p( ~ Ash..~RO V\JC\S ~r\ f "- 1q oCf a.k

<;<-o('\~ ~ o.. pi cneer(n3-Fi· t :r. Ht~ {OJ-her- w:AS. o.. ~ber of p=vl'?~ Md ex {.tA.J, yea£s 0-f W ~~- btr~ be_.c.Q.w"\ it VV\..i i\.,t s ter (Ca... La.T\d for ~ N ~S. LJ lo.ba.:r govun~. SubseqoJV>+\'1 thL ~m 1 I '1 VY\ o-ve d f-o Syd t'1 ~ OJ'\ d s<.. t+lec/ do~n i ("\ rvlos mQ/\ . ·

. W~ CtlM Mn€d {if!e..J2.J'\ ~s f~ d.1.tcA OJ!d fu.· (e~t- ~t h.As {cimil'-j ruvrned fo ~<-011e l~vi"S Cle.vvt l

1

/1. &tdt1€A-f. 1-{.e.. s f O,i..f e d w I -1-h ff 1 .(/l(j s. Cl/l d @of N s fi 's f­. ob ~s a. posfo.ge. bo'1 j ~he..i.- he +um.ecf S\><k.e.n h.e. lo~e.r\ce...d ~ork cJ- ~ lo rr. rY'i on ""ea.. l f J...... &J.nk .

- - - - ii"' r

WN \.e. ~ GfeaJ-- ~(re <;;~1 o/\ w l'AS

bfl9 f n n '1 ()3 +o N t- <; '1 dr\~ I CJ e l\f\. WC\~ ~'"!j fur NS O"'>rl bcc..rd end fc;od a.ncl st-CV-Hf'\~ fo .(.;rjOJ h.A.msci +. I+ t,.JC\S Q.icl.)(') ci f-1A:1s +-;trY\e. f"~c..t- he. VY\€-f Mar3uyJ N h o <1\ ~ rn arr 1 <-d \..Jh eA he.. 'rJ as. ~enhf -CY')e

He. hJc;c; +r~rr.ecl +o N~ca~t-/e_ a/-d hD.cJ. 0.. §1rcw1· ~ cte>ire fo lec.»<Z ~ bo-vk. Ht..~ t/JT +o <;f\Jd "1 Cifc_J.,,',, te c._fO~e_ but (ouAd ow f he.. rc_d -lo ~ a.pprV)hc..ecl. una.hl€

o.ffo rol fN S. pos )fi on 1

q c; he. ha. of f 00r cYv1 I d re.n J:,'1 n a-.J h ~ ( ~ fY)(lv"l ed w, ~ ~ V:>o°"<. (

He. ~~ workJl'\3 . tc .«J.Jn -<~fra rnol)e'J) dt11 n5 J6'bS R-otY) h ~s. e pc...t n h 13 1o W()(k:An_g ~r boo/C~S. aj-_fhe_rc:Cf?r'. H~ ~6c." pr1tJti"5 CVtd d~r9nt'1Q his

p"2.. c"'-Jn '°"mp;.mdes; a.rd asJ,r.,frw-ts. FrO/Y) fi0 s C/-e,yt> foe_~ 1-o YYJC-ke be_c;. ch ~~s /11 hJhlch he. eJ! {oLfed <JreoJ-~uc.c e~s . ,,IYVL. txY>k ht~.' '1. d.i~Qpproves;./ o-F CJ e-fY1 s 12JC t-ro... a c.A v-r IT e ~ bu 1 h<­CJJ..rr_i e d on re_3ard/ess. ~e hte..jC/; fo . r1J.aJ1 5-e; Jhrou/1h /r\..,/S c....uc:;,.f~ af ft.-e.._ ~k.

1 +r,o.:J- fh)tre.. . hJOaS. mo/1~ fr=::> be

rno..de -through e::>w,-.,4n3 CL yY) illc-bO/ or Cl thtwJ-ie.. 5hop . ~ th e.aJ-re.. ~OF> in Sfc::ck_~ ~

up f;>1 sd-e_ ord Ct.em pu r~ed if Po~ {Dur - hun dre..c/ p:::>U/1.d ~ • H .e_ Ye/lovafe- d i r . end fU)aY'l1-e.-d if- l'~prvioJes.~ Onl'1 c.cxr{ecficnc.rL/ ~ scndN/che.s ~~~ ~dd i~ +r'1 cs <;.hop v..;YJ c.A.. pr 0 ve ol ro be <;: LJ c (_ e ~ f.; f. Cle.¥YJ ""as Jv55t1fl3 lfif~jc:bs ~ fl'Vs ~+-a.f]<L L 1-k 1--ii/i k.) de..s1qn ''8 a...nd rvcnufac.,lvri':j ~ ba9~ end ~fvt(ff'aft.S ... Pefers lce-CJ.eern ask€.cl h.W> lf he· '-Jould like fD mOl"e fo Nev.J c.o~tle . (Se.Qch wi ~ ~s ~·111ess .

He... Solof ~~ockkY1 S>-\Jp-Yreles and ~ Neve~ sfl e. &o,cA <;:v .. i p -rry:::U-es . He i"creas.ed his (Ccd-/ir-.e +o tnclvde. f1~A Qlldc.hfs / pineapple_ ff r·Hers Ond {iu_l+-

cJQ.d .Up to {6ur i-housCYJd serve..s r::{cfa,ps ~ere. Sold .e_cch dCJ..;

1 ete.,.r, had a huRe_ success_

{ f N'C<; o.roun d tf.1· s: flt'ri. re leP1 P<2_ ber.Jc due.. to~ mas~rve L.Jork-IC';4d.

N?f rnuch Jokrhe?e501 ~ ~r<t 0(.ft.te wNc~ 'rVqs afC11ctvre_ seJlr~ ice-~.

p3 On th.a.. f1vst cb.y C>{ b...;s.{ tle:§ a. rnass·1ve... ~qhr +-h.cvc;:and ~er-v-cs ~u.e.- ~clc:A CJ>d Q~ be.Jie.VE'S f-N_ po(/c__e_ Wef e. CQ/?dy-of/j~ hero~ ..

Ct em IN.f-, po r-_c.J-a s:-e of a cs; C:/'J dw I c.h ~ho/-7 0Jhtch he f..)<~lvellf ru1ovale-cl OJ"ld ca.Med It u IN- Cr4~fcJ. fW.'" lff- <!)(le SfQ8~ hl_ "JQS

operaJ103 -P_e. shops On~ vnplo<-f11J 011e hvndre_ol sf-o..PF ,

t+ ,LJC\S af fhis sfafje fhqf Ns pe_rsoraJ. (e)a.frot1stvtps ~Ye ~!f-hCJ..Jf hty:pT>eSS and be fw()d ru._ fx:Jd lo (-ec.ve £ra...wh;/e_. I-le_ fr?.ve/ l.e d f-0 Co.p€- York ~il)Su/°'- cfor <;.rx rn6f'>t'hS Q/ld 1-ktLn O/llo /Y>d1a ~r ~ ye.C/. He ~fUrned fO N€kJcasf/<L (Or Hv(._ dOJ-jr; onl'1 fol eQve. ~; ~ fey- N Soo -M. Pc..c.. r f, ·c. . Cf ~m e.x pQfr e.nc..e d ~ s~e o( be.tors'11f3 1n tkL Polljnes;'!o, lslod~ OJd re,rn::un~Q( fkre. for (l..Jo <..fee.rs. .

f1e returned lo NeNCO,<;;fle J~ /CJZS-afli s-fcJk cJ. Jo prr()r focJ::;.. w'1+h N~ .:.ur6lJCJu·'6 . de~i511. on fh.a..M . ti-OIYI H.sL S:-ucces~ of iNLs~ he NGS C\b(e- -fo O..,~ tN___ old miners COf/0\6<!- In H--.e..d e;j clc_ &f (r/ere~e fhfr ~hc.h toke be CCJY1L u clcrns~"

~e_ ~~ ~e..n o..cfrvel '-! tn vo/ve r) ''" l<~tCni~ ""{Or elevU\ lj.ec.fs n~ crdqf-fN's >fl{~ DJ- f(Q_ a~ of lJ q 1/9 . . hCs f\ot l?e3u11 to fN0k. ~ re_¥f 1errurrl-_

CLIS rvJ ASH FOQO 1f0il~c.J !pt of th~ i1Jtervfe\rJ

I

MY ne1111e js Michelle Ashford and J ain interviewing rny grandfather Clem Ashford for a Regional History proJect in Open Foundation. Tha date is 30 August 1989 and 1 am i nterviewing Clem at his house in Merewether .

Michelle:

Tell us a bit about your family and where you were born .

Clem.

Both my grandparents were pioneering families, one was into wine and the other had a property, that eventually remajned i n the family for 100 years.

