DINOFLAGELLATES. I) PHYLOGENY Apicomplexans Ciliates “ALVEOLATES” Dinoflagellates.
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Transcript of DINOFLAGELLATES. I) PHYLOGENY Apicomplexans Ciliates “ALVEOLATES” Dinoflagellates.
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DINOFLAGELLATES
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I) PHYLOGENY
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Apicomplexans
Ciliates
“ALVEOLATES”
Dinoflagellates
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ALVEOLATES
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Alveoli
“Amphiesma”
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PHYLOGENY MODEL II
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II) NATURAL HISTORY
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713HABITAT
Karenia37
PeridiniumCeratium
Symbiodinium Pfiesteria
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17ENDOSYMBIONTS: “ZOOXANTHELLAE”
Symbiodinium
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NUTRITIONAutotrophy Heterotrophy
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PISCIVORES
Pfiesteria
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6 Red Tide Neurotoxic ShellfishPoisoning
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Projectiles
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BIOLUMINESCENCE
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Light Detection
40
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III) ARCHITECTURE
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2
“Shells”
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Desmokont Dinokont
Dinoflagellate Growth Forms
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“Grooves”: Cingulum and Sulcus
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Flagellae: Transverse and Longitudinal
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Transverse Flagellum(Axoneme, Striated Filament = Centrin Filament)
Fig. 7.8 in Lee 1999
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Longitudinal Flagellum(Axoneme, R-Fiber)
Fig. 7.6 in Lee 1999
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Fig. 11-1 Graham and Wilcox 2000
Alveolus(Including Thecal Plates)
Amphiesma
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4Thecal Plates, Sutures
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Thecate vs. Non-Thecate Dinoflagellates
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Growth in Thecate Dinoflagellates
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Fig. 7.10 in Lee 1999
Pusule
Function: (?)
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Fig. 11-26 in Graham and Wilcox 2000 Fig. 7.14 in Lee 1999
“Ejectiles”: Trichocysts
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“Ejectiles”: Mucocysts
Fig. 11.15 in Graham et al. 2008
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“Ejectiles”: Nematocysts (~ “Cnidocysts”)
Fig. 11.16 in Graham et al. 200949
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Eyespot: Unbound by Dedicated Membrane42
Katodinium
43
Woloszynskia
Figs. 11.35, 11.36 in Graham et al. 2008
(Cytoplasmic) (Within Plastid)
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Peridinium
Eyespot: Bound by Three Membranes
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Fig. 11-20 in Graham and Wilcox 2000
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Ocellus
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Ocellus (Hyalosome, Pigment Cup)
Fig. 11.38 in Graham et al. 2008
(Hyalosome surrounded byMitochondria, Fibers thatChange shape of “Lens”)
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Bioluminescence
Fig. 11.32 in Graham et al. 2008
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Bioluminescence
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Bioluminescence: Scintillons = Microsource
Day NightDaily Migration of Scintillons
Pyrocystis
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Daily Destruction/Nightly Synthesis
Bioluminescence: Scintillons = Microsource
Lingulodinium
Day Night
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“Dinokaryon”: Nucleus
Fig. 11.24, 11.26 in Graham et al. 2008
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“Dinokaryon”: Chromosomes
Figs. 11.21 in Wilcox et al. 2008
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25
26
27
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NUTRITION
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Heterotrophy: Phagocytosis / Engulfment
45Noctiluna
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Figs. 11-29, 11-30 in Wilcox et al. 2008
Heterotrophy: Feeding Tubes(Phagopods)
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Heterotrophy: Feeding Tubes(Peduncle)
Fig. 11.28 in Wilcox et al. 2008
