Digital Logic Design: Principles and...

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VOICU GROZA - Digital Logic Design: Principles and Practices

University of Ottawa, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018

Digital Logic Design: Principles and

PracticesELG5195 (EACJ5705 )Carleton CRN: 18371

Monday 11:30 - 13:00 FTX 147BThursday 13:00 - 14:30 LEE A131

Voicu Groza SITE Hall, Room 5017

562 5800 ext. [email protected]



References:• Charles H. Roth, Jr. Larry L. Kinney, Fundamentals of Logic Design, 7th

Edition, Cengage Learning, 2014, ISBN-13: 9781133628477• Donald D. Givone, Digital Principles and Design, McGraw Hill, 2003, ISBN:

0072525037• Alan B. Marcovitz, Introduction to Logic Design, McGraw-Hill, 2009, ISBN-13:

978-0073191645• Randy Katz, Gaetano Borriello, Contemporary Logic Design, Pearson –

Prentice Hall, 2005, ISBN: 0-201-30857-6• Parag K. Lala, Principles of Modern Digital Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

2007, Online ISBN: 9780470125212, [electronic resource]• Richard F. Tinder, Engineering Digital Design, Academic Press, 2000

[electronic resource]• Logic Design, Editor-in-Chief Wai-Kai Chen, 2003 CRC Press, [electronic resource]• Zoran Salcic, Asim Smailagic Digital systems design and prototyping using

field programmable logic and hardware description language [electronic resource]• James Hamblen; Michael D. Furman; Tyson S. Hall; Rapid prototyping of

digital systems [electronic resource], 2008

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Grading10% 2-3 assignments or announced quizzes during

regular classes.

20% The mid-term exam is a closed book exam and covers material presented in the weeks prior to the mid-term. The mid-term schedule is to be announced.

30% A project involving a literature review and experimental work; a report and a short presentation at the end of the course will be required.

40% Final examination will cover all material studied during the term



Course Outline 1

• Background of Digital Design.

• Logic Function Representation and Minimization.– Karnaugh maps

– Quine-McCluskey Method

– Iterated Consensus Algorithms

– ESPRESSO minimization Algorithms

– Function Minimization by Using K-map XOR Patterns

– Variable-Entered K Maps

– Multiple output problems

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Course Outline 2

• Programmable Logic Devices.

• Propagation Delay and Timing Defects in Combinational Logic.

– Static hazards

– Function hazards

– Stuck-at faults and the effect of hazard cover on fault testability



Course Outline 3

• Introduction to Synchronous State Machine Design and Analysis.

• Synchronous FSM Design Considerations and Applications.

– State table reduction– State assignment– Output race glitches and static hazards– Asynchronous Inputs– Clock skew

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Course Outline 4• Special Topics in Switching Theory

– Threshold Logic

– Functional Decomposition

– Symmetric Functions

• Alternative Synchronous FSM Architectures and Systems-Level Design.

– Algorithmic State Machines

– FSM/ASM realizations using PLA, PAL, ROM, PLD

– FSM architectures centered around a shift register

– FSM architectures centered around a parallel loadable up/down counter

– The One-Hot design method



Transistor Size

SIA (Semiconductor Industry Association) Roadmap

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Years: 1999 2001 2003 2006 2008 2012 2014 2017 2018 2020Gate length (nm) 180 130 90 65 45 22 14 10 7 5Transistors per cm2

(millions)14 16 24 40 64 100

Chip size (mm2) 800 850 900 1000 1100 1300

10 µm – 19716 µm – 19743 µm – 1977

1.5 µm – 1982

1 µm – 1985

800 nm – 1989600 nm – 1994350 nm – 1995250 nm – 1997180 nm – 1999130 nm – 200190 nm – 200465 nm – 200645 nm – 200832 nm – 201022 nm – 201214 nm – 201410 nm – 20177 nm – 20185 nm – 2020

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

1960 1980 2000 2020 2040

Transistor dimension

Older forecast

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University of Ottawa, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018 9

If fuel efficiency improved at the same rate as Moore’s Law, you could drive a car for your ENTIRE LIFE on a SINGLE TANK OF GAS.