T was born in 1909 in Scone itself and I lived there for the first 4 or so years until the war 1::>e9a11. IM the meanr.ime my father was a member of parliament . He was put UP for parliament and was elected in the Dubbo area and that meant that. a great pa1-t of hJ.5 l j fe was spent l n Sydney . Hav] ng a wir e and children , we lived 20 miles out of town and in those days 20 miles was at least an hour and a half in the s ulKy to go out so ~t wasn't convienient to be coming up and down B hours in the train to Sydney, so we moved to Sydney, near R~ndwicK.

Being in a minist1-ial position as a Mi nister for Lands we had ~ government car and t here were no restrictions in those day, ~government car belonged to the faml LY, it didn 1 t m~tcer ~f 1t was used for hairdressing or taking the kids to school, 11obocly said anything and I oan remember going along and seeing the :soldiers marching down the street Slng1ng " Get out and get urider, get out and get under".

Mlohelle:

Get out and get under what?

Clem·

In those days not ma ny people had oars and they were alwaye breaking down, so they had to 'get out and get under 1 to fix them.

Michelle:

You Jeft school ~t sixteen ...

Clem:

We lived at numerous areas in Sydney and finally settled down i n Moc:;rna.n

When I was 15 my father died suddenly. He wasn 't elected to pa111ament that year~ so he was 901ng back on the property again for hs was working too hard for someone who had been sitting back doing more or less office duties and he just died suddenly, when he was JUst a s hade under so.

I The idea then was to move back to the property. I stayed with friends in Sydney and when 1 was 15 I got my first job as a postage boy of Y.R. Hall and that job kept me going for a while.

I went home at Christmas to the property, then I got a job at the Commonwealth bank through inf luenoe whioh you really needed in those days,it was not a matter of passing exams or qualifications, it was simply who you knew.

Of oourse, in those days BanK staff were regarded muon more highly in the community than now, but I never wanted to wo rk i n the bank, I wanted to stay on the property, but I was working in the bank by the time I was 16 ~nd I was livin~ on my own money . With the money I earnt in the bank I had to pay my board and live o n it.

I snJoyed Sydney during the twenty's days, although the depression w~s coming on. Things were very hard, people didn't have work and t he unemployed i n those days only sot 5 shillings a week which enabled them to buy 5 meals a week . alot lived in huts and on the benches around Sydney, down Chinama n 's Beacn and some of the expensive beach areas now) onoed housed unemployed.

Fortunately I was ve r y lucky to have a JOb in the Bank but you oouldh , t look sideways or you'd get the SpOk.

Followi ng that I got attracted to Margery and eventually became e nga9ed. 1 was very keen to get married, being lonely and away from home , not that I didn't have friends, it's Just that growing up age. When I was about 20 I wanted to get married but I had to wait until I was 21 and so I got married when I was 2 1 .

I joined the Bank when I was 16 in 1926 and left the Bank in 1946. In the meantime I had been transfer red to Newcastle, I always had the idea of moving out of the Bank but when you have ~ family and you have your money every week and you get a pair of shoes half soled and you'rt. broke for the ne-xt fortnight, there's never any chance that people get caught in a job that their money isn 1 t enough to lift them out of it.

I decided then I would like to do architecture, so I went and did higher mathematics at t he Technical College for 2 years but in the 3rd year 1 had to be app~enticed. I found out then that 1 oould n 1 t possibly afford to be apprenticed with a family to Keep, because I had 4 children and you can't keep four- chi ldr-en and be apprenticed. I ~"lad to stay wi Lh the Bank.

During the time I had been studying, I had spent extra time working to make money , so sta r ting from house painting and one thing or another and also pencilling at the races and doing the bag for the booKmakeri Which the BanK highly disapproved of, sventu~lly I got into making lampehades and then from the l a mpshades, the parts of the lampshades were handpainted, I went f urther on and started making ashtrays out of felt, with mexioan men a nd fri nged edges on them and t.hey had a paper- fastener tor- the centre c>f t l"'le i'el t and

I ~eo~le put them over the arms of their chairs and l think I got about 1 and 11 for them. I used to sell them at 1 Grovers' at Hamilton a nd Gary had all the ?hops seeing if they would take t hem and I think I got about 23 shi llings for the work on a dozen. but that was good money to me.

Fr om then I got the idea to start making beach bags, so Margery and I, s he did the sewing on the bags and I d i d all the designing, print1ng 1 sewi ng, the as5embly of the bags and putting the brass eyelets in with an eye1ett1ng mach1ne 1

roping and packaging them. We quite a considerable amount of money on that .

Michelle .

You had a le tter didn't you from David Jones?

Clern:

Yes, I had this lstter from David Jones saying, this was much later on when I was still making them, that it was one of the best lines it had and they were sorry they had to give up my line but due to other obligations they could not keep going so tied down with an American firm with another l~ne which included the bags .

I werit to see if I could sell to Miss Mythyas of "Cur~ne" , she was not very keen at first and then people came up to the counter trying to buy them when I put them down,after about three people had tried to buy them she said "send me down two dozen". After that I recs:i.ved a telegram fr-om Cursonsi saying "Keep sending, no restriction o n the order" because $he knew I could o nly make so many , and from then I made really big money on that. I still worKed in the 8anK at that time and it was all weekend a nd night work .

Miche.lle ·

What were the Bank t hinking of you workjn9?

Clem:

The Bank didn 1 t approve of any one working in those days, you couldn't have two jobs but if you put lt in your wife's name they can't say anything about it bscauge they have no control over he r, so I just did it in joint names with Margery.

Eventually With that money I bought , I used to have a Mrs Jukes oome 1

she ran the Strand Theatre and the lolly shop, when the Strand Theatre was in existence.

Michelle~

Across the road from David Jones was it?

I Clem.

No, it wa5 just opposite Martin Street. Mrs JuKes worked there and she was married to someone who was connected to the Fuller family and s he used to into the Bank through me , and she used to pay in six hundred pounds a week, there was only she and her husband there and i t was pretty obvious to me, the Manager was getting twenty pounds a week and 1 was getting seven pounds a weeK in the 8ank 1 it as very obvious that they were making much, much more. You begin to think what your customers are getting and why you are worKing in the Bank so I said to her if any milk bare or t heatre s hops become available or v~oant 1 let me know .

One day she came in arid told me "The chap from Stockton wants to get out there, it will only be a few hundred pounds the money he owes and he can't pay his rent every week and they really want to get rid of him from the theatre. J went over to see this man and I offered him four hundred pounds for the business and he aotuallY jumped at it. I tooK over) I closed it for about a week and repainted it and called it "Shipmates" and decorated it up with shipswheels and fishnets and fish and a few paintings on the wall and the girls wore blue overalls with red pirates hats .

The first being Stockton, a very conservative area, you coma into Stockton and you're a stranger, and they stick to the shopkeeper over road and for the f i rst couple of weeks nobody came in. It took about a month , the end of the month I would have my plaoe packed compared to tha place over road, because they had become used to me by then and they liked it, so I started packing the s weets in, buying the s weet sleeves and doing them up in the cellophane bags because nobody was doing that and they went very well, and good orange drinks and rnilKshaKes and coffee .

Michelle:

Were you selling fi s h then ~oo?

Clem:

No , only oonfectionary and theatre stuff and then you could have sandwiches and coffe~ afterward the pictures. At the time I was running that , I was making the bags too, so in the morning when I first got up I would go over to the theatre shop and bring in the milk, l ock the door, go over at five 0

1 clock when I had fini s hed at the BanK, 90 over, I got up at 4.30am in those days, go across and let the two girls 1n that ran the shop. Then I would go home and make dinner and Margery would go over and look after it while I had my dinne~ 1 for a While and stay until the interval rush then she would go home and I would stay on and do the rush after the theatre. After that I would 90 home at night and start printing t he bags until 3 . 00am in the mornin9 1 then go to bed to get up in the morning at 5.00am to go th~ough the same routine every day 1 and all day Sundays because the theatres were not open on Sundays then

I Michelle:

The theatres would have been very busy then too.

Clem ·

Yes, they were very busy because there was ho television or videos so all the movie places were packed. So from there, I had done so well there that Peters !cs-cream a~ked me if I would like to do Newcastle Beach, I went down to see the ohap who was there but he was a little b1t frightened of ms bec~use ne had been making good money and he wouldn 't give me any figures as to how mu o h money he made so I just looked, hi~

Wife had all these diamond rings and they had a Damla c~r and ~noth~r car and a pl~ce up in Peal Stree t and they were building another place some whe re around so I didn't need to ask if he was maKing any money, but then when I tried to get some figures off him he just went um and ah because he thought that because I used to be in the Bank he thought I might have had something to do with the Taxation department because he had vary little knowledge like that.

Michelle:

I suppose it was understandable for him.

Clem·

Well they had been there for twenty years and that was in 1967 so I had sold out to a chap at a really good price the plaoe at Stockton to a Greek from Maitland and he bought it for his girlfriend, so he paid me well for it.