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Heterotrophy: Feeding Veils (Pallium)
Fig. 3.5 in Wilcox et al. 2008
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46 Autotrophy: Plastids, Pigments
Fig. 11.34 in Wilcox et al. 2008 47
“Peridinin Plastid”
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Peridinin
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll c
Peridinin Plastids: Pigments
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Peridinin Plastids: Rubisco
“Normal” Rubisco Rubisco in PeridininPlastid
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Origin of Peridinin Plastid?Hypothesis 1 Hypothesis 2
Rhodophyte (Red Alga) Stramenopile (Brown Alga)
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47
Other Stable and/or Temporary Plastids
Cryptomonad Diatom
Haptophyte Chlorophyte (Green Alga)
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Fig. 19. LM of Prorocentrum lima. The cell has a central pyrenoid with a starch sheath (the ring-like
structure). © Mona Hoppenrath
Fig. 20. TEM detail of the pyrenoid (py) surrounded by starch in Symbiodinium sp. © Gert Hansen
Fig. 21. TEM showing a cross section through a cell of Heterocapsa rotundata. The pyrenoid (py) is not traversed by thylacoids of the chloroplast and not surrounded by starch. ©
Gert Hansen
Pyrenoids, Storage Products
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Nutrition: Mixotrophy
Particulate Carbon(POC)
Dissolved Carbon(DOC)
Heterotrophy Autotrophy
• Phagotrophy • Feeding Tubes
• Osmotrophy • Photosynthesis
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Asexual Reproduction
Prorocentrum
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Fig. 8-2, 11-31 in Graham and Wilcox 2000
Mitosis/ Cytokinesis
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Mitosis, Cytokinesis
Figs. 11-34, 11-36 in Graham and Wilcox 2000
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Fig. 11-40 in Graham and Wilcox 2000
Sexual Reproduction(Planozygote, Hypnozygote)
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Fig. 11-41 in Graham and Wilcox 2000
Importance of Cysts (Dormant Forms)
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A Typical (?) Dinoflagellate Life Cycle
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Adnatosphaeridium
29 30
Hystrichosphaeridium
Fossil Dinoflagellates: Hystrichospheres
Oldest: Triassic (200 MYA)
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Moldowan et al. 1996. Hemostratigraphic reconstruction of biofacies: Molecular evidence linking cyst-forming dinoflagellates with pre-Triassic ancestors. Geology: 159-162.
• New data from numerous detailed mass-spectrometric studies have detected triaromatic dinosteroids in
Precambrian (600 MYA) to Cenozoic rock samples.
• Triaromatic dinosteroids are organic geochemicals
derived from dinosterols, compounds known in modern organisms to be the nearly exclusive widely occurring products of dinoflagellates.
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Blooms
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Neurotoxins
b) Brevetoxinsa) Saxitoxins
Na+
“Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning”
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c) Okadaic Acid
Cytotoxins
“Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning”
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Moral of the Story
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2 http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/BOT201/Algae/Dinoflagellate% 20panel%20Hokudai.gif
1 http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/Images/Mastigophora/Glenodinium/sp_04c.jpg
3 http://www.daviddarling.info/images/dinoflagellate.gif
4 http://www.aad.gov.au/Asset/em_unit/images/dino1.jpg
5 http://www.nmnh.si.edu/highlight/sem/highlight/dinos/images/fig_a_bbig.jpg
6 http://www.lifeinfreshwater.org.uk/Resource%20Images/habitat/ Red%20Tide.jpg
7 http://www.silvercity.org/Page_1/lake_roberts.jpg
8 http://www.preisvergleich.org/pimages/SKULL-CROSSBONES-2_88__ D-828.265_40.jpg
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9 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Liver_superior.jpg
11 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=21135
10 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/ SynapseIllustration2.png/350px-SynapseIllustration2.png
12 http://www-plb.ucdavis.edu/images/courses/s00bis1c/Dinoflagellate.jpg
13 http://eric.boissard.free.fr/Pictures/oceanwaves.jpg
14 http://omp.gso.uri.edu/discovery/biota/Inverts/surfclm1.jpg
15http://pro.corbis.com/images/42-19878430.jpg?size=67&uid=%7BAF833BF1-09C5-4340-8E21-5D1D9566349E%7D
16 http://www.bigelow.org/reefwatch2001/coral_reefs/images/ glossary/symbiotic.jpg
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