Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC), VOC Exempt

Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC)The New VOC Exempt Solvent

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Product Introduction

• History • Supply Picture• Characteristics

EPA Statement

• Exact Verbiage• Current VOC Exempt Map

Product Applications

• Applications• Economics• Sampling Process• Other VOC Exempt Solvents

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Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC) History

• 1997 - Manufacturing Process changes from Phosgenation to Esterification greatly reducing costs

• 2002 – DMC is characterized as generally safe in Europe and is named “Green Product” by Chinese equivalent to EPA

• 2004 – Initial Application is made to EPA for VOC Exemption

• 2009 – Jan. 13th - DMC and Propylene Carbonate are characterized as VOC exempt

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PRODUCT INTRODUCTION

Supply Picture

• Total US Volume of VOC exempt solvents market not including acetone is estimated to be 30,000 MT / year

• PCBTF and TBAC are currently considered the two largest volume VOC exempt solvents being used.

• Current Chinese production capacity exceeds 200,000 MT per year and has been growing at a rate of more than 25% per year

• The core raw material for DMC and Propylene Carbonate is Propylene Oxide.

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Chemical Structure and Formula

CH3 O C O CH3

O

CAS: 616-38-6 Formula: C3 H6 O3

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Dimethyl Carbonate

Solvent Comparison Chart for Common Solvents

Chemical Properties DimethylCarbonate Acetone PCBTF

Tert Butyl

AcetateToluene Xylene MEK MIBK Isopropyl

Acetaten-Butyl Acetate

Total Hansen Solubility Parameter 10.4 9.76 8.64 8.11 8.9 8.7 9.13 8.3 8.61 8.49

Relative Evaporation rate 3.22 6.32 0.9 2.8 1.9 0.7 3.9 1.6 3 1

Flashpoint 'F 63 (-) 4 109 40 45 86 24 60 42 81

Specific Gravity @ 20'C 1.072 0.791 1.342 0.865 0.872 0.863 0.804 0.802 0.872 0.882

Boiling Point 'F 195'F 132'F 282 208 231 280 175 240 188 250

Lbs/gal 8.93 6.59 11.24 7.22 7.26 7.24 6.71 6.67 7.27 7.35

MIR value 0.06 0.43 0.11 0.22 3.97 7.37 1.49 4.31 1.12 0.89

VOC by EPA No No No No Yes yes yes yes yes yes

HAPS No No No No Yes yes no yes no no

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PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

General Properties

• Under normal temperature, it is a colorless, fast evaporating, transparent liquid with a molecular weight of 90.08.

• Has substantial polar nature, and moderate h-bonding strength effective in replacing esters, glycol ethers and ketones in formulations.

• Can be mixed with organic solvents such as alcohol, ketones, esters, etc. at any proportion and is slightly soluble in water (up to 13%)

• DMC has a melting point of 4 and a boiling point of 90.3 , and flash point ℃ ℃of 17 ºC (63 ºF).

• Index of refraction (nd20), viscosity and latent heat of vaporization are respectively 1.3697,0.664mpa.s and 8382KJ/Kmol.

• Has low toxicity, an unobjectionable methanol type odor and low skin irritation

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Other VOC Exempt Solvents

• In the United States today there are few VOC exempt solvents that are not HAPS (or ODS) and even fewer that can be purchased for less than $2.00/lb to allow formulators an option for low cost formulations for the coating, cleaning & adhesive markets. DMC is consistently one of the least expensive options:

VOC Exempt Solvents:• Acetone• Dimethyl Carbonate• Methyl acetate• P-Chlorobenzotrifluoride (PCBTF)• Tertiary Butyl Acetate (tBAc)

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Relative Evaporation Rate for Common Solvents

Chemical Properties

DimethylCarbonate Acetone PCBTF

Tert Butyl

AcetateToluene Xylene MEK MIBK

Isopropyl


Relative Evaporation Rate 3.22 6.32 0.9 2.8 1.9 0.7 3.9 1.6 3 1



• Fast to moderate evaporation rate of 3.22 –3.4 with Butyl Acetate = 1.0.• This makes it similar to TBAC at 2.8 and Isopropyl acetate at 3.0 • Much slower than Acetone at 7.2 it can be used as slightly slower evaporating

replacement for MEK at 3.8 or Ethyl Acetate at 4.1.• It is not as slow as PCBTF at 0.9, IPA (1.7), MPK (2.3), Ethanol (1.8) and MIBK

(1.6)• But is faster than IPA (1.7), MPK (2.3), Ethanol (1.8) and MIBK (1.6)

Evaporation Rate

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DMC’s Odor Profile

Odor

• Mild, Non-Offensive odor like a sweet Methanol• PCBTF and Tert-Butyl Acetate odors are much more pronounced

and pungent.• Noxious solvent odors are perhaps the most prevalent complaint

of neighbors to industrial businesses.• The sweet, mild odor of DMC is well received by workers

handling DMC or used in their work areas.