Then when I got to the Beach the only place you could buy fish and chips was mum '$ and dad's and down at the Sydney Show they had been selling chips down there and they were doing quite a big trade and it was run by people who ran a res taurant in Sydney they had special cone paper for it, they had specia l grease paper that wra~p~ed like a cone and filled it up with chips) I went down there and had a good look around and got the idea there from a chap who tried to sell me a potato peeler. I went HMAS Adelaide they were pullin9 to bits a nd saw this potato peeler and saw it would be run on different power to what I would be using, that was when I bought the ships wheel , that was 1946 .

I thought otherwise and I bought a peeler and had it fitted up and I started selling chips at the beao li and that>s how I sot the name potato o hips.

Michelle:

So there was no-one else around then.

I Clem:

Selli ng was something you did at the Sydney Show, you didn't do it anywhere else. So the chips down there, because the Oil was very clean and they were freshly cooked and they put in at t he right temper~ture because I had enough stoves and they were nioe and crispy on the outside and floury on the inside and I worked up such a reputation that I was selling c hips at Ne wcastle beach on a wet day, I would have a queue waiting on a wet day.

So, from the r e I moved up, r read the paper one night at home and there. was a bai l ~~Bft.. sale up ~ n Hunt.er Street No . 4 Hunter Street which doesn 1 t ~x1st now, it's part of the park there. I went up there, there was a big Russian lady there with a big bull neok, thick nose Rnd tough as you could be, and she ran a brothel upstairs and a dining room. She had a chap living with her, 1 talked to her about it and she said she had this man living with her and he paid for the things and s he said he was "yellow", and she said s he chased him with a carving knife and he got scared and ran away 1 and she said he now had t he bocrts in to her, fancy being soared of a knife.

l ended up buying the business, I hadn 1 t thought of il the day before> I only paid about four hundred pounds for it, and I actually bought the building which was about three thousand pounds in those days. From there I started selling these ohips and I used to have a queue f 01- the best part of twenty year-s 1 January 1950 ! started there and called it "Shipmates'' and I got one of the Jenkins, Alec he did nll the carpentry for me, we worked together and I started selling the ohips and from then for the next twenty years there was a queue rig lit up around tl1e corner and all the chips were frestily cooked.

Miclielle :

9o you prepared all the food freshly on the pramises.

Clem :

Yes, everything was prepared on the premises, and then fr om chips, we started off with ohips only, and from that I put in, they had an ice- cream cone at that time , a square cone and I started and f illing the cone with a salmon, potato and onion mi~and also a filling with rninoe meat , potato and onion and then they were dipped in batter and I ealles them "f~-i ttzels" ~ I invented the name, I took the patent. on the name frittzels so no-one else could use it, because there were pretzels, but this was fritt zel s, so I started selling these fritt~els. I used to do bananas in batter, banana fritters 1 and the bananas were done in a sweet batter with cream on top and the pineapple fritters rolled in cinnamon and sugar. Eventually I put in a ref rigerator to oarry fish, and then I started selling fish as well as ohips. The only thi ng t hat got me about selli ng fish at that time was that it changed my award, I h~d to go into the shop assistants a ward .

I Michelle:

So what was the award beforehand?

Clem·

l used to operate o n the refreshment room, like a s weet s nop, you know with just pineapple and bananas and chips and I had fruit salad and fruit drink. At that time people either had an ice-cream shop or they had a fish shop, nobody ever mixed things originally, that was the first of mixing them.

Michelle:

How many peop l e did you have workin9 for you then?

Clem:

At that time I had t wel ve fryers 9oing and wewouold serve up to four thousand serves in a day .

Mic hel le:

How many potatos would you 90 through in a weeK?

Clem:

There were about 160 serves to a bag and l t l1 ink !!here were 16 bags to a tonne, so we would 90 through a couple of tonnes a day. It was a never ending job, I used to work that hard that I would be open of a night and you oouldn>t get the plaoe closed, people wouldn't go ho me.

Michelle :

This was more or less the only place.

Clem·

Yes , it was t he only t hi ng to do, I would be there at 2.0oam and eve ntually when I went to go home the girls would have to come in to do the pans, t he oil had to taKen out every day o f the two main fryers and it was moved down and down and when i t got to the end fryer it all went out. The oil never got any more than honey coloured , that was why they were so good.

Whe n I went to go home late at night, I would be so tired, by this time I had given up manufacturing the bags and sold the pl~oa at Stockton and when I got t he beaoh goins 1 I had the place at Stockton, the beach tied up) the bags and the Bank, at that sta9e was when I gave t he Bank up , because I always felt you~ve got something behind you with each stepping stone, without making o ne big leap) without giving everything up and going into the th ing. I used to be that t ired of q

night tt1a I: when I left I • d go outside and think "did I turn the stoves off " so I'd go back inside and turn the stoves off , and I~ d go back to the oar a nd I, d thin I'( "did I close the fro nt door " and when I get to the door I t hink " did I

I real ly turn U1e stoves off", you work when your asleep. I used to have to say to myself' " I've turned the ;;toves off', I've turned t.he stoves off'' , or '' ! 've looked the door, I've looked the door"

Miohelle :

So with your fish were you Just batte~ing the fish? It was all fresh wasn't it?

Clem :

No, it wasn ' t fresh fish , the only fresh fi sh we had was gummy s harks, and people used to love them but you couldn' t say it was shark, we used to say in those days when they weren't so stric t:I that it was Wh i t i ng .

Every piece of fi$h was out to the tail , you know out to t he point, so everyone would come in and say ''I wa nt a nice tail piece liKs I had yesterday'', beoause sverybody though they got the tail, because that was the in3truction , you had to slice it qown then cut it to a ~oint.

Mic helle :

What sort of fi s h were yo u using in those da ys?

Clem ;

We were using hake, I think it was two and threspenoe a pound, t wenty three cents a pound, that•s forty six cents a kilo.

Mic helle :

Compared to what it is now.

Clem :

The potatos were fourtee n shillings a hundred weight , that's a penny a pound, we were charging six pennoe for them, so it really good mo ney then .

Michelle :

so you jus t brought in the frozen fish and iL wasn't prepared or anything .

Clem :

From that I got the idea of selling donuts, I saw the people over the road who lived in a t e rrace house , they were on the pension , a nd I offered them a rental for the downstairs and to do the upstairs for them and they jumped at the idea, because they only had pension money and for people who had no money all of a sudden had this money coming in i n rent, every week, I think I was only paying them about twenty pounds a week , which was alot considering their pension was only 3 or 4 pounds. I moved in t here, and l had these donuts, all Kinds

I of donuts, and they used to be ioed with pineapple ioin9 and passionfruit and strawberry icing and then they would have walnuts and cream and toffee . I made up my own recipes. with the yeast and the flour and I never used the gowny flake , everybody used gowny flake t hen.

Before I started that one somebody came and asked me would I do the Dairy Queen , so l got the place nex t door under the same circumst ances, and started off with this Dairy Delight, it w~s the same as Dairy Queen but it was Dairy Delight, and I got a franchise to sell that. Well the first day there I took 200 pounds on sixpe nny serves that's 8 000 serves the first day. The police we re down there, the whole of Hunter Street was blooked, I ran an advertisrnent in t he Sunday paper and it b l ocked the street.

Michelle:

And the polios were down there?

Clen1 ;

Tha police were down there controlling the c rowd, it was that bad.

Michelle :

How many people did you have worki ng in your s hop?

Clem:

Only about 5 1 I only had a counter 10 feet long. rt was a most amazing success, such as successful as th~ chips.

After t hat I started the donut stand, but eventually the donuts, the donuts went well but they needed a bit of backing so we started the hamburgers and donuts whioh went well together. I,m convinced in business that the more you try to sell the less you'll do, if you try to do everything you don 1 t get it, it>s like selling seafoods you have to stick to seafoods.

Michelle:

How we1 e you ~aokaging your food then?

Clem:

That was another thing that was a winner, because I had so much going I couldn't keep control of the money so I was good friends with the Geoffe r y 's in Sydney , they were in Dixon Street, they were paper bag makers, everybody used paper bags t hen or you would use t hese bags made out of grease paper or some such thi ng. I hit oM a way of keeping cont~ol of the money by ha.ving a chip ba.9 printed wi t t1 "Chips" on it in bright red and that would hold one serve, the girls oouldn 1 t 9ive big9er serves , then I picked on a tall narrow bag for holding fish 1 and then there ware bags for the frittzels, and there were bags i n all sorts of shapes and ~izesJ and the

I g111s used every bag for a serve . Then r had larger bags to put the $maller bags in 1 the larger bags were only made out of ordinary paper l ike brown paper, and if you put them in with the inside bags you had alot of grease, so you had to use the inside ba9s , so the outside bags were never worried about, they were just carry bags. So I had track, and of a day I would put down 1000 of these and 2000 of these.

Mic helle :

That was really innovative .

Olem:

And on the other side of the Dairy Delight I u~ed to have a measuriMg stick to go in tha milk drums, and I would Know what was used by the height of fluid in the drums, in the machines, I don't know if they still do it but they should be emptied ou t every night and put back in the drums, in the fridge and not left in t he maohine 1 the machine should be was l1ed out every nigl1t.

