsWe gratefully acknowledge the USDA, FCIC Risk Management Agency for funding this project. Technical assistance by Jackie Gregory, Mary Pearson, Megan Juzeler, Rebecca Razey, Tessa Andrews, Kathryn Holden, Nicole Grove, and Crystal Adams was greatly appreciated.
And we especially thank the Happy Cows of Washington State!!And we especially thank the Happy Cows of Washington State!!And we especially thank the Happy Cows of Washington State!!And we especially thank the Happy Cows of Washington State!!