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Flashpoint & Toxicity

• DMC has a flashpoint of 63ºF (17ºC); much higher than acetone (-4º F), ethyl acetate (26ºF) or MEK (26ºF), which DMC can readily replace

• DMC has low acute oral toxicity (LD50 rat 12,900 mg/Kg, LD50 mouse 6,000 mg/Kg)• Readily biodegradable and has low potential to bio-accumulate or be persistent in

environment • DMC (like all methyl esters) rapidly de-esterifies in the body to methanol & CO2• DMC was found to be negative in mutagenic tests (in vitro Ames & comet assay) • Not expected to be toxic to fish or bacteria

Flashpoint Comparison Chart for Common Solvents

Chemical Properties


Tert Butyl

AcetateToluene Xylene MEK MIBK

Isopropyl


Flashpoint 'F 63 (-) 4 109 40 45 86 24 60 42 81



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California OEHHA AssessmentASSESSMENT:

• In 2009, California's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment issued a toxicity assessment of DMC that used the toxicity of its primary metabolite methanol and existing DMC studies to issue a toxicological assessment of DMC

• They reported that there were no concerns that DMC (like methanol) would be carcinogenic

CONCLUSION:• The OEHHA report concluded that the levels of DMC that the general public

will likely be exposed to via the inhalation in the environment appears to have “relatively minor” environmental health concerns

• The report established an interim acute and chronic REL, where the acute REL is identical to MEK’s and the chronic REL similar to Isopropanol’s.

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MIR Value

• DMC has the lowest MIR value of any liquid chemical in commercial use based on studies conducted by Dr. William Carter at Exxon Mobile.

• This ultra-low MIR value is leading to fast approval of DMC by various states due to its very favorable ozone reduction potential.

MIR Value Comparison for Common Solvents

Chemical Properties


Tert Butyl



MIR value 0.06 0.43 0.11 0.22 3.97 7.37 1.49 4.31 1.12 0.89



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Solubility

• Hildebrand solubility parameter 20.3 Mpa• Hansen solubility parameters: Dispersion 15.5 polar 3.9 h-bond 9.7 molar

vol. 84.2• DMC has been described as useful in acrylics, urethane and alkyd systems as a

co-solvent• DMC is miscible with almost all organic solvents • DMC would easily replace oxygenated solvents like esters and glycol ethers• DMC should replace alcohols and ketones with appropriate co-solvents

Solubility Comparison Chart for Common Solvents

Chemical Properties DimethylCarbonate Acetone PCBTF

Tert Butyl



Total Hansen Solubility Parameter

10.4 9.76 8.64 8.11 8.9 8.7 9.13 8.3 8.61 8.49

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DMC in Waterborne Systems

• Being an ester, DMC can hydrolyze in acidic and basic conditions to methanol and carbon dioxide and can be stable in neutral conditions with suitable buffers (formulators may need to take precautions to prevent CO2 accumulation)

• DMC’s primary use should be in solvent borne systems where residual water does not normally cause any hydrolysis issues.

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EPA StatementAccording to the final ruling released January 13th of 2009, the EPA

will revise its definition of volatile organic compounds (VOC) deleting DMC and Propylene Carbonate which the agency has said contribute minimally to ground level ozone formation.

The final ruling, which appears in the subsequent edition of the Federal Register after the January 13th ruling, will take effect 30 days after publication. The rule effectively and definitively removes Dimethyl Carbonate and Propylene Carbonate from the definitions of controlled volatile organic compounds at 40 C.F.R. 51.100(s).

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DMC for Architectural, Aerosol & Automotive Coatings

• Each state must still exempt DMC & PC for stationary source VOC rules.• As of March 2011, 45 states have exempted DMC and by the end of 2011 all

states aside from California (which must have each district separately exempt DMC) will have exempted DMC.

• California must have each of their Air Districts separately exempt DMC for coatings, Inks and adhesives. This is currently happening (see California VOC Exemption map)

• For Architectural Coatings, DMC is VOC exempt in all states today except parts of California & Mass.

• Due to its ultra low MIR value, DMC can be used in aerosol coatings in California and is soon to be approved in every state for us in aerosol coatings.

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DMC - VOC Exempt StatesWashington

Oregon

California Each AMD must exempt

Nevada

Idaho

Utah

Arizona

Montana

Texas

NewMexico

Colorado

Wyoming

Nebraska

Oklahoma

Kansas

North Dakota

South DakotaWisconsin

Minnesota

Iowa

Missouri

ArkansasDec. 2012

Louisiana

IndianaIllinois

Ohio

Kentucky

Miss

issip

pi Alabama

Florida

Georgia

South Carolina

North Carolina

Virginia

WestVirginia Maryland

Delaware

Pennsylvania

MaineVermont

Rhode Island

New York

New Jersey

Massachusetts

Connecticut

New Hampshire

Michigan

Alaska

Hawaii

Tennessee

VOC Exempt States = Blue

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DMC Exemption Status in Calif.

• Most county AMD’s plan to exempt or have no VOC rules (functionally exempt)

• Shasta, Glenn & Tehema AMD’s may already exempt DMC depending on application

• Santa Barbara users must file for a permit• Bay Area AQMD (San Francisco area) looking at when they can begin

rulemaking for exempting DMC in 2011• SCAQMD (L.A. area) has deferred rule making indefinitely.• SCAQMD may need to look at certain coatings applications such as car

refinishing and in plant coatings to exempt first.

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SierraNevadaColusa

Solano

Napa

ContraCostaSan Francisco

SanJoaquin

Sonoma

Lake

SanMateo

SantaCruz

SantaClara

Alameda

SanBenito

Monterey

Merced

Fresno

Mono

Kings

Butte

Inyo

DelNorte

SantaBarbara

LosAngeles

LassenShasta

Siskiyou

San Bernardino

ImperialSan Diego

Modoc

Plumas

Glenn

El DoradoAlpine

Amador

Marin

Kern

RiversideOrange

Trinity

Yolo

Tuolumne

Tulare

San LuisObispo

Ventura

Tehama

Dark Blue = DMC VOC Exempt (no restrictions for use of DMC)

Purple = In rulemaking. Permit or application for individual variance required

Peach = no formal rulemaking yet

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California CARB Consumer items

• CARB regulates consumer product applications – Coatings are covered by each AQMD separately

• Paint thinners are in their “multi-purpose solvent” classification – Some local Calif. AMD’s debate that CARB can regulate paint thinners over them)

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Product Applications

Paint & Coatings

HI&I InksBiodiesel Additive

Resin Manufacturing

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Paint and Coatings

A carrier solvent or disperse medium for binders, pigments, and colorants.• DMC has shown promise in Auto refinish, with its favorable solubility, odor, evaporation rate and economic profiles

• Industrial coatings for coating parts and architectural components at factories have shown similar appeal.

• Also used in traffic paints, steel drum linings, floor coatings, concrete sealers

• Can also be an effective paint thinner & multipurpose solvent, as is or as co-solventRegulates viscosity and solubility of the various components in the paint

formula.

DMC will influence application properties such as flow, film build, and dry time

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Biodiesel Additive

With high oxygen content, a suitable boiling point; it is soluble in diesel fuel

When diesel fuel is mixed with DMC, particulate matter emissions can be reduced significantly.

Professional Engineering found in an experimental study that diesel fuel blended with DMC had improved combustion and emission performance

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Household, Institutional & Industrial

DMC has rapid biodegradability for most degreasing applications

DMC has “green” properties & low toxicity for solvent degreasing formulations

DMC of 28.5 dynes offers unique lubricity and de-foaming properties to HI&I compounders

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Inks

DMC can replace the toluene and ethyl acetate solvents in Gravure ink applications

Gravure ink has been replaced in recent years by a more “green” process known as water-based Flexographic inks

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Resin Manufacturing

DMC is a green alternative to alkylating agents used in a variety of synthetic and industrial applications under different reaction conditions

As a low boiling (bp 90 C) compound; it can be easily volatilized at lower temperatures and is thermally stable

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Benefits & Advantages

VOC ExemptionLow Odor

Lower Density

Competitive Pricing

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DMC Cost & Supply

• DMC pricing is well below $ 1.00/lb, making it price competitive with most oxygenated solvents except possibly acetone.

• Drums and bulk isotanks readily available from our factories in China.

• DMC is used in very large volumes in China for coatings primarily because of its low cost.

• Totes can be filled from isotanks or shipped from location.• All packages come neatly labeled on new pallets, shrink-wrapped

with all necessary shipping documents and labels.• Long term a bulk tank opportunities in USA is possible

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Sampling Process

• Samples are readily available and have already been sent to over 350 prospective customers.

• To request a sample, please contact your CCC representative or visit us at www.ccc-group.com

http://www.ccc-group.com/

Propylene Carbonate- Propylene Carbonate has a low viscocity 2.4 cps, and a high flashpoint of 253ºF. -PC is a very slow evaporating solvent (evaporation rate <.005, BuAc =1) which restricts its solvent use.-Its Practically non-toxic by oral, dermal or Inhalation, and is classified as a slight skin and eye irritant.-It’s manufactured by the same factories that manufacture our Dimethyl Carbonate.-PC has a very low toxicity profile which allows it’s use in cosmetic products.-Readily biodegradable-Safe for all consumer items-Useful as a co solvent, wetting agent or tailing solvent.-PC can also be used in binary & tertiary solvent systems to replace other common solvents like trichlorethane and toluene.

Other VOC Exempt Products to Consider:

Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC), VOC Exempt

Environment

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