Michelle:

So "Shipmates" wasn't really affected by seasonals? Through winter was it still as busy?

Clem:

No , wall that was one reason when I had the beach was, the beach made good money , very ~ood money and it was a good bus~ness to run , it was enough for a family to live comfortably on, and fairly good class. But you f i nished sell1ng at say the end of March and you diqn't 5tart again until Sep t ember , so you had all winter to sit back and have ~ holiday, and t hen you oame back to work again. The drawback of it was that I felt you were at the wlums :'lnd wishes of the council and you could only get a 2 year lease, you can get a 10 year lease to start with but you can't get any more, you oould only get 2 yearg without it going to tenders , so once the lease goes to tenders if you get what ever the council decides 10 years or 15 years but you could only get a 2 year renewal because you were getting it without a tender, so it meant every 2 years . you get the lease renewed, and youv'e sot that insecurity, your waiting for that 2 years to come up and you might say " o t'1 no forget it " and all of a sudden overnight you have no job and no business, that's Why 1 started u~ the street.

One day I was up water-skiing up at Shoal Bay and I struck a little 9irl up there and she wa~ nice a nd s he was a nurse . We were 5ki i ng on t he same boat . She said s he was looking after her brother who had a nervous breakdown and she said "you would know them they've got that delicatesse n shop between Coles and Woo~worths " , and she said they were trying to sell it but they couldn't get tt1e money for it . I sald 11

How muoh do tl'1ey want?" and slie sa:i.d she thou~ht they wa11tect only 6 thousand pounds f or it and I said " I would like to have a look a t t hat '', because it immediately struck me that if

I

1 had a shop t here I could do very well, so I went to see them and I ended up buying it.

It wa5 only a narrow little place, and I did all the oounter with looking glass, little squares of glass a nd a stainless steel top and I painted eve~ything royal blue, r put royal blue laminex and oran9e laminex and glitter and I oalled it "The crystal B.ar-". I put .'3. wood bar across the roof in royal blue with a white ceiling above and it was really startling .

It was a mi lk bar with ready out sandw1ches. I used to make the sandwiohes up out of t he shop and bring them down and my instructions were the fillings had to be as thioK as the sandwiches and I had plenty of butter on it. Everybody at that stage was going a nd buy ing there sandwiches off Coles. When my sandwiches started mine were a penny more, a penny was quite a bit ~n those days but they were well worth it and all my sandwiohes were going thaL fast because the sandwiches were juioy and nice. Coles went and did a special window display, right next to my shop, only around the corner, with a table set with sandwiohe5 "ava ilable inside '' , but they didn't realise that why mine were <.:Jellin9 was the quality of the sandwiches. That makes you think how people don't mind what they pay, it's the quality that they want within reason

That place was such a success and l had those going and then Bill ..

Michelle:

How many places did you have going at onee t hen?

Clem·

I had the t.wo on Newcastle Beach, and the "Shipmates" and then over the road I had the 11 Dairy Del i9~1t 11 which is a different plaoe with all the drinks 1 with kinds of milkshakes and drinks and next door I tiad the hamburger shop going) called ''Sugar and Spioe " 1 "The Crystal Bar" in Hunter Stt-eet, then the "Shipmates Dai1-y ~~hip 11 at Garden City, and l t Was a terrific success, and Gary cams along to me at this time, then later when I left and Tony did the other one. I used to have 100 gi rls working for me.

Michelle·

That wa$ quite alct of people to have working for you. Then were there other places coming up in competit1on?

Clem:

No, I had it all my ow n way.

Michelle ·

so when did you start travelling then?

I Clem.

By this time I had been putt i ng up with alot at home, and Adrian is o ne person who realises what I put up with 1 because he was there, he said he had never heard anything like it, and I deoided at that time, 1 had been reading books and doing yoga, because I was going to the gymnasium and I was doing weightlifting, and Alf Lester said to ms "What about yoga, don't you ever do that?'', and r thought that wasn't for me because not many people did it then . He said "Can you do a headstand? 11 and I said 11 No , '' a nd he said "lsn 1 t that a ohal ls nge? '' . So I learnt to do headstands, and it real 1 y got me in. I started reading books on yoga and yoga philosophy and about mental happiness a nd tranquility in your life. I realised that the life I was living, and the partner I was with, with alcohol , that none of it fitted together, I was always going to live in a turmoil. Another thing th~t disgusted me was ) that I had worked all those long hours and worked that hard to make that money to be torn to pieoes 1

especially when your trying to do your be~t for everyone. and all the work, and you think, well money hasn 't brought me any happiness , it's only brought me unha~p1ness.

So when t hings came to a point at home, and it wasn't my suggestion, it was suggested that I go, I went, and I waE 5uppo~ed to corns home again, but it wasn't on. Then when I left, and because of that , of having everything and striving for everything) having to stay at the best, eat the best, and do the best , I beoarne f1iendly then, at that stage I was brokenhe~rted inside, and when I went to Sydney o ne day and I bought a ooup1e of Alan Shores paintings and l've never oonfided to anyone how I felt about my troubles. I thought I can't 90 any further, and I thought here's a good one I'll tell him , and ha said to me ''You 1 re JU st the person T, m looking for, I've got so many women l don't know how to look after them all", it 's just the opposite to what I expeoted, saying sympathy and that, he made fun and so from then 1 got the opportunity to mix in with all th~ 11 hl.pp1e" crowd in Sydney 1 that sat on lounges without spri ngs in them, did a bit of smoking now and then, they just lived their lives on the floor. After all the Victorian Leagues , and all the other t hings it was such a relief to me .

When I left home I want and lived up in a room Wlth noth1n9, I lived in a bare room for a l~ng time I wouldn 1 t buy food unless I felt like eating, you Just learn about life, and it doesn't t~ke money to make you happy, you oan be just as h~ppy without it. I found I was just as happy, I had saved up some money to go to India, so when I broke up the marriage, to get away from everything, I went and lived like a hermi t up on Cape York Peninsula. I oame back after 6 months of living on the beaoh and in the bush a nd having some really 9ood experiences . I came back a9ain 1 not to 90 ~ack to the old 1 i fe, all the 111oney had been taken care of, and I had very little money, but I had paid my fare to Tndia .

I we nt aoross then to India , and the thing was we would land in Madras , we went across to Singapore, Penang and then 1 ended up going across to Nugapuoknum, south of India and

I 11adras and worki n.::i my way up l n a very ol1eap way, real 1 y t11ppig li.ving to New Delhi . and from there I went up to 1 ive in C;u~Fi'mgfe in a house boat. very poor house boat too, only 3 rupees a night, about 2 shillings a night

r lived 1n lndia for a while; I had my return tic ket and 1n those days when you had a return ticket to Sydney you oould keep going forward, so I was able to include in that Bangkok and Manila and Hong Kong , not like today. Most of the time I had Allan with me, and while I was there I met Yappa, an Israeli~ girl who was very lovely . She travelled baok to Australia; I met her when she got here , and I got her a job through John Laws

When I came baoK 1 bought ~aok alot of things with me, all those things that had to be ohecKed by customs . I had all kinds of gadgets I had pioKed up from along the way, I eventually got through custom~ t stayed here for five days and I got on a yacht with Aleo Hankin to go around the Pacific for 7 months. The day before we left the n~v19ator dropped out~ here we had this boat that was about 30 feet long, and 8 foot 6 inches wide, and four bunKs and five people to go around the Pao1fio, and no navigator.

We Kept going, we just put the compass on 045 degrees and we got there. There is a mountain there that is 4000 teat h1gh, Vl9ibility of 4000 feet is about 80 miles on the ocean, so you havf 160 mi le 1-ange to keep in 1 her-e are a lot of wreck-:; and reet around Noumea, and before we got there, the whales came ar-· 1ind ~nd worried the other boats, but how we got rid of the whales was we put the motor on, we had an auxill~ry motor, and that frightened them.

Michelle:

So you came baok then after that?

Clem·

No, when I 9ot to Western Samoa I had this big row with Alec , and deserted the ship. He said "What nre you going to do? live on the island or on the ship 1 " and I said "Aleo, 1 'm going to live on the island". I stayed there for 3 01 4 days and it was a lovely place, the people were lovely, bLlt then l went baok because if I wanted to stay I had to 90 and see the Immigration Department in one of the larger towns, I wouldn ' t have been allowed to stay there, because they are very strict, you are only allowed to stay there for 4 days,at that stage and even the citizens there, if they take up a New Zealand citizenship they are only allowed b~ok as visitors, only allowed back the 4 days .

When we got down there, so we decided, I hadn L seen immigration by that stage, Alec wanted to go to Aggy Grey's that night and I thought ''Oh no, this is the very thing I've been avoiding, because you get all these hotels with all the western influence. I decided to go with him , I didn 1 t want to go but he wanted me for company.

