DIGITAL DIGITAL ELECTRONICS ELECTRONICS

CIRCUITCIRCUIT P.K.NAYAKP.K.NAYAK

ASST. PROFESSORASST. PROFESSORSYNERGY INSTITUTE OF SYNERGY INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGYENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

SYLLABUSSYLLABUS

B.TECH.4B.TECH.4THTH.SEMESTER.SEMESTER

CPES 5203 (3-1-0)CPES 5203 (3-1-0)

MODULE-1MODULE-1

Unit-1Unit-1Number System and CodesNumber System and Codes

Binary Number base Conversation, Octal and Hexa decimal numbers,Complements, Signed Binary Numbers,

Binary Codes-BCD Codes, Gray Code, ASCII Character Code,Codes for serial data transmission and storage.

Unit-2Unit-2Boolean Algebra and Logic Boolean Algebra and Logic

Gates.Gates.Axiomatic definition of Boolean algebra. Basic Theorem and properties of Boolean Algebra,

Boolean functions; Canonical and Standard form;Minterms and maxterms.

Digital Logic Gates, Multiple inputs.

MODULE-2MODULE-2

Unit-3Unit-3Gate Level MinimizationGate Level Minimization

The Map Method, K- Maps, Input Five Variables,Product of Sum Simplification,Don't care conditions. AND and NOR Implementation,

EX-OR function, Parity generation and Checking,

Hardware description Language(HDL)

Unit-4Unit-4COMBINATIONAL LOGICCOMBINATIONAL LOGIC

Combinational Circuits, Analysis and Design Procedure;

Binary Adder- Sub tractor,

Decimal Adder, Binary Multiplier. Magnitude Comparator, Decoders, Encoders, Multipliers,

HDL for Combinational Circuits.

MODULE-3MODULE-3

Unit-5Unit-5SynchronousSynchronous SequentialSequential LogicLogic

Sequential Circuit, Latches, Flip-Flop,

Analysis of Clocked Sequential Circuits,

HDL for Sequential Circuits,

State Reduction and Assignment.

Design Procedure.

Unit-6Unit-6Registers and CountersRegisters and Counters

Shift Register, Ripple Counters,

Synchronous Counters, Asynchrous Counters,Ring Counters,

Modulo-N Counters .

HDL for Registers and Counters.

MODULE-4MODULE-4

Unit-7Unit-7Memory and Programmable Memory and Programmable

Logic.Logic.Random Access Memory (RAM), Memory Decoding, Error Detection And Correction,

Read only Memory,

Programmable Array Logic,Sequential Programmable Devices.

Unit-8Unit-8Register Transfer Levels.Register Transfer Levels.

Register transfer level notation,Register transfer level in HDL, Algorithm,

State Machine, Design Examples.HDL Description of Design, Examples,

Binary Multiplier, HDL, Description of Binary Multiplier.

Unit-9Unit-9Digital Integrated Logic Digital Integrated Logic

Circuits.Circuits.

RTL, DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS and CMOS LogicCircuits.

Switch- Level Modeling with HDL.

TEXT BOOKS.TEXT BOOKS.

1-DIGITAL DESIGN 3rd.Edition by M.Morries Mano, Pearson Edu. India.

2-DIGITAL DESIGN-Principle & Practice 3rd.Edition by John F. Wokerly, Pearson Edu. India.

Digital DesignMorris Mano, M. Mano

Digital Design: Principles and Practices By John F. Wakerly

Introduction

Digital means anything Digital means anything which has to do with digits, which has to do with digits, but in today's world digital but in today's world digital means CMOS, TTL gates, means CMOS, TTL gates, flip-flops, processors, flip-flops, processors, computers. computers.

Numerical PresentationNumerical Presentation

The quantities that are to be measured, monitored, recorded, processed and controlled are analog and digital, depending on the type of system used.

It is important when dealing with various quantities that we be able to represent their values efficiently and accurately. There are basically two ways of representing the numerical value of quantities: analog and digital.