MOORE’S LAW Chips double in speed every

18 months due to Decreasing transistor sizes

2017

10 nm in production Samsung Galaxy 8

5 nm IBM prototype 30 billion transistors; production in 2020



Worldwide Semiconductor Annual Billings (US$) WSTS

semiconductor forecast from the Forecast Meeting

held in Nov. 2016 in Hiroshima, Japan

http://www.wsts.org/

For 2016, growth in: Discretes (4.2%), Sensors (22.6%), Analog (4.8%), and Microprocessors (2.3%)declines in: Optoelectronics (-3.6%) Memory (-3.8%) and Logic (-2.7%). By geography,

declines are expected in Americas & Europe with slight gains in Japan & Asia-Pacific. The worldwide semiconductor market is forecasted to be up ~3% year in 2017 and ~2% in 2018.

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$0

$2,000,000

$4,000,000

$6,000,000

$8,000,000

$10,000,000

$12,000,000

$14,000,000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

WO

RL

DW

IDE

MA

RK

ET

BIL

LIN

GS

Global Billings Report History (3-month moving average)

Asia Pacific

EuropeJapan

Americas



• Exponentially increasing computing power (Moore’s law), ubiquitous connectivity and convergence of technology have resulted in hardware/software systems being embedded within everyday products and places.

• Already today 90% of computing devices are in Embedded Systems and not in PCs.

• The growth rate in embedded systems is more than 10% per annum and it is forecasted there will be over 40 billion devices (5 to 10 embedded devices per person on earth) worldwide by 2020.

• Today 20% of the value of each car is attributed to embedded electronics and this will increase to an average of 35-50% by 2020.

• Moreover, the value added to the final product by embedded software is often orders of magnitude higher than the cost of the embedded devices themselves.

University of Twente, The Netherlands

Growing importance of embedded systems

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Gartner: Top 10 Strategic Technologies for 2012

• Media Tablets: business - employee (B2E) @ business-consumer (B2C)– ICC 2012 the first IEEE paperless conference, based on RIM’s PlayBook

• Mobile-Centric Applications and Interfaces: touch, gesture, voice

• Contextual and Social User Experience

• Internet of Things.

• App Stores and Marketplaces

• Next-Generation Analytics o From traditional offline analytics to in-line embedded analytics;

o Analyzing historical and real-time data to simulate and predict the future.

• Big Data in-memory DBMS (IMDB, also main memory DBMS/database management system)

• In-Memory Computing use of flash memory in embedded systems & SSD

• Extreme Low-Energy Servers

• Cloud Computing



Internet of Things• Embedded sensors: Sensors that detect and communicate changes are being embedded, not just in mobile devices, but in an increasing number of places and objects.

• Image Recognition: Image recognition technologies strive to identify objects, people, buildings, places logos, and anything else that has value to consumers and enterprises. Smartphones and tablets equipped with cameras have pushed this technology to broad consumer and enterprise applications.

• Near Field Communication (NFC) payment: NFC allows users to make payments by waving their mobile phone in front of a compatible reader.

• E-society = e-Communities in areas from e-Government, e-Democracy, and e-Business to e-Learning and e-Health

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Gartner: Top 10 Strategic Technologies for 2013Businesses in China and India will begin to dominate global IT commerce. Big data will fuel demand for IT jobs, but many of those positions will remain vacant. And you'll likely have more opportunities to exhibit technology as a fashion statement. (Really!?)

1. Windows 8: Through 2015, 90% of enterprises will bypass broad deployment of W8,

2. Mobile Handset Vendors: Android creates new markets: 3 of 5 vendors will be in China by 2015.

3. Big Data will create 4.4 million global jobs by 2015; only 1/3 will be filled as companies need time

4. IT Hiring: by 2014, IT hiring in major western markets will be driven by Asian-based companies.

5. Facebook 40% of enterprise contact information will leak into Facebook by 2017.

6. BYOD (Bring your own device) through 2014 malware will compromise BYOD devices at more than double the rate of corporate-owned devices. Firms will block access for those not compliant with policies

7. SW Spending for "smart operational" tech (link to the Web) will surge by 25% through 2014.

8. Gamification‘s feedback, measurement and incentives will better engage employees.

9. Wearable Smart Electronics: by 2016, wearable smart electronics will be a $10 billion industry. It will include accessories to track personal preferences, location, biosensing and social info.

10. Market Consolidation: by 2014, market consolidation will replace up to 20% of the top 100 IT services providers. Cloud, data, mobility and social media will help restructure a nearly $1 trillion tech services market.