' The next day we went 1.n by dinghy, and I hopped of because Alec's muoh bigger than me, and I'm lighter, and I hopped off onto a rocK and held tne dinghy to pull him in and a wave came over and pushed the dinghy and a copper nail went through to my bone. I spent 6 weeks in hospital , in the mean time they waited about 3 weeks for me, then 1 watched them 90 cut through t he reef ,and I felt I had control of that boa~ although we had those rough seas, like for q day~ before we got there every body thought it was the end the boat was leaking and we didn ' t know where we were , so it was 11ke a blt of haaven when we did find the 1.sland. But I had "n idea that we fou nd it , I felt like a polynesian because l never heard of Savav islands until we got there. I felt just like I belonged there; everyone has a dream of living on a pacific island with the palm t;ees and the reefs, it's Just a dream, it was really just a dream come true for me. I wouldn 't eat any european food they offered me , I would only eat the island food.

Michelle:

So you learnt the language and everythi ng?

Clem:

I know a considerable part of the language, but I never learnt the language completely because they only have nine letters, five vowel,s and it's all inta-r o_.... l'lh:ltion. You tiear them talking about one thing, some words have forty meaning~, because of the shortage of words. r can p1ok up language of what people are talking about but they also talk in alot of proverbs I know all the polite sayings, as for following the conversation, I couldn't; it goes too fast.

In meantime Alec's gone off again, they sat off for Tahiti, so after about 6 weeks, I asked if r could go out to the village for the last week or so, and they saiQ yes, the customs read the rights to me about staying there.

Mic t"lel le :

so you left the ho~pi tal then.

Clem:

Yes, I went out 1..o the vi l la9e, then ! deal ded after I liad been there for a week, that I had better o~tch up with Alec again, I had to get back to Australia; he had gone to Tahiti, so I got on a plane and flew across to Tahiti. I stayed there with ~ old frenoh ladies, in a very old boarding houses for only $3.00 a day, opposite the post office. I had quite a good t i me then , and mixed with quite a few people . I waited and waited and used to go down to the yachts oom1ng in every day 1 and Lhey were never there. Eventually I got a mec.sage from the post office that they had gone down to the Cook Islands. I thought "What about the Cook Tslands ; I)ll possibiliy get there and they've gone somewhere else", instead of going to the Cook Islands, I went baok to Western Samoa again to live in the village.

I got ln there on a permit somehow or another arranged, and

when I left wastern Samoa I went down to Noume~. I didn•t have much money left by that stage so I was expecting to get some money , but in the meantime I only had about $20.00 or $30 .00 so l Lhink I spent about $20.00 and I got in a light plane and I went up to Malakula Island, because it wa$ one of tl,ese uni. nhabi ted islands with the Europeans, there were a few Frenchmen there and a bit of a hospital and a few of the English because they were both represented and on this island Jived the bl9 N~mbas

I was anxious to get to these really primitve people; they had been head hunters five years before and they never wore any clothes, they used to wear a coconut belt and then they would wrap their penis up in this fluffy stuff and pull it up and tuck it in t he belt, a nd leave their testicle~ down, and I thought I would like to get up to this primitive place. r got there, and I became friendly with a guy named Marcus; he had a wife living in one of the villages, so I said to Mat cus "Look , this is all I've got", it was only $7.00 or $10.00, so r gave it all to h:i.m. He said "Don>t worry about it, I'll look after you . '' The "first thing he did was t.,o go and buy two bottles of Lemonade . He spent the money , and he was glad to have me for company, and he was looking after me. He took me to the village where his wife was . When I got to the village where his wife was, they didn't rush up and kiss and hug eaoh other; he rushes and p1oks up the little boy and makes a great fuss of him, and then I have work out that t his was his son, and I had to work out who was the mother of the son, because they don't introduce you.

I learnt alot from that guy going through and we got to villages there with no money, and we travelled ~ight around. 1 was told I should take Malaria tablets because all ~orts of rj1seases were going around, ~o I started taking th~~e tablets, but I felt so well after a while I didn't bother and within a few days I oaught Malaria.

When I got back to where we s tarted on Malakula Island, the French people were the only people oom1ng ln on planes and because I didn't speak French they wouldn't plok me up. I jusL had to s t ay there and stay there. Eventually someone got me on a plane going to Santo, and then t explained to the woman , that I had paid for the ticket, and they didn't pie~ me up , so I was allowed to stay at the hotel but there was no food. That's al l they would be responsible for, and l had no money for food, but r became friendly with the native~ and they were buying me food and drink. Eventually I got down ard the money wasn>t there , even when I got back to Port V~ la, and there was a French Hotel there so I went along, and I had a credit card for Hotel Australia whi c h impres5ed him very muoh, and he said I could have my meals there and give l1 i111 the money when I had it. Eventually I got a dr-af t then from there I oame down to Fiji again, and baok to Australia. I stayed for about a week, and went straight back because I was allowed to stay for another 6 months on the island, and I lived the best part of two years over there.

I

11ichel le:

so vou were away from Australia except for those 5 days you weren 't really here for a while .

Clem:

No , I wasn't here for a whi le. I lived up there and when I did come back I would go back aga1n.

Micl"lel le:

So you oame back, and started up Clams 11 yea1·s .~go.

Clem:

No when I came back I had to get a divorce to fix up business for marit~al affairs. After that 1 bought Cloms. It took me about a year and a half to build, that's fourteen years ago.

Michelle:

. t . . • You bought that little miners cottage to live in d1dn t you?

Clem·

Yes , that's right. When 1 c~me back I still had no money, so I got some material and started doing screen printing the same as what they did the carpet pt inting on the islands. I used to print the frocks and 1 used to sign them "Tulomulolo" which was the title name they had g1ven to me up there.In 1969 T went back and got the tattoo .

Fro1n then I went on unemployment then on the pension, then with money I got from the frocks I bought the land for Clams.

Miohelle:

The frooks were a success weren 1 t they?

Clem·

Ye~ I've had a few successes, ~nd Clams was a terrific suouess when we first started it, but of course Gary helped me there with finance in the end. There is only one thing I'm sorry for that I really got tied down with Gary; I wantP.d to make it into a taKeawav.

M1ohelle:

Like "Shipmates"?

Clem:

I think in 5ome ways I know they have take away at the Whnrf, because they can pay the rent it is alright, but in someways takeaways are so much easier than restaurants.

Michelle :

There is so much into restaurants , there are so many things.

Clem·

There are so many worries .

Michelle :

Staff and everything.

Clem .

You can get a person wo1-k in your place, coffee shop~ are nearJy down to that standard.

Michelle·

But, with rastaurants they are a whole different ball game aqa1n . So, do you think Newcastle has changed it 's eating habits from starting off then and now,

Clem:

When r first oame to Newcas tle when the kids were young, you would go down to t he Northern for dinner . Hardly anyone would eat out, we were one of the few who ate out, who only ate out if you had money or were making money . When you did go to eating out, there was the coffee shop in Bolton Street, and othe1 wise you went to a Greek milkbar that had coffee, or steak. You oould get a hotel n1ea1, but a hotel meal in those days conststed of a sat menu, Chlcken or roa~t beef, Fruit salad and ice-oream or plum pudding and t hat sort of thing. lt s only the latter years since the war that we've had all these other places coming in brjnging in al1 these new food5 . Apart from that there were exclusive restaur~nt5 in Sydney places you went to, but you could count them, otherw1se 1t was Just 3n ordinary pub

Michelle :

I think also with Newcastle, people are going back to the cheaper alternative.

Clem:

I agree, people are also eating in centres, like shopp1n9 centres, The Wharf , it's a centre because peapla congregate t here. Darby Street ls turning into a centre were people congregate. A restaurant that i$ a bit out of the wQy has to be a bit different to draw people there; you oan do 1t, 11Ke I'm a bit out of the w~y aren't I? But r can understand people eating at The Wharf , there i s something to walk around and see afterwards, and the other big thing is, that you can eat and have a few dri nks in town and walk back to the acoomodation,

I Michelle:

ThaL's changed evertning too now liKe drinking and DUI is so prevelant .

Clem.

Yes, not like before when you t~ke the risk. People don't take the risk now . I think Newca5tle has a mining town fee11nq where everyone knows everyone else, but Newcastle is finally coming into it,s own now .

ESSA':-(_

NENC..AS;TLE - 01NIN6 OJ1 ~

pl

f\., ,. Yvl_ \ C\ st twe.l'I ~ ~ e.ctf s N O\J oc..o ~ fr( OJ'\~ hC\\fR- be.f\e..ft f-ect (ru~ t-V'\.e. ~CCV-l h of! f V\«.

