DIGITAL TACHOMETER AND REVOLUTION COUNTER FOR...
Transcript of DIGITAL TACHOMETER AND REVOLUTION COUNTER FOR...
DIGITAL TACHOMETER AND REVOLUTION COUNTER FOR CAR
ENGINE
MUHAMMAD FARID BIN SAMSURY
This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Computer Engineering) With Honours
Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
April 2009
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UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN
PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II
Tajuk Projek
: DIGITAL TACHOMETER AND REVOLUTION COUNTER FOR CAR ENGINE
Sesi Pengajian
: 2008/2009
Saya MUHAMMAD FARID BIN SAMSURY
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. 2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi
pengajian tinggi. 4. Sila tandakan ( √ ) :
SULIT*
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD*
(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
__________________________ ___________________________________
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat Tetap: Lot 583, Jalan Semabok Dalam,
Semabok, 75050,
Melaka.
Tarikh :…………………………………………………. Tarikh : ……………………………………………………………..
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“I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own work except for quotes as cited
in the references.”
Signature : ………………………………………
Author : MUHAMMAD FARID BIN SAMSURY
Date : …………………………………………..
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“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in
terms of the scope and quality for the award of Bachelor of Electronic Engineering
(Computer Engineering) With Honours.”
Signature : …………………………………………..
Supervisor’s Name :
Date : ………………………………………….
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Specially dedicated to my beloved family especially my parents and family members.
Last but not least, to my supervisor, my friends and all the UTeM lecturers.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to all that have
been contributed especially to my supervisor Professor Madya Dr. Ahmad Jamal Bin
Salim for his supervision and guidance. Then, I want to express my special thank to all
the FKEKK staff, PSM committee for their time, patience and professionalism. Beside
that, my appreciation goes to my beloved parents and to all my extended family because
of their full support, inspiration and encouragement in doing this project. Without their
support, this project may have not come to fruition. There are other thank, namely those
with whom I did not pleasure of interacting personally, but whose contributions are
extremely valuable, nevertheless.
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ABSTRACT
Nowadays, the usage of digital tachometer is rare and revolution counter is non
existent due to the fact that these electronic devices are quite expensive in the market. A
digital tachometer and revolution counter will be displaying digitally the revolution per
minute and total number of engine revolution of a car’s engine on the liquid crystal
display. The digitally displays are more accurate and precise compared to analogue. A
tachometer is a device that measures the rotation speed of a shaft in a car’s engine. A
revolution counter concept is similar to an odometer where the revolution counter
measures the rotation of crankshaft coverage while the odometer measures the distance
coverage. The main objective of this project is to design and develop a low cost digital
tachometer and revolution counter by using Microchip PIC microcontroller. A car
maintenance schedule base on the total number of engine revolution will be proposed in
this project as a reference for the driver to do his car maintenance. There are four phases
of methodology to complete this project which are literature review, PIC source code
development, hardware development and thesis writing. The expected result of this
project is that, the circuit will be able to measure and display the revolution per minute
readings and total number of engine revolution digitally on the liquid crystal display.
Hopefully, this project can be implemented in our national automotive industry.
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ABSTRAK
Pada masa kini, penggunaan takometer digit amat terbatas dan pembilang
putaran masih belum direka disebabkan faktor harga perkakasan elektronik terbabit amat
mahal di dalam pasaran. Secara asasnya, takometer dan pembilang putaran memaparkan
bacaan putaran per minit dan jumlah putaran engkol enjin kereta secara digit di paparan
hablur cecair. Projek ini memberikan bacaan digit yang tepat berbanding dengan bacaan
analog. Konsep mengira putaran adalah sama seperti odometer di mana pengiraan
putaran adalah mengukur putaran engkol manakala odometer pula adalah mengukur
jarak perjalanan kereta. Objektif utama projek ini ialah mereka bentuk dan
membangunkan takometer dan pembilang putaran digit yang murah dengan
menggunakan PIC. Satu jadual penyelenggaraan kereta berdasarkan jumlah putaran
engkol turut dicadangkan sebagai rujukan yang tepat untuk pemandu-pemandu kereta
melakukan penyelenggaraan dan pemeriksaan kereta. Metodologi projek ini dibahagikan
kepada empat fasa yang berlainan iaitu kajian latar belakang, membangunkan program
untuk PIC, membangunkan litar dan penulisan tesis. Jangkaan hasil untuk projek ini
ialah litar takometer dan pembilang putaran digit dapat mengukur putaran engkol dan
seterusnya memaparkan bacaaan putaran per minit and jumlah putaran engkol di paparan
hablur cecair. Secara amnya diharapkan, projek ini dapat digunakan di dalam industri
automotif Malaysia.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
TITLE i