Analog RepresentationAnalog Representation Systems which are capable of processing a Systems which are capable of processing a

continuous range of values varying with continuous range of values varying with respect to time are called analog systems. respect to time are called analog systems.

In analog representation a quantity is In analog representation a quantity is represented by a voltage, current, or meter represented by a voltage, current, or meter movement that is proportional to the value movement that is proportional to the value of that quantity. of that quantity.

Analog quantities such as those cited above Analog quantities such as those cited above have an important characteristic: they can have an important characteristic: they can vary over a continuous range of values.vary over a continuous range of values.

Diagram of analog voltage Diagram of analog voltage vs. timevs. time

Digital RepresentationDigital Representation Systems which process discrete values are called Systems which process discrete values are called

digital systems. In digital representation the digital systems. In digital representation the quantities are represented not by proportional quantities are represented not by proportional quantities but by symbols called digits.quantities but by symbols called digits.

As an example, consider the digital watch, which As an example, consider the digital watch, which provides the time of the day in the form of decimal provides the time of the day in the form of decimal digits representing hours and minutes (and digits representing hours and minutes (and sometimes seconds). As we know, time of day sometimes seconds). As we know, time of day changes continuously, but the digital watch changes continuously, but the digital watch reading does not change continuously; rather, it reading does not change continuously; rather, it changes in steps of one per minute (or per changes in steps of one per minute (or per second). second).

In other words, time of day digital representation In other words, time of day digital representation changes in discrete steps, as compared to the changes in discrete steps, as compared to the representation of time provided by an analog representation of time provided by an analog watch, where the dial reading changes watch, where the dial reading changes continuously.continuously.

Below is a diagram of digital voltage Below is a diagram of digital voltage vs. time: here input voltage changes vs. time: here input voltage changes from +4 Volts to -4 Volts; it can be from +4 Volts to -4 Volts; it can be converted to digital form by Analog converted to digital form by Analog to Digital converters (ADC). to Digital converters (ADC).

An ADC converts continuous signals An ADC converts continuous signals into samples per second. Well, this is into samples per second. Well, this is an entirely different theory.an entirely different theory.

Diagram of Digital voltage Diagram of Digital voltage vs timevs time

The major difference between analog The major difference between analog and digital quantities, then, can be and digital quantities, then, can be stated simply as follows:   stated simply as follows:  

Analog = continuous Analog = continuous

Digital = discrete (step by step) Digital = discrete (step by step)

Advantages of Digital Advantages of Digital TechniquesTechniques

Easier to design. Exact values of voltage Easier to design. Exact values of voltage or current are not important, only the or current are not important, only the range (HIGH or LOW) in which they fall. range (HIGH or LOW) in which they fall.

Information storage is easy. Information storage is easy.

Accuracy and precision are greater. Accuracy and precision are greater.

Operations can be programmed. Analog Operations can be programmed. Analog systems can also be programmed, but systems can also be programmed, but the available operations variety and the available operations variety and complexity is severely limited. complexity is severely limited.

Digital circuits are less affected by Digital circuits are less affected by noise, as long as the noise is not large noise, as long as the noise is not large enough to prevent us from enough to prevent us from distinguishing HIGH from LOW (we distinguishing HIGH from LOW (we discuss this in detail in an advanced discuss this in detail in an advanced digital tutorial section). digital tutorial section).

More digital circuitry can be fabricated More digital circuitry can be fabricated on IC chips. on IC chips.

Limitations of Digital Limitations of Digital TechniquesTechniques

Most physical quantities in real world Most physical quantities in real world are analog in nature, and these are analog in nature, and these quantities are often the inputs and quantities are often the inputs and outputs that are being monitored, outputs that are being monitored, operated on, and controlled by a operated on, and controlled by a system. Thus conversion to digital system. Thus conversion to digital format and re-conversion to analog format and re-conversion to analog format is needed. format is needed.