Dinosaurs 79

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Find out about one huge dinosaur Follow the steps and draw your7

I

andtwo prehistoric creatures ownPINACOSAURUS 1896

UTAHRAPTOR 1873r

5

’JUXIA 1876

HYPERODAPEDON 1877

Dr DavidNorman of Cambridge

University answers more of your

dinosaur queries BACK COVERShiver with the Ice Age creatures

in CHILLING OUT 1878

'I"I'ER'S GUIDE JGet boned up on THE INSIDE

STORYof a dinosaur 1886

Two young Utahraptor have a

playful fight I883

Discover the work of the

PREHISTORIC EYEWITNESSES

who have left a record of animals compsagnarhus tries to catch a

1888 flock of pterosaurs 1884

I t .4— 3HairLFL t_

More fascinating trivia and theweekly quiz I894

that no longer exist

\

HISTORY IN PIC'l'I.IRESl

DINOSAUR TRACKSDOWN

UNDER 1892

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UTXHRAPTORA savage ’switchblade’claw on each

hind foot made Utahraptorone of the

deadliest dinosaurs of all.

dromaeosaurids, or ‘runn1ng1izarWhen it stood straight, an adultUtahraptor was the same heighta t

tall men standing on each othershoulders. Everymember “fthigroup offlesh-eaters was armedWitha" V

pair of savage, sickle-shaped hindclaws.

V‘_¢‘u,;~0r“*"‘ ' A .

vb

runningdown‘t [hada Victim surrewith their claws an



KILLERCLAW

Utahraptor’smain

weapons were the two

‘switchblade’ claws on its

back feet. It could raise

the clawswhen it was

running to avoid

damaging them. Thenit could flick themforwards to attack its

prey.A cutwith justone of those talonswould have sliced

through its victim’s body.

Utahrapfor

SCISSOR HANDSThe huge hands ofUtahraptorwere armed

with sharp, bladed claws. Like its smaller

relative, Deinonychus, it probably had

specialwrist joints that meant its hands

were as flexible as humanhands. Thedinosaur could haveheld its prey in a

deadly grip. Eachhandwas bigenough to

wrap completely round a football andhad three powerful talons.

‘

COOL KILLERUtahraptor may have been one ofthe most

intelligentotthe huntingdinosaurs. Ithad a brain the same size as a cat's, to

help itplan its moves. Some scientists

think Utahraptorwas such an etticient

killer itcould have wiped outwhole species.

1874

Deinonychus

The dromaeosaurids

ranged in size fromDromaeosaurus at

1.8m long, to giganticUtahrapfor,which was

upto 8m

long.

Velocirupfor Dromaeosaurus



TALL TAILA long, strong tail helpedUtahraptor to

balance itselfas it dashed along. The tail

was probablystrengthenedwith thin, bonyrods at the tip, to keep it stiffenough to

steady the dinosaur’s hugebody.Utahraptor could also have used its tail to

support itselfwhen it kicked out.

SAW POINT

Utahraptorhadpowerful jaws linedwith

saW—like teeth. Its jaws would have openedextraWide and snapped shutwith

lightning speed.

LEADEROF THE PACK

Expertsbelieve that dromaeosauridshunted in packs, and thatmale

Utahraptor may have hadfierce clawingcontests to decide Who should be leader.

MONSTMFACTSO NAME:Ufahrapfor(@-tab-gap-tor)means

’Utal1plunclerer’O GROUP: dinosaurO SIZE: up to 8m longO FOOD:meat

O LIVED: aboutl 25 millionyears ago in the

EarlyCretaceous Period inNorthAmerica

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1875



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Jl/XIAJuxiawas a prehistoric rhinocerosbuilt for running.

alloping along on its four slim

legs, J uxia lookedmore like a

horse than a rhinoceros. But

the earliest rhinos came in all shapes and

sizes. They ranged from creatures thatwere no bigger than today’s tapir, to

lumberinggiants four times heavier thantoday’s elephant.