Gartner: Top 10 Strategic Technologies for 2016

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Gartner: Top 10 Strategic Technologies for 2017AI and Advanced Machine Learning (e.g., deep learning, neural networks, natural-language processing [NLP]. in robots, autonomous vehicles, consumer electronics and services.

Intelligent Apps (such as VPAs) Over the next 10 years, virtually every app, application and service will incorporate some level of AI,"

Intelligent Things (drones, autonomous vehicles smart appliances) permeate the environment.

Virtual and Augmented Reality transform the way individuals interact with one another and with SW systems. Digital Twin is a dynamic SW model of a physical thing or system that relies on sensor data to understand its state, respond to changes, improve operations. Hundreds of millions of things will be represented by digital twins. Organizations will use digital twins to proactively repair and plan for equipment service, to plan manufacturing. Digital twins will eventually become proxies for the combination of skilled individuals and traditional devices.

Blockchain and Distributed Ledgers in which value exchange transactions (in bitcoin or other tokens) are sequentially grouped into blocks. Are potentially transformative but most initiatives are still in the early stage.

Conversational System is focused on chatbots and microphone-enabled devices.

Mesh App and Service Architecture (MASA), mobile apps, web apps, desktop apps and IoT apps link to a broad mesh of back-end services to create what users view as an "application."

Digital Technology Platforms provide the basic building blocks for a digital business.

Adaptive Security Architecture create an ever-more-complex world for security that should be used as a baseline to secure Internet of Things platforms."



Hardware back in fashion!

1818

• New York Times, Aug 25, 2012: “HW is becoming the new SW”

• Raspberry Pi (UK) - dimension of a credit card– single-board computer (SBC) to stimulating the teaching of

basic computer science in schools– Modernized version of the ‘80’s ZX Spectrum or Commodore 64

• Broadcom BCM2835 SoC, which includes■ ARM processor ■ VideoCore GPU ■ 256 MB RAM• Linux / SD card ■ HDMI 1080p ■ USB ■ Ethernet

• Arduino (Italy) open source computer HW and SW company

• Pebble: E-Paper Watch for iPhone & Android– 2012: pledged of $100,000 goal at Kickstarter=> 68,929 backers -> $10,266,846 in 1 month– Dec 2016: filed for insolvency

• Smartphones

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Updated after Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, University of California at Berkeley

Computers• General Purpose Computers• Embedded Systems

most contemporary consumer electronic devices

TelecomBased

VideoPhone

Land line

Phone

Smart phone

IntercomSmart DoorLocksMotion

Detectors

Power / Light

Control

Video surveillance

SmokeDetectors

Sound Surround

Smart/ dumb

TV

Cam Corder

Media Streamer

VideoGame

VCR

DVDPlayer

Web-TVSTB

EntertainmentBased

PC-1Laptop/ netbook

InternetAccess

Tablet

Printer

PC/DataBased

WiFi Router

Window/ Door Sensors

VoIPPhone

ApplianceBased

Sprinklers

Health monitors

Smart fridge /

oven

Clocks/ timers

Smart thermostat/ ClimateControl

UtilityCustomization

iRobot vacuum cleaner

Smart Home

SecurityBased



The TV Battle

Entertainment

Digital Home

Centre?

Smart TV• Smartphones set a pace TVs can’t match– TVs have long lifecycles + lack processing power

and HW to perform truly smart TV functions

– Devices that are regularly replaced (smartphones, tablets, set-top boxes, media streamers and games consoles) = key devices in the digital home

• The global smart TV market will be USD 292.55 billion by 2025

• 221 million Smart TVs sold in 2017 – an increase > 400% from 2012.

• over 800 million Smart TV sets by the end of 2017

– 31% of households worldwide own a Smart TV

•63% North America (63%) & Western Europe (64%)

- Smartphones will continue to define what smart truly is due to short lifecycles and rapidly increasing processor power; users will rarely own a smart phone for longer than 3 years.