(..es. uf~+ 111du~ v-'1 lf\ ~ a.reo._. t,.,J,· ~CYlly

rf-0 '-1-se.ve.V"'\ eo.hr\5 ~ .. t-a.bl 1~ht'Y\ett~, 1Acludirlj1

co. p.e > QA d VV\ ti k .. bcr~ 1" I '1'-t~; N wc.Q sf- I e

f\O~ c..lO .. J tV1.S. 0 hav.e th \MOS+ Nfjh \~ c_aflc_e/) re...~ d Y\UVV\be( cf (' s a.urCXr'\ per

' .. C.O..p1 ~a.. +~A I·~ C..""~ of-Ir)'<.( ()C.r of f--k 'S.ta.t-€. lV°'\ °"('\ 1f'\dus\ <y h.lh ~r +h~ o..v _ra3e Ii f.'~ -~ ~1 o( HNi. scvV\ opce.ro. or 1A a . re..s-{c,u -al'\t tS

O"'~ ~'" c1eo..f s, Y\ wcos l nro wit"' ~ect t~ (IS,Q. Q()d fc__L( of Q nurf\ be.r of €..:>f-al-Jist-\nwr~ 'TV\tL \ /'\dus\-v'-1 h o\ d 'S Hr\Q... VV'vl~fc:~+t..Jn~ o{ ho.N' t1j Ocf')e of +he V-'\~ h s. \ roles o(- l~rik..rup c't '"' Aus.rro.A1C\ s:o ~ operQtors 11e to recCX()YI ' 3 e.

+NL Lu~r.iflt t'r'C.vl(eJ- +r ds a.rd d15rlD'-/ o... k e..n l l"\.\-u \ ti Of"'l • f3e.. C C.u S E' 0 f ~-h15 Dr'\ I ~ r~ Mc ~t-0. ShJ t-e ope.re,, or ..S Sur v \ '1 ~ ,

G:V<2-r\ thou~~ NRt-JCQ Me f\C'-' ~~ °" N5h'1 C..O~CQ/\f-r~ d resrC.\Jf'"O\t Y"\uc.,e.us. 1\-

~ ~' o t Ckl 1.-J~..s. be en 4-h.o. 'vv~ . B \ "t3 °' \.Jofk1~-c..\0iss -\-oNn

1 , 15 s.h ll ~ re.IC\h vr<.f'-/

n e ~ .t_ )(per 1 €.f'\ '- fur ++uL CW' er°' tJ e c.1 < 3 ~ .\-o d1nQ 0->t . Mov\"2A../ wCS cr-d Sfi I ... CAI"! 1 rn port-cl'"\+ t'c c.. tar lr\ de c~ cJ 1 r\j v-..ih ere. dv\e.£ cc" c_l-\oo~e ~CVVl. ~~ puts t/'\C..f~Cr~l~

I pr .e c.c:; u re_ or-i ih.e r-e. s. 0vu v u··J~ to f' D due:. c:>

fm.e.~r %act oJ H'-4Z !ohJe sf- po--s.,b\e pr1 c . lkare.. i ~ a ne q for ('~ s rc.ufCY'\1-:s. fo pu~ toa f-h.~ r

' NQ.wc°'s le. MorY)1~ He.raJd l ~. "3 · trg p ~ .

p1 'Sipe c. 1c.l d.QIO./\-s. cr-.,:::1 P' '1 c.~ oJrt-10. c: ~

c s~~ .~ rn::uDct'Rt of N v-lco~\-1 ( ~(f <:. oft"E f" o\<2~~ tr'c,-.3'1 :.:J {(o/Y"\ kcf f-prlc_e lcb~~ to w-~e cl s.~.rts N +v\ Y"V'!~o\s.. l+ IS L>-1 \\Jc ~ {\nd ~(S ~ t cf ef'lti c:.:..e r"v)~t- (r'\ O<\Lj <:::>{-h..o_r p:r\-C> t (c}e. 1Nt.S.e ~ pe.s oF ~ s g-1.-....."f"I c/c.s Ole.. cbv·1Q)~/ o.dvO'l ag<2. to tha... d'/\e.R .

It was CY'°' 1 '1 t,...., k l q 6C '.. \rha. f f("-2 e­f-Q")di~9 y-..e_sfcv/"CAt- beect) +o ~ rge. \I"')

N ~ c_ cst-1 '2.. \ Y\ tN po. ~ ~ V'Y'<-€.c/I r ( C\J \cl~°' A. •

~ clvb.5 i-h.('ou5lA O<..Jt- tJe~c..as I ~d 1 1-s OJ'\u i rO() S. ho.a ~ .. p v-e~ fc. ~ro-i ~ r c:::/'I s · a c-i Y'Y"'I 1 j/""I ~ I""'\ tY') . c 1 u b l""h e o. I s. 1.r..J 'Z .r ~ .--J c... f C<

~ Qs 5 e..a.k. crd eoo- "J("')~ '.p ... 1c_es ~ .e.

k-cpt 0 °' ' M '"'l'V'\._,~ l-"'-rc~ S~1d\. .PS .

w IT h CJ'( I vaJ... cf fY\I ~ rc.nt..s. IF\ A..::.~ ~yoJ I ct

cc..~ ~ 1 ri ctr odL>:.. I c.Y"\ o rf rY1cn '-1 c...~+t r')ef'\·+-oJ..

h..rpe.. ~-ds prev\cx.sl~ Ul'"'\l~c.c->t"). ScJc{V"\i)

c.qbc '""o<::::>c;;;. \ 1

c.cvrc...r 0<1d ~pr1'/-c. \r-''<-1~ o..,ut.

nove\ b +--\'"°-- Av>f rc...Hcn . ·\ha...s ·J<-fpc?s ~ P fc>ccl sh . .) rps beer-f') 1t::;;, be. fi ) ..!~ red ~k rou71 h ~ fl'\C.rk.et- in1 t1c.ll~ o c.c~r fer ~~ nQY"J

~CJdCt"\ . ( .L Sccr'I ~DQ-) +o b~ fAs.N<Y'"\Qb\

{-er Ausrrc. l 1 ~ +o purci---ioc"'- 1-h..rLs~ cf6cd ~ er.d noi ~l...A: h 1 c. . .te.r t-~~ ~iaol ace, i l.Po.t °'- ~~H?_ n , ' 1<=>r I . DeJ1.1 c:.. Q,;' e c_s<2.l?S wefe. o,k:) ( ~ 'iCp0 cA

~ r v C.t''l e~ of produ<:..-+ - Ord 1 r-, ~ I~ \ct <;o~ {~f NG\S a.. be.a~ \r, ~cJ ~ c.f-~ prod..;e1 . A o\el 1 cOv\ ~~Ser\ ow l"'er \" \ °l~b

GO'y\rnen~d ~ \\ ~Q...'(e.. l "5> nc dO-lb ~ tho. b.e..fcre. P0.' (- Ofy\Vc:J_ (Ml ~rC/""\K) DJ(" -; rC("')O c;q

p3 r ') -- _.. I -' DI . • 11 2 · • 1· 1.-,~" '3~S. 1., .... u::;_ c.i.-,J OJ)v. T ~V~JI('$..

Not oJ.J\ ~ f=c::d.. c.Jrc.nae.s h0id fc..k.~') \c c.e. \ r") ~ de_.\ 1C::...O.. c-~ ~ c.?.r> .S \-\ h..{ cJ..J Cf)~

prC>J\c\e..d 1-N- b=.st.s of {Y'l~~s.1 No1oc.a~+n~ ~~(Ad ~fer ~ d f-o .. Q • .')( p-c2-r' l (Y\ <2./-./ }/"i d I I'"'\ I .~ J out A\- °' t..cl--\-e ~ - 1--::>er o.nd r:.::- s-+curO""'\ ·

sp c.1c.i\J$\'1~ \r'I I ~~I~ ol1s.hc<S ~ C>~nQ t;; cJC:Jr-r-. ~ '-' low~~0es..s hc"S nev-e.r b<2-c:>-f"\ be~.3

HUV)0cr\c.r-. f~ o..ppC2.a..ri c( ~b~ 6fl<2 ~f ~ mere. (-'t:>p._>lc.r ry pe::::. of C.u\~,,..,~ O.vc..A \ ablo_ . 0<....>R- +o ~ 0eortfne.SS O<ld quat'lhly ct ~ too~ crd f-1~ (c;c.. .(--hcJ- au Tho.. \~<()red t<?.ll t-.s were. o.vc~ lo..b te lc::><:.Cllly, H rer(·•?/e re.co5r..1SCb 1 +o Q- d~/Jer; f'Y'D.d i CV'I

o... +-+rc.c. h ye C-u lS 1 ~e_ \--o k N.e.wc o.c;... f I ca._

C. c..j-r.>""r-..0..~ . fi \"l Ol..Jr'"'\~ of C.. '\je.._i CQ. c.; ( 1 ~

r st-_urc--;-t s c., cJ1$11"'3 , "°"" Hutr' c./J (~d c.. \ c ( l'Y' ..&::>ol L' --;~ / o o t '"Y"Y c_.i....)«;.f-o.l')--..Q.,~s. ar@ Aus1 cl )Ct'J~ as W"\ OS ~ur<=>p CV'~ c_cc:;I<- ! 1~11"

Q\-.J f"\ no..n ore).. d IS~ aj h~ e .q '-1-.