RHINO RUNNER

Juxiawas pony-sized and built for

speed. Like a horse,it probably had

A

extra-strong lower leg

and toe bones,which

meant it could dash ">-r.

along'Witliblfitlr:“anyE

risk of twisyting an

ankle jo‘"i*1i'€f

.NAME: Juxia (jg-ck-sge;-a) means ’iromJuxia’.GROUP: rhinoceros.SIZE: up to 1.5m long.FOOD: plants.LIVED: about 40million years ago in the Late

Eocene inAsia

H:-'|.5m—>]

PEACEFUL PLANT-EATERUnlike today’s rhinoceros, J uxia

had no hornwithwhich toU

charge at an enemy.Its only defence

against hungryI meat-eaters,

uch as

H5/aenodon,was to outrun

, them.

» ‘fifiroesl .

f‘ Jwsgia, an odd-

‘xg’= v

V‘ toeéd ungulate,

E”

,;”v\io’uldhave

n" on itsU

tides, ratherlike today’spbny.



IDENTIKIT _};,}i,

fiYPEK’€@@fl1PE@@MBuilt like a barrel,Hyperodapeclonwas one of the most successful planteaters before the dinosaurs arrived.

yperodapedon was a

member of the rhynchosaurgroup of early reptiles. They

flourished around the world more than

220millionyears ago.Hyperodapedonhada heavy,pig-sized body and a largehead linedwith many rows of powerfulteeth. AlthoughHyperodapedon could

only bite up and down, and could not

move its jaws from side to side, its teeth

were very efficient formunchingplants.

END OFAN ERA

Hyperodapedon feasted on the seed ferns

which grew everywhere in the Triassic.But seed ferns died out at the end of that

Period and conifers grew instead.Unable

to adapt to eating adifferent plant,Hyperodapedon died,autxtoo.

/WC

OOOO

Ilfl©IiiM@‘l€§NAME: Hyperodapedon (fix-per-o-_ap-e-don)means ’upper pavement tooth’GROUP: reptileSIZE: up to l.3m longFOOD: plantsLIVED: about 220 millionyears ago in the

LateTriassic Period in India and Scotland

6 3 %



Blizzardswhistle clown from the

Poles,and the seas freeze over-if is!he coming of an IceAge.

n the longhistory of the Earth,‘

there have been many Ice _.e'

' "

Ages, when the frozen‘

I '

groundhas been covered in snow

all year round.

“L 177/

OLD ICE

In the distant era of the Precambrian, a n

time that spans seven’-ei‘ghtl1‘s of the ‘ ”*

Earth’s history, there were at least four Ice

Ages.But there

areno’

good fossilsof the

”

simplemicroscopic creatures tha

3~51‘* c

e

Ic

e

,‘ livegdpin theee times,,We d*

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T,

V

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Io

4,

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what effect the coming‘of the

p

i , ‘Ordovicianyet another IceAge

l'.j.;.__ I began.At the endof this Period,

f%::;: is several kinds of trilobites ande wgraptolites died out. Thiswas probably

due to the change in climate brought’about

bythe Ordovician Ice

Age.



09.'

v C ‘55 A GLACIER

When snow falls and does notmelt, thelayers

ofsnow at the bottom become squeezed together.They turn into ice.When ice issqueezed like this,itflows like soft jelly. Itusually flowsdownhill as akindofslow riverofice.This isa glacier. The ice

‘ at the surface isnot being squeezed, and so it

THE FROZENSOUTH cracks and shatters. This gives the surfaceoftheThe next major IceAge came at the endof glacier its jagged look.the Carboniferous and the beginning ofthe Permian. Vast areas of ice coveredSouth

Africa, India,Australia and OUTLOOKWARMER

V

southern SouthAmerica. These freezing conditions gradu?”

At that time, all theseV

gave Way to the warmer, wetteficontinentswere joined , . times of theMesozoic, whenw .<

together in one greatA‘

dinosaursfirstWalked onc”eiEartl1;£*landmass. g;«:}W xx‘ 1“ '

A'

r it\

‘

.€.».i\>

. ‘\.‘ . A rFu.;'« .‘

Equator. (Today,Floridaand the PersianGulf lieWithin the ar :ll"“‘:c)sr»«1<(:,ie.~c(%‘)“‘V‘e"“‘1“—edby

ice!), h*~1_lsW

aéfifn)%'d"’f01“" if

if.1 :

H

T

afig"-. oc osaurus

SURVlVhlNGTHE COLDs

had inaded the land.T»T ‘ reptiles were

. hese*anima1s mayhave been coveredwith hair,whichwould havehelped them ‘

towithstand the cold, as the ice‘

“spreades¥9Sei-



The IceAge that we knowmost

about is the Pleistocene Ice Age. It

finished about 10,000 years ago.

The Pleistocenewas not a singleIceAge. It lasted for 1.7million

years, and during that time the ice

sheets and glaciers came andwent

about 20 times. In between the

cold spells, the climate became

evenwarmer than it is today.

[%€EEEE€9§E§ £(Z% Wé3iE°l.%Wi\

Animal life in the Pleistocenewas

spectacular. Huge mammothsand

woollyrhinoceroseswandered the frozenwastes.

They scrapedaway the snow to graze on

the sparse vegetation. Herds ofgreat Irish

elk and aurochsmigrated across the icywilderness. Our ancestors learned tomake

fires, build shelters and fashion clothes out

ofanimal skins to keep themselves alive.

Even in the deepest IceAge, theWholeworld did not cool down.There were still

tropical forests at the Equatorbut, as thesheets of ice spreadout from the Poles, the

cold areas became larger.

li"%l\.l§R fFR@W‘l THEE SUN?

No one is sure what causes an Ice Age. It

may involve the way the Earthwobbles

like a spinning top as it travels round the

Sun. The Earth is tilted on its axis, andthis gives us the seasons. Over very long

periods of time, the tilt ofthe Earthchanges.At certaingtfmes, one area of

9

b the a th maybeo

Alene IceAgegwwéally.~

., .....,2*h$?dndéb¢é*d5tiofiIrish.

5 , ‘dso far awayfrom'\I

Thismagllj W V,

‘W ./ Xi

A glacier (left) is

a river of ice.This one is in

L

New Zealand,Evenwhen the

Earthwas in thegrip ofanceAge, there were

still warm areas

like this (rignear the Eq r.

4,ElFlFl3§<{§lT

The oceans may also have an effect.I

water keeps climates from beingextrWhen all the continentswere jammed uptogether, as they were in CarboniferousandPermian times, the interior of the

i

landmasswould have been so far from the

ocean that it couldhave become very cold,and so started an IceAge.

/'M:\’lC3)‘Il"liH'l[%“:fi*:2 [K1133

At present, theAtlantic Ocean is getting

larger and all the continents are

surrounded bywater. Some scientists

think that we may not see another IceAgfor hundreds ofmillions ofyears. V

1



they may be rivalsandfight KT

death for the leadershipof their ahead;Their killer claws can inflict terrib”lTe

damage, slicing through flesh. Theirreinforced tails help themtobalance as

they kick andmanoeuvre .;iga3in an

advantage.The lessons they newat



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Little Compsognathusfinds the lagoon a goodhuntingground. Small

animals come to drink

there, and can sometimesbe taken unawares.But

this flock of pterosaurstakes flight before

Compsognathus cangrab one for its lunch.



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GUIDE

YESTERDAYAND TODAY

Palaeontologistsdon’t just study extinct

animals, they also look at the skeletons of

today’s animals. An animal’s skeletonaffects the Way it canmove, how it hunts,

and indicateswhich other animals it isrelated to. This is true ofdinosaurs too. So,

by studying a skeleton, you canwork out

si0 r What it looked like andhow it behaved.