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• OTT = any service that one can receive over the Internet without any interaction whatsoever with Internet Service Providers (nor any revenue to that ISP):– Video-on-demand: YouTube, Hulu, Netflix or Apple TV for streaming – VoIP: Skype or Apple's Facetime for voice/video calls – Blackberry Messenger (BBM) or Apple's iMessage for messages on a

mobile device -> SMS revenue by telcos are facing a serious decline – Xbox 360 or World of Warcraft for gaming

• OTT apps = major component of the ongoing battle between "content providers" and "access providers

• Add OTT apps to Set top Boxes (STB), or media streaming devices (Boxee Box, Roku, Apple TV) or DVD players, since standards and protocol changes way faster than the lifespan of TV sets. – TV 2-way communications with smart devices (2nd screens) – send video to TV

and know what is watched– Intel WiDisplay = wireless streaming HDTV (1080p) from PC to TV with 802.11-n

Over-The-Top (OTT) Application or Service

From D. York, Disruptive Telephony, July 10, 2012



Semiconductor Industry Association

International Semiconductor Associate Members Infineon Technologies NASTMIcroelectronicsSamsung Semiconductor

Charter Members:

Corporate Associate MembersCadence Design SystemsSandia National LaboratoriesSynopsysTeradyneMentor GraphicsGartner Group

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U.S. Semiconductor employment reached nearly 250,000 semiconductor manufacturing jobs increase by 3.7 percent over previous year, outpace overall job growth.

1. California = 47,100 jobs, 2. Texas (28,800), 3. Oregon (23,400), 4. Arizona (18,800),5. Massachusetts (10,100) 6. New York (7,600).



Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing in Canada

Number of Employer Establishments in CanadaBy Employment Size Category and Region: Dec. 2011

Computer &Electronic Product Manufacturing (NAICS 334)

Province or Territory

Employment Size Category(Number of employees)

Micro Small Medium Large1-4 5-99 100-499 500+

Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Business Patterns Database, 2011.Alberta 70 88 8 0British Columbia 82 120 14 1Manitoba 13 17 0 1New Brunswick 3 7 0 0Newfoundland and Labrador 2 8 1 0Northwest Territories 0 0 0 0Nova Scotia 8 14 4 0Nunavut 0 0 0 0Ontario 302 514 68 14Prince Edward Island 0 3 0 0Quebec 126 255 34 4Saskatchewan 3 9 2 0Yukon Territory 0 1 0 0

CANADA 609 1,036 131 20Percent Distribution 34% 58% 7% 1.1%

Source: Statistics Canada, special tabulation, unpublished data, Annual Survey of Manufactures, 2001 to 2003; Annual Survey of Manufactures and Logging, 2004 to 2010. (http://www.ic.gc.ca/cis-sic/cis-sic.nsf/IDE/cis-sic334etbe.html)

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• WSTS expects the world semiconductor market to grow in 2017 and 2018 to US$409 Billion and US$437 Billion respectively.

• For 2017, this represents growth of 20.6% which is the largest growth year since 2010.

• This reflects expected growth in all major categories, with largest growth from Memory at 60.1 percent followed by Sensors with 15.9 percent.

• In 2017, all geographical regions are expected to grow.

For 2018, all major product categories and regions are forecasted to grow with the overall market up 7.0 percent, with Memory contributing the highest growth followed by Optoelectronics and Sensors.

2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018Americas 65,537 86,458 95,380 -4.7 31.9 10.3Europe 32,707 38,048 39,799 -4.5 16.3 4.6Japan 32,292 36,350 37,990 3.8 12.6 4.5Asia Pacific 208,395 247,834 264,097 3.6 18.9 6.6Total World - $M 338,931 408,691 437,265 1.1 20.6 7.0Discrete Semiconductors 19,418 21,498 22,490 4.3 10.7 4.6Optoelectronics 31,994 34,467 37,302 -3.8 7.7 8.2Sensors 10,821 12,537 13,439 22.7 15.9 7.2Integrated Circuits 276,698 340,189 364,034 0.8 22.9 7.0

Analog 47,848 52,711 55,909 5.8 10.2 6.1Micro 60,585 63,147 65,331 -1.2 4.2 3.5Logic 91,498 101,413 108,467 0.8 10.8 7.0Memory 76,767 122,918 134,327 -0.6 60.1 9.3

Total Products - $M 338,931 408,691 437,265 1.1 20.6 7.0

Autumn 2017Amounts in US$M Year on Year Growth in %



0%2009 10 11 12 13

-0.7%

4.9%

3.9%

3.5%

Digital Logic Design: Principles and...

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