Chne~ Qq_ cu ~~ lrcve, o.J~Du--js. b.QQn popu\ c.r 1 r> N ~JC.OC,~ I e.. rd r~ ~ '20.r { y ( °lbO /

{ }~ c::;._LfVY\~\ 3<2..ol tk_ C.. ( r-<2//t° rr.crkeJ- ~ ('er.cJs )"' 'C,((,o {~ \A k~ n3 Doo ~ Lhi-'""e s.c. f'cc:;ic.uro4-o()2.f'.e. q 1n -H ru- c; t as er-. a dd, h CY') +o , c.~r15\f'Qi u K ·. 9 f)oD

11 1 I"") P-Y2 CuVV'\O'\ t st~

Hetn'1 I tef'). ~ 1~ Q.. 0'-Jf'le..rS ""-'er: ~ '.> t~ COfX-'

h..\1 ~ fW \n~\u'< or ~cpl q-ec1r1~3 ~-s.

2. N'-'~c.as1 le. ;¥')0')!1~ Heva.L <A \1 · 2 ·S6 p ~ 7>. \ e, \ o 3. s - s'6 r s-4- l&\D

~- N0vJcC1c;t\e_ S\Jf\J 1 ·12.: c, o .

I

p 4' _

~heqper o._l \€ ( 1

1\JQ.. CUI S.1.')Q.._ Iha-{"'~ Pcr~-

H\..YI er st- v.. \<~""'1'\5 ~~ l., ~s e_re_cJ d

~con11~ t n/s.f- N£?.-t.JC().c;.1-le. Y-€.<J>iC'~Oyf­\o V]c .. /e. ~r-c.C11c11t-rCY)(~ /h t"S. res.{-cut~+­

hjc"'s Cf'<?_ ct ~ VY)C- t- >U c..~e. s s. fu \ (e. s ~ "' I.,) rQ\ts o.C 1 ~ _ +;."Y)C?_ l n N e....Jcos H C?..,

Ch1nese_ res:.\c.u~~ led hJ0.-1 rFc>r ~ 1(")(\rcx:k.c.h°' of o~ r cui~I i)e . l 1" \'l-ro c;ri~ c£- t7'c- C rs orf-I c l.e S Cfl d """t 1(5 Ou J.. owo.r-;,. c/1 "' ++ hJe...r.Jco~ ;t-1 e.. VV'crt'l• ·CJ He.rold .6. -: wa~ c..)CJ (Y),ed hci Y'),W re..SrCJ.Jif"Ovk: end r u103ri ''°S cf~' srr ("\..S e°'11.~3 rfC.c.1 'rl--r ~ (,..cd "f t-e. Cf NQ.Wc.c~P\-e~ ec,ry.~~ hc.br+s. !1Jf.o ~q P., fd c-,.C uY'"'pr~ e/) d O../l're..Of scpN~ co nc.Y'\ ~ 1 /!--\ e

Qc LU'> t \...JC,S D/") 1 D.-v r - pn c. ed ecJ e_r1 e..s ey-.cJ

R r 1l1r- se c._l)S.+orf't2fS l..Y)\.-...jl 11t~1-oex p!of p

o\-~v- c..u/s_\~-- ~bs}1 ~ures NC2C'"e. v-eo.d i 'I Ct.'1CJ \ob\e . -1"\t\.D... h.Jrl k.r e7f tk a.r h cJ e 'fofY'I ~nass

I I

pre.di <:.;k_of ~ e.. ""a!;. even \?e.J1-er k:> c.orrQ. \..\ r22_c;_~l,)Y-~() t .fcc.°d I f-1 e.5 SC::W'"rlL oq.:/ 1~5. up tO

I 00 oco 1 r-itY'c"Cluc ed rec'2r1 I~ here 9'1v~n (\( I ) - r \ ' 'D\JCC c..sfr 1 c()s ~ choi c..e. LAT. di""' 1~ 00} pt-e..'\J 1 Ct.Jci .. 1 u0kn<: "~.I"') O'IC fhcLr42 's. bef.J- ~ ,r 1-o ee.l"y-)e 1" .P ch CY') o ~ er ,.......,o :;!..) s D"""'> N e..v c..0> _ f- \~

be c.c•'"'~ "'c;a.

I~ 1rcns1c;H on qt r.:crbc.1 s-1 r fc rN"'I:; 1 '1 J<Jf)Ql..J °' s. ~k-e. Rd ) ·~D~ °' s.IT- o-.:r- 0 L vtetj\€0 d o\d rr°'cQ J.:;u1 I di.""'5s i~aJ

\'\(Y....)";<Zd o ~pourri of prof'e>s.Si.1~ Dffic_~c-; b, Ner-.JC.OS r Ice_ rY1oO'l \'1j HerQ/d 7 i '2 · a p '+ 1. i810 ~ 1010

pS-' Sf'f"¥~-.\ l tuitr'JeSSieS. o.nd r-e ~\ de.J)cQS -0 a.(~~

e-vJc.oc- H ~ s vY\C~ pop...>\o..,,c< \-e...s..+cu_)~1 >+- I\ \r\06. O()lL1 QC..c::_u</ d '"" ""'-- lo.'£..~ < \ r '-:( f!Qr~. Today ~- ~e\..Je ~t -de""'" r: C.UCi ~'

/

·~·'2.-f\ tcJ<-e-o..tv.1~ {cc-d OJ lEtls. 011d ~o C..~e. lo.JV"'\ se.s · ~ ly Of'>e Y--€.._~rC\Uv'"~+ res yr~ll"\e..d L;f'\C\ef tNi. S..CYY\ e:: ~

{(_-,r '(\{\ove tho-, ~ve. y CAY'S..

I~ \C\ b~ ()o'A C..ur \-\ ~ o.nd Ch .Pf Q ed

+ ok. o er ty\e.. H oJ::>e..rr,era , Ci ion5-(l.fr\~ f)\~ht"ciub 'Su~pe_c.J-<~.d OS ope.r~J-if\Ej OI- <Y'1

I l \.e 5ci ~ e::> ~-'- , lh.a._ H o..b.<a.n e ca.. \...JC~ o..... clonous tutld1r',9 / or'S'fPM..~ o.. bcard1/)9-

hous. <2. 'Nh <2...-f e. fh.J o 5 u 1 c__ 1 d - - tAcd a:-c...u r cl oJ'\d o.. G re, wN c.h {-<U'. c;;::; vr<t'--1 dOt'Y)Q io d ~~ \()$\de.~ o{ \-h_a_ b_,\ Id \/It] . ~ Cur 1-r

~d C\1f-f ~d c.hcl3e..cJ ~ r ~$l. -to ~ rs- -Wo wh,c,lr\ has YVfYIO\.\V"-«<d so ,pr ~ef\1-y - four y oor ___: . ln 1 h c.U '-1 °' S. c.Jc_- h u ... e.. ~- d uc.l- C\Nt'\e.rs sd d · / I'!

I

l Q.'15 +o &fh-1 Re_dd1f'\_CJ kJhc ·, /"'\ fL<V'i \"'old f-c &J.ry end Per-<\ U'-\sh R:Y-c:T 1n i c1-?c-.

~n-PV' +-k ~-~hfof d s took eve£ ~ 12..rt-e· s.\rD -~· ... ,,..x~ ~~ Dr)\~ tv-..JO o~ OVV)peh~S

l/'"\ Pccb'-1 s-t. 'T - R-ed f:cx "'-..lCiS CV')~ c~ ~o-;e cCIV)~n ors. ; r + \A.JC.<;. fef Y"h - t1 "-1 Q.

(.eSIOel)C ~ Cr"'\d l:Jz.5~ cperclrt f"\s O\S 0....

.e.sJ (°'t ,t) lCr'f.=< :·t Qe.co~ ~ ~tppos a.ppro""\~'1 f" ye..c<S. lcte...,eJ se.rv\r\~ ~r.e..f'Ch {Oc:>d V'de.R Llcx;o\ Mu(f~ff . At'lo~ .f'e,\.J yecrs 'cit:R.. ii- ~s t-a be.cc:>,l"'fJe Lcx.Jc.s ~. Ne..rJca~He. Morf\tt!j ~ercJq. ~ · )O-~

'Pb Q sk:ur-cr:rf · ~ d b41 ICY) -.'-'a~Q. A

'9~r th-- r siCJ..JrC>-\1 c..r.cl)ged Y-Y-.-ndS

o. 30--\ 0 +.i"~ ~ h ~e.. ~ o serv V tv-x:::MeS~ I ~

c.u l ( r') e. {YO.. o' -, ~ u!Jd.R.r ~ r.o.. l">'J ~ ot-l-c.1'IS I

fv oCfc\ s 0-Js.f-e.R. Ba.r betpl ~d1r:,'J t')

\qb3 se.JJ11n~ f ~_sV-,1\..j op€r>ed o~+efs Pc:r -tc~ -C'-"/~ ~<pd s . S oV' \e_ d-e ireq to c 1 (") k shDp Ct-'.d v-..on d va..r r .e..fi e Ot CLJStef..:S f-Ns b.;,Sl/"\ef:5 las~cl oy...._'r

{\ \.e..CGn y~o.rs. Ned.s oodl le ov~~ t-~ pr<2.Y-n i ~ e ~ . \Jn fQI'" 4-un CA+- 1"1 4 N .s. r.estcurcn ~ WC> ~11-hc t +-h SuC.<-."'2'.s-S

c ·1 ts pr d <2-S.esse:>rs . S:-eJ11~ ~ tcrg ~ rona<?-of pc<;.tcs I 1,..Jl)-h~t ~ pc33os __,hJO,S

n ot- l Or} ~I c ("..),~ 1 v \ bl e °' + ~-N. i1 IY').Q • TY\O re.sAcurcn closed ci ~ll °'f-1-e.r 0·us \ e..1('1ht--e.<2/: hl~ . No_r.: of"'l +..h.o pr~\S€S v-Q<: V\i.