Dorsalvertebra

(spine bone)

Scapula

Palaeontologists study skeletons to (‘:;":°'°'discover the facts about dinosaurs.

a e)

l inosaur bones are the best‘ cluesWe have to the Way

“A .9 dinosaurs looked.

Palaeontologists spend a lot of time

studying the bones they find. They

have todecideWhere a

particularbone belongs andwhichdinosaur it belongs to.

Every type ofbone has a

name, as you can see fromthis Tuojiangosaurusskeleton.

Cervical vertebra

(neck bone)

Humerus

(upper arm

bone)Rib

Eye socketFem‘-"'

Skull , _ (“fishElbow |omt bone)

Ulna

(forearm _bone)

Fibula (calf bone)

Ankh ioimTibia (shin bone)

/‘

andible

(lower iaw)

1886



SPO'I"I'ER'SG

HEAVY BODY, BIG LEGS NEW LOOK DINOSAURS

Different types ofdinosaur had special As the experts learnmore about a

types ofbone. Heavydinosaurs had thick, dinosaur, they may change theirminds

solid legandarm bones to support their aboutWhat it looked like. Theymay decide

Weight.Light dinosaurs hadhollow, light that the skeleton should be put together

limb bones. Carnosaurs hadholes in their differently.When Tuojiangosauruswas

skulls,whichmade them lighter andmeant first discovered, they thought the plates

they couldmove their heads aroundwhen along its spine lay down flat. Expertsnow

theywere looking for prey.think they stuck out.

Dorsal plate(back plate) Tuoiiangosaurus, which means ’Tuo River lizard’,

lived about 150 million years ago. Itwas the

Ilium (one of two first almost complete skeleton to be dug up inbones that make up China. This huge plated dinosaur was larger

the top of the pelvis) than a modern rhinoceros but much lighter. It

was about 7m long and 2m high -taller than a

human. Ifyou look at its skeleton you can

see that Tuoiiangosaurus had a typical

stegosaur’s body shape. It had

a tiny headwith a toothless

caudd platebeak and small, ridged

(Mi.Pkfle)cheek teeth. Look at its

‘

body. It is bulkywith an

arched back and strongtrunk-like legs to

support itsweight.

4-_..

Caudal vertebra

(tail bone)

Caudal spike(tail spike)

Chevron bones

1887



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Paintings from the past reveal what‘ .‘prehistoric animals really looked like.

{_ow do we know what a

» mammoth looked like?., I . Several skeletonshave been

found, but they only show the rough shapeof the animal. Mammoths have also been

found preserved in frozen mud, but theirremains are rather shrivelled. Clumps of

hair have even been discovered, but these

have probably changedcolour over thousandsof

years.However,

.

_f rehistorkprehistoric cave paintings

'

_,_ Z mgjmls on thecan tell us more about

I

« A .how these animals looked.

THE FIRST ART GALLERIESIn France, along the

valley of the Dordogneriver, there are manycliffs. About 20,000 years

ago, duringthe Ice

Age,these caves were thehomes of people that we

call Cro-Magnon man. In the same cliffs,This is how two

there are caves whose Walls a r e coveredartists have

with animal pictures. There are paintingsdrawn

wfionyof familiar animals, such as reindeer, ;.'l:T:::

5'

horses andbears. There ar e also drawings Painter wasofanimals that no longer exist. Wedo not able ,0 drawknow why people engraved, drew and the animag

paintedthese animals. from r e c ] fife!

i

1888



\\ PYRENEAN PAINTINGS

xxxnother famous site of IceAge paintings is

-~‘;‘i‘§inthe Pyrenees—mountain range in

orthern Spain. Here, too, the caves are

\\-\ \

xix

V

3IW§&@[él(C3"Jl“

CRO-MAGCOPIESThe best Cro-Magnon paintings trom the

Dordogne area of France are found at a

place called Lascaux.Theywere discoveredin 19210bysome childrenwho were

playing in the cave.Atter the cave had

been visited bymillions otpeople, thepictures began to fadewith the heat andthe moisture. Inthe 19605 the caveswere

closed tovisitors.Artiticial cavesmadetrom glass Fibre have been built nearby.There, you can see pertect copies ofthe

original paintings.

