Digital Collections - 6

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SYLLABUS j Select Course of Lectures, CHEMISTRY. i'VVVVVVV\VVVVVVVVVVVVVV\JV\%VV|i\ bVU|lM\VVVV\i DESIGNED FOR A FEMALE CLASS. *-<V%- VWWWWWWW' V vwvwvwvwvw BY JOHN GBISCOM. y nA New- York ; » MllNTr.D BY SAMUEL WOOD & SONS NO. 261, PEARI.-STREFT. \A VWWfcVW 1818,

Transcript of Digital Collections - 6

  • SYLLABUS

    j

    Select Course of Lectures,

    CHEMISTRY.

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    DESIGNED FOR A FