Dimensions of Anthropomorphism

Jakub Złotowski, Ewald Strasser& Christoph Bartneck

Anthropomorphism

Orange-likeness

Dehumanization

Dimensions of humanness

Human Uniqueness Human Nature

● intelligence ● primary emotions

● intentionality ● sociability

● secondary emotions ● warmth

... …

Dimensionality of anthropomorphism

● The previous work on humanlikeness in HRI considered anthropomorphism as a uni-dimensional space from a machine to a human.

● Studies of dehumanization can indicate that anthropomorphism can be multi-dimensional

Potential benefits

HRI can be improved by attributing a robot only with humanlike characteristics that can facilitate the interaction and avoiding implementing human attributes that could hamper it

Research questions

● Are there two dimensions of anthropomorphism?– Does a robot’s intelligence affect mainly UH

dimension?

– Does a robot’s emotionality affect mainly HN dimension?

Jeopardy!

Experimental Setup

Procedure

EU, THE EUROPEAN

UNION

ACTORS WHO

DIRECT

DIALING FOR

DIALECTS

BREAKING NEWS

ONE BUCK OR

LESS

ALSO ON YOUR

COMPUTER KEYS

$200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200

$400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400

$600 $600 $600 $600 $600 $600

$800 $800 $800 $800 $800 $800

$1000 $1000 $1000 $1000 $1000 $1000

Example quesiton

Clue: Each year the EU selects capitals of culture; one of the 2010 cities was this Turkish “meeting place of cultures”

Correct response: What is Istanbul?

Wrong response: What is Essen?

Materials

Measurements

● As manipulation checks: attribution of primary emotions and perceived intelligence

● Previously validated scale of anthropomorphism by Ho and MacDorman

● Attribution of traits for the UH and HN dimensions

UH and HN traitsUniquely Human Human Nature

broadminded curious

humble friendly

organized Fun-loving

polite sociable

thorough trusting

cold aggressive

conservative distractible

hard-hearted impatient

rude jealous

shallow nervous

Participants

● 35 participants (19 female)● Mainly undergraduate and postgraduate

university students● Age range: 18 - 48 years; M = 26.69● Mostly New Zealanders (28) or British (4)● No prior experience with robots

Perceived intelligence

Low High1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Emotionality

Intelligence

Perceived intelligence

Low High1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Emotionality

Intelligence

Perceived intelligence

Low High1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Emotionality

Intelligence

Primary emotions

Low High1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Emotionality

Intelligence

Primary emotions

Low High1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Emotionality

Intelligence

Primary emotions

Low High1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Emotionality

Intelligence

Uni-dimensional anthropomorphism

Low High1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Emotionality

An

thro

po

mo

rph

ism

Uni-dimensional anthropomorphism

Low High1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Intelligence

An

thro

po

mo

rph

ism

Human Nature

Low High1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Emotionality

Intelligence

Level

Hu

ma

n N

atu

re

Human Nature

Low High1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Emotionality

Intelligence

Level

Hu

ma

n N

atu

re

Human Nature

Low High1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Emotionality

Intelligence

Level

Hu

ma

n N

atu

re

Human Uniqueness

Low High1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Emotionality

Intelligence

Level

Hu

ma

n U

niq

ue

ne

ss

Human Uniqueness

Low High1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Emotionality

Intelligence

Level

Hu

ma

n U

niq

ue

ne

ss

Human Uniqueness

Low High1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Emotionality

Intelligence

Level

Hu

ma

n U

niq

ue

ne

ss

Relationship between UH and HN

● Strong and highly significant correlation between these two dimensions

● Only for low HN subjects their HN and UH scores were correlated

● Similarly, only for low UH subjects their HN and UH scores were correlated

● The relation between these two dimensions is not completely straightforward

Conclusions

● Intelligence did not affect the measures of anthropomorphism, but emotionality did

● It is possible that other factors from UH dimension affect anthropomorphism

● Alternatively only HN dimension affects human-likeness

● The results indicate potential multi-dimensionality of anthroporphism in HRI

Thank you!