Woollyrhinoceros

MAMMOTH HUMPSThe cave paintings ofmammoths show

they hada fatty hump, like a camel’s, on

their backs. Skeletons do not show this

bump, so we wouldn’t have known about it

without the cave paintings.

WOOLLY RHINOS

Cro—Magnonman also hunted thewoollyrhinoceros. Several caves in central France

have vivid drawings of this shaggy beast.

1889



CAVE LIFE This cave painting

Cave paintings not only tell us about theW 0 5 °“5¢°V°'”°d in‘

animal life, they give us clues to the way '-°5‘°""r F""“‘°-

people livedand the world they lived in."‘h°‘"‘" herd °f

migrating deer

crossing a river.A DIFFICULT CROSSINGOnewall paintingat Lascaux shows aherd of deer crossing a river.All you can

see is a row ofheads. One deer seems

to have lost its footing and is beingwashed

away.We can guess from this that

Cro—Magnon people used towatch the This is gnome.-

deermigrating. If the local riverswere in painting from

flood, the rush ofwaterwould havebeen I-clscaux.It shows a

strong enoughtowash

awaysome of the bison standing next

deer as theywere crossing.

UNDERGROUND ARTNot all the caves are easy to reach. In

1991, divers discovered a cave in the

south ofFrance. It can only be reached

by going through a submerged tunnel,33m below"sea level!

ODD GIRAFFESome cave paintings raisemore questionsthan they answer. One of the paintings in

the Sahara‘Desert is of a strange animal

with large horns. Nobody canmake out

what it is supposed to be. Some scientiststhink it is a Sivatherium. This is a gigantic

giraffewithhorns likemoose antlers.

NOTSOOLD

/ ,»K

9Until this

mysterious paintingwas found

V Ly in the Sahara Desert, no one had thought\V

that early people lived at the same time as

Sivatherium. Then, in 1977, someoneTrois fréres

rneans ’three brothers’ French.The

i noticed that a bronze Statuette,which hadBeast ofTrois Fréres IS a cave painting In the been discovered in Iraq in 1927 lookedFrench Pyrenees. It shows a creature with a -

-1 t th-

1- hi<3

head and tall. The most likely explanation IS that ll‘Sivatherium then this Very Strange

h'

cl l<cl'

. ’ .-

:e:(:::o<:‘;:orc::i?1:3::::lnfiC(|:toefirhgggg ffiligng

0

looking beastmust havebeen alive as'

recentlyas2,500BC.

1890



grasslands.When these paintingswere

CLUES FROM THE CAVES

TheTassili mountains lie in the middle ofthe SaharaDesert.Cave paintings foundthere show antelope, zebras, giraffes andother animals thatare now only found in

climatemustg_ g

LONG-LIVED DIPROTODON?Another fascinating rock paintinghasbeen found in Australia. It is of a largepig—like animal.Most people believe itshows a

pigbroughttoAustralia

bythe

explorer CaptainCook.But it is possiblethat it is a picture ofDiprotodon,aWombat that was as bigas a bear. Again,-before the discovery of the painting,noone had thought thatDiprotodon lived atthe same time as people.

A VALUABLE RECORDAll these pieces of art record the animallife

of the time.What will archaeologists inthe futuremake of our pictures and tapesofanimals that are becoming extinct today?

1891



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tdlmprove and test yourknowledge

Follow the footprints on the gp ‘mammoth’sback and answer Nigefla“930

'

the questions posed! believedha

Cave paintingsof

mammoths show:

a) they had fafly humpsb°“

\'whi°_°rmsd

b) they hadWings0 shoulder I3ade I *_

c) theywere blackwith red E’'“° --

Snipes

)vertebra

L c) scapula

Urahraptor had abrain the size}of:

. a)*a human‘brain

)a cat's brain, . V

Hot, sunny FloridawasM

once covered in:

cu) oil and t a r _~ b) iceand snowc) warm water

Tuoiiangosauruswas found in:



Tastytermites!

Fora long time,expertsthoughtthat prehistoricanteaters onlylived inSouth

America. Then a

complete skeletonofEurotamandua was

und inGermany.

Anteaters%

carry their young ontheir backs and

use their long tongues to lick uptermites andants; _

Di”PaddlesSome scientists

thoughtthat the lime

dinosaur

c°""P5'°9nathushadPaddles oniffg

forelimbsandcouldSwim inthe sea. The

V

Paddles turned nu} 1-oh

bejustmarkson“,5rockononeofthe

fossils.

~

s

e

L =7 Answers to the questions on inside back cover

1895



PIN/I005AI/RI/3First of all, imagine a simple shape Look carefully at your dinosaur and

that fits the shape ofPinacosaurus. mark lines inside your shape to show

The shape that works best is like the side themainelements of its body.Mark the

View of a building. head, the legs, tail and the belly.

Now you can draw in the outline of Now you have a complete outline of

Pinacosaurus.Carefully follow the Pinacosaurus.The next stage is to fill

points youmarked in Step 2 and you will find in all the details of the skin, armour andthe

you get an accurate drawing. bony spines on itsback.

0 '~

0 d 4 O Q

. ”<2.%.,% <2. % .~~~~~~~~\

, \ / > x °\ I >-

| A‘‘ / I

' \.

Ifyou wont to colour in your drawing, you can

follow the colours we have usedor make up your

1896



; Keep your copies safe and neon?with Hmese

fantastic binders.! Yourbiundershaveheendesignedtolookgoodat homeora1:schooJLEachis

;f sturdyandhardwearing-itovenhasawipe-cleanoover-amdlholds18; issues.You'llwant. to useyourDINOSAURS!collectionagain andl again

-l for reference, for school projects, orjust for fun. Sodon't letyour copies go

missing;keep them in your own setofbinders.

DINOSAURShulmlenarenowavailable andcost just £4.95(imclndfluug£11p&p).Pleaserefer to thei o t i o non theinmlidiemmcoveror telephoneM84755755fw dmnils.

«rm

q*af{ra

HWitsrt

I1;i

muvammmm



whichcouldflyfasten;

a.mmmmof

Uiniwmrsifyuuswmyour

questiuoh

WouldfherehaveAI’6fi&60Pf6FYX bunforestfires inorapterosaur? coal forests?

Some of the larger Inmostoaoesa weptaruoaurs, such us know there have beenPterurwdor:aué foroot fires in 5. particularareaQuetzalcoufilus, maywell because wefind fieuositis ofoharcoal

;

homo beatenArchoeopteryzxz them. Wehave not found themdeposits inin a moo.ButPtomolaotyius and what used toho tho coal forests. This doeo

Amhueopteryx, whichwere about the some notmean they neverhappened. Duringsize, probably had a similar flying speed. the Carboniferous Period, many of theThoughmy guesswould be that dense coal forests were found in hugePterodactylus would have been a far more swamps at themouths ofvast rivers. The

acrobatic flyer thanArchaeopteryx. rivers supplied the Water and sedimentV ; that made up

a:% _ _ the swamps.

"

DudPlestosauruseat From time

ammonites? lfso, mime,

largemarine reptiloo.Fromthe repti}e’s caught; fire

whatha ed to the riversthe 9 Is? ‘hanged

‘

p

,L course and

‘V2 o _ It is quite likely that out offamas

' L

Plesiosazzirzzs ate of lanaithat

ammonites.Marks then dried,« W havebeen found in out. The ‘dry’

ammonite ahells areas maythat fit the teeth of Wellhave

point ofview,ammonites were a good if theywereseamsof food -—~ they didnotmove very struck byfast and, to fwd on them, the reptile lightning, or

sirnply grasped the axumonite by its ifhot volcanictentacles and shookvigorously untilthe ash fell on

Dinosaurs 79

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