Blue. fV'c , °' G-e.rmct'J-Sf41-1 1~ ..e~n"':~/\<- t? ...

T~ f:,\ ue. ~ (YQ.('.C;r;e.d t-o k ~ 0 A~t-for O.p(A"e>'X ·, YY-.ct-e,\'1 s1 x- Lj ·qf"S o-d b'nc)tlf

cx.f\.ef V'Y'Cny rr c n+hs Of) +-NL ('()CYk_-<~ Sol~ ~ l-o Ro;e~ Co..rrtbeCY\ \l'l Q.a,r~ l'1V°J .

\~ ~u\ c.1r\-e.~ of no\e~sf-lrc--Vl '3h v>atto-c.H 1;~ or: :' Jo.~ \ab\«. <rJ CQrb_.; ~ t­n~1 p\ 0.S c:. :;ec...1' 1 i ~ YYle_nu.s sucJ'I o.s ve.9~\-c.r1 c.n

1 hec.L h food or cs <2. Cf"'\d

S ~foc:d. \rJ1\h suc.h °' 0 1ocd of Q.~rl€~ fflto

Cbrb-J s.t ~~€ 1 s. bo\YJ d +o be o f-€.IW uos\1~ f='c.d ~res . Fcrvno r Tc~e I CX-<...UP-J' ~ fW- <:$\('.f_ ,r bJ\) d Ins 0 f CCrb ~ Ord LoYx:. l I

' -, s+s prcve.c\ l-o k?e- a.,-, ..e_,.t">O r ~ rr.°J "S.. tel e .... Re.~·r 1 ~)~ c..~s+1/13 C\fe.f ~f ofa m111JDf)

de>l/C/.SjUS lo cp.of"> ~ Y'esfc:~r01t1 l + U\~ l"C.rMWol k p oper1 {Ct-Jus:i Sh< we:i.k.s.

\NS f-ype. uf M \ cd v<C?Y>1ure_ er,~ CV'dR.rl11}e~ t.no~ °' pr<)pr1edor Mt.Y~+ f-h.ov-0<...>5~1.1 reseCtYc.J> ard posses:s Of)

C.-r'-'C.CVJeSS of th.a.- hn ,c._x:.y N ~co 1?... LJ...);.~.

\0 l CJCZ-<6 f'J~c...o.s/'i~ was can p(Jed ~ C\.

c¥-cA t) r.e.s tcuf 0-.1 bu1 , d10'1 ~. 1-.J '+Y\t /) °' ~,..J VYJdl+hs S1~3\er.s. tn K1n9 s.+-,.., T~ Blcr.t S lump Lr'I ),(1 r-i c; ~ f {Y) c Oc/Jc.Jl d .-. \ I") JI\. , ,I"") a +

J ( ~ ~

oJA opef)e. cl 4-Q..J ( dQ::l"S to fLo. pub( I c. . I"' t+e_

\°'Sot- /eo..1 ft J r lf'/\O( e_ S..13 3 \ef .S ¥-'C.J.1e.... c(-Xif!e cl

ofld +.hre..e.. VY\oe me ~ds rf"- t" vc..r<cus s. ~ (/\€125 of C!:..YV\ p'..e ?c~I)

1 cJA. V-e. f I .e d1 r\3

N OJ cx:..qstr (ere. cho I c e. 0 rd i I\ 0) -'"'a • ~ N' ~ t-N ... c.. ,..)

.fr01c.l.N s '!_ r-~sicuf'0""\1.s Qf 2- c. CY>l) u~ I ..-ig o.ivt bz.~e. -{-ho_.r0 Ori o...L+e_rv\C.:- 1vc>_ which has:: prcve.11 .o_>e-t-fe...YV).O ty ~ L<--€.S~A_, I ( s (Y)e. I C.O\

{bed . ~,... are of) l ~ l"'L.J o t'\l)q_ -..,c1 c.o; re:s.b.1Jrcnts \r. fQvJcos.H e. j Ice o B 11.s. 1,., C'cr~ S' °'d '\\l\uc.J10 r{)o l~C{) 1/1 1~ :fu()cJiC'J. \N2-A-f aft<.

~<'l(Yl·"lg up +o NO f-ho_r;,.~d c_u~~s 0 tt-J ea...Y<. be.~ r Qf1 i} rl) . ( ens. 1 d OJ i t"'\ o .

l-1--u.. ( e..s.lc.uf'c,r-,-\_<: 1

.;: 1".$12- c.vd ~-h.g ('e. el- ii~ c.u1-t~ a.re. onl'-1 o~/') Foe {o..:>r v-c, r~ eqt:J\

dcY-J , t\N S ~pe.. e>-p focd be~ +r /\b;-~e. o~ ~ '{'f'\D"> v~)lcr \rl N~ca.~l-lv Tlr-Q_ . r c..'heapu pc1c..es 9ucl1 h.t erd 90011-r hJ o lh ~d IS~ 1cd--tfcc.ho0

1 (e ~lee' r:J H4.

p15 '5C('NL pr111c,p e tr-J( Gk cJ+(cc ~ Novcc_q _ rt(S

+o r\ut~Cr"> feed Ir; t}-o_ \~ l°!SO~ NQ....NC..CtS le Gp(X?~rs k__., rc.,v~ Cc::;IY'>e C\Jc~q .

W~ \{"") r ""°-. f'ec;, CIJVor-. I rids>t/Yy . t3c r Jc ~ t A,

\-k Sos Q.r'\d ~ Cc.of ~(i onLi bJc;..ines..s c..culd c..tfc-rd bdVie. duf o-d re~k::JJrr:r.17s W.e.,(e._ S:CC/C'2- .f-o (/C.Nlr,:::J S'vC.h 0. f~l IVt ~ 1nr:Y.>sk-r'-/ led~ hcts ll)r d o. k::e>.-.i1 I d.er1.r,9 e.{k c

Of'i N 0io:: C1St-r1o.r-& . l r.,a_(') res b.AJ r°""' tcs. -tt::~d °J ~ ~ ~ J'Y)C$t (A:: t::l '}er() Or) ~ YYYV)\J-'

d1s\rP~ ~uch a~ s<.:;c!..:sh.e)4-I fblqs"'~se .f; )fcl1~ ~d cpr1~ r<otis I'"') C1'..1Ae~e {2.a..sn::..urc~t s ore <;;~'rl I roJ~'(:) h1'(jh..I / . WI h ~ ~C(JCh.i~ r.est-c.urcr·d s €...'JD'-f' ~ c-o VV\U<: h.

Sue!. -SS \{) N e..;c:..C1-s:H e. b'-1 r-e..IL.J I~:; (\ pfCA./") vnc..O"Y'\p )c.oJed ~ d hDt.,_)S. trcd- 1-M_ 0q] C>f ) ~~ ot N.Q,..Jc:a sHe c.~1ne.rs ere still co.051-1--up w 1 J-'h a..+h +ude of #vL l°t"Os end (Os . WM h~­f\J~c.o<;: l~ ho~ Cc<Y"ie cl~ h.lCl..j 1 n H"°-. prcv,S\CY> e:>f- ~+e.c1e.... ~e 0!1r,c2..r 1 s '-/

r.1 (, I r€.c\1se.. 4-~r rvl ~nci.. lotYJ ~rr-C1c;& (Xed,d-lc:Y> 111 )C,10" ..l--}'\D..r.Q. f.s. Q..v<'n ~..,e#Pr to Lome 1

.1 1 s s 1 11 C..Wh c~b\ e. \ n ) CJ~ q . "0

Newcastle Morning Hera ld Newcastle Morning Herald Newcastle Morning Herald Newcastle Morning Herald Newcastle Morning Herald Newcastle Morning Hera ld Newcastle Morning Herald Newcastle Morning Herald

Newcastle Sun Newcastle Sun

The Newcastle Post

The Newcastle Star

4.

BJBILOGRA.PHY

18.3.48 8. 1. 52

17.2.56 3.5 . 58

24. 10.70 15. 1. 88

4.7.88 10.6.88

'7. 12. 60 12.12.77

16.4.89

DATES NOT ~VAILABLE