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
ABSTRACT vii
ABSTRAK viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
LIST OF TABLES xiii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATION xvi
LIST OF APPENDIX xvii
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I INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Project Objectives 2
1.3 Problems Statement 2
1.4 Scope of Work 3
1.5 Short Brief of Project Methodology 3
1.6 Report Structure 4
II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 The Operation Of Digital Tachometer and
Revolution Counter 6
2.2.1 Electronic Control Unit 7
2.3 Crankshaft 9
2.3.1 The Basic Operation of Crankshaft 10
2.4 The Total Number of Engine Revolutions 15
2.5 Car Maintenance Schedule 17
2.5.1 Advantage of Car Maintenance Schedule
Based On the Total Number of Engine
Revolution 22
2.6 Microchip PIC Microcontroller 22
2.6.1 PIC Microcontroller 24
2.6.2 Limitations of PIC 25
2.6.3 Applications of PIC 26
2.7 Liquid Crystal Display 26
2.8 Light Emitting Diode 30
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2.9 Function Generator 31
III METHODOLOGY 32
3.1 Introduction 32
3.2 Flowchart of Project Methodology 33
3.2.1 The Explanation of the Flowchart 36
3.2.1.1 Phase 1-Literature Review 36
3.2.1.2 Phase 2-PIC Source Code
Development 36
3.2.1.3 Phase 3-Hardware Development 37
3.2.1.4 Phase 4-Write Thesis 38
3.3 Gant Chart 38
3.4 Block Diagram of Project 40
3.5 Software Utilization 44
3.5.1 MPLAB 44
3.5.2 Proteus 7.0 45
3.5.3 Ares 7 46
3.5.4 Picshell 47
IV RESULT AND ANALYSIS 48
4.1 Introduction 48
4.2 Hardware Analysis 49
4.2.1 Power Circuit Analysis 51
4.2.2 Controller Circuit Analysis 52
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4.2.3 LCD Circuit Analysis 53
4.2.4 Hardware Assemble on Breadboard 54
4.2.5 Hardware Assemble on PCB 55
4.2.6 Hardware Casing 56
4.3 Software Analysis 58
4.4 Discussions 59
V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 60
5.1 Introduction 60
5.2 Conclusion 61
5.3 Recommendation for Future Work 61
REFERENCES 62
APPENDIX A 66
APPENDIX B 86
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LIST OF TABLES
NO TITLE PAGE
2.1 The Various Firing Order 7
2.2 Transmission Ratio Proton GEN 2 1.6 16
2.3 Pin Information for LMB16AFC Controller Chip 27
2.4 Instruction Code 30
4.1 Interface between LCD Screen and PIC16F84 54
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LIST OF FIGURES
NO TITLE PAGE
2.1 The Basic Operation of Ignition System 6
2.2 ECU 8
2.3 Crankshaft 9
2.4 Basic Parts for Four Stroke Engine 10
2.5 Intake Stroke 12
2.6 Compression Stroke 13
2.7 Combustion Stroke 14
2.8 Exhaust Stroke 14
2.9 The Crankshaft Movement 15
2.10 Car Maintenance Schedule Based on the Total
Number of Engine Revolution 21
2.11 Harvard Architecture Block Diagram 24
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2.12 Types of PIC Microcontroller 25
2.13 LCD 26
2.14 Register Selection 28
2.15 LED 30
2.16 Function Generator 30
3.1 Flowchart of Project Methodology 33
3.2 Gantt Chart 36
3.3 Block Diagram of Digital Tachometer and
Revolution Counter 37
3.4 Flowchart Calculations of RPM 39
4.1 The 3 Main Block Diagram 49
4.2 Simulation using Multisim Power Supply Circuit 50
4.3 Control Circuit Analysis 51
4.4 LCD Screen Circuit 52
4.5 Hardware Assemble Breadboard 54
4.6 Display RPM and REV 54
4.7 PCB Layout 55
4.8 PCB 55
4.9 Stripboard 56
4.10 Casing of DTRC 57
4.11 Front View 57
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LIST OF ABBREVIATION
RPM – Revolution per Minute
PIC – Peripheral Interface Controller
PSM – Projek Sarjana Muda
LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
PCB – Printed Circuit Board
IC – Integrated Circuit
LED – Light Emitting Diode
VSM - Virtual System Modelling
DTRC – Digital Tachometer and Revolution Counter
RPS – Revolution per Second
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LIST OF APPENDIX
NO TITLE PAGE
A Assembly Language Programming 65
B Electronic Circuit Schematic 86
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
A tachometer is an instrument that measures the rotation speed of a shaft or disk,
as in a motor or other machine. The device usually displays the revolutions per minute
(RPM) on a calibrated analog dial, but digital displays are increasingly common. The
term comes from Greek Ταχος, tachos, "speed", and metron, "to measure"[1]. Basically,
the purpose of digital tachometer can assist the driver in selecting appropriate throttle
and gear settings for driving conditions. Thus, the prolonged use at high speeds may
cause excessive wear and the other damages to engine. A revolution counter is an
electronic instrument that measures the average of each of rotation shaft in car engine.
The device usually displays the total number of engine revolutions in revolution (Rev).
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The purpose of digital revolution counter is more as a reference to the engine lifetime
and do car maintenance schedule. The car maintenance schedule such as changing the
spark plugs, timing belt, engine oil, gear oil, oil filter and the others was proposed based
on the total number of engine revolution recorded. These two instruments were
implemented and also combined together in one system using the Microchip PIC
microcontroller. The digital tachometer and revolution counter will give more accurate
reading compared to analogue reading. The usage of digital tachometer is rare because
the price is quit expensive while digital revolution counter is non existent. So, the
purpose of this project is to build a low cost and efficient digital tachometer and
revolution counter by using Microchip PIC Microcontroller.
1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this project is to design and develop a low cost digital
tachometer and revolution counter using Microchip PIC Microcontroller. A maintenance
schedule will be proposed based on the total number of engine revolution.
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Nowadays, everybody wants good quality equipment but the cost must be low. In
the market, the use of digital tachometer is rare and revolution counter is non existent.
Car users usually refer to the odometer to do their car maintenance. Basically, the
odometer measures the distance coverage only. So, the true condition of the lubrication
oil, spark plugs, oil filter and the others do not often relate to distance coverage. This
situation can be compared to city and country driving which obviously requires the
former one to change much earlier in time the engine oil, spark plugs, oil filter and
others.
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1.4 SCOPE OF WORK
In this project, there are three scope of work that must be implemented to make
sure the project is successful. Firstly, design a low cost circuit by using Microchip PIC
microcontroller. Secondly, program the PIC for this project. Thirdly, propose a
maintenance schedule for car such as changing engine oil, oil filter, transmission oil,
spark plugs and the others.
1.5 SHORT BRIEF OF PROJECT METHODOLOGY
In this PSM I, project methodology is divided into literature review, PIC source
code development and hardware design development. The combination of both parts
will be added on the PSM II report. The project methodology details are shown in
Chapter 3 of this report.
In literature review, all the information regarding this project will be stated such
as the type of PIC to use, types of LCD, the operations of electronic tachometer, the
operations of crankshaft, the car maintenance schedule and the others.
In the PIC source code development, the PIC source code for this project will be
developed by using MPLAB software. The MPLAB software was used to build the
source code or program in assembly language.
In the hardware development, the circuit will be simulated in Proteus software.
Once the simulation is correct, the circuit will be tested on the breadboard. After that,
the circuit will be transferred on the PCB when all the connections on the breadboard are
running properly. The LCD is used to display values of RPM and total number of engine
revolutions.
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1.6 REPORT STRUCTURE
This report consists of five chapters which are Introduction, Literature Review,
Methodology, Result and Discussion, and Conclusion and Suggestion.
In Chapter 1 is introduction. It discussed about project background, project
objectives, problem statement, scope of work, short brief of project methodology and
overview of the remaining chapters.
In Chapter 2 is literature review. It reviews some references from previous
project, journals, articles, books and datasheet. All the materials are useful information
to this project.
In Chapter 3 is methodology. It discusses the approach to complete this project.
This project was divided into two parts which are software development and hardware
design. The details of the process for both parts will be presented in this chapter.
In Chapter 4 is result and discussion. It shows the result that had been obtained in
this project.
In Chapter 5 is conclusion and suggestion. It concludes the entire project and
proposes some future plan for this project.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of
current knowledge on a particular topic. This chapter reviews some references from
previous projects, journals, articles, books and datasheet. All these information was
collected from different sources such as library, internet and product manual. The useful
data of this project will be discussed in this chapter. This chapter will study the
fundamental theories on an electronic tachometer, the engine revolutions mechanism,
the car maintenance schedule, the Microchip PIC microcontroller and others.
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2.2 THE OPERATION OF DIGITAL TACHOMETER AND REVOLUTION COUNTER
The signal driving digital tachometer and revolution counter is originate from an
ignition coil. An ignition coil is an induction coil in an automobile’s ignition systems
which transform the battery 12V to the thousand of volts needed to ignite the spark plug
[2]. Firstly, the ignition system will produce a high voltage electrical charge and
transmits it to the spark plugs via ignition wires. The first electrical charge flows to the
distributor. The distributor is to distribute the high voltage from the coil to the cylinders
to perform the power stroke or combustion stroke. Thus, the distributor has one wire
going in the center and some wires on the number of cylinders such as 4, 6 or 8 wires
coming out of it. These ignition wires send the charge to each spark plug. The engine is
timed so that only one cylinder receives a spark from the distributor at a time. The
ignition system is shown in Figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1 The Basic Operation of Ignition System
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The sequence spark plugs ignition is called the firing order. The firing order is
the order in which combustion is initiated in an internal combustion engine and normally
it starts from cylinder number 1. There are various firing orders for different engine
layouts as shown Table 2.1[4].
Table 2.1 The Various Firing Order
Number of Cylinder Firing Order
3 1-3-2
4 1-3-4-2
5 1-2-4-5-3
6 1-5-3-6-2-4
A four stroke engine requires four strokes of the piston which are two up and two
down movement. So, one complete combustion cycle of ignition system will make two
revolutions of crankshaft. That means one revolution of crankshaft needs 2 pulses of
ignitions [5].
2.2.1 ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT
In modern car, the digital tachometer and revolution counter get the input signal
which is ignition coil signal from the electronic control unit compare to the old car
where a tachometer get the signal from contact breaker. An electronic control unit is an
embedded system that controls one or more of the electronic systems or subsystems in a
vehicle [6]. Normally, an electronic control unit has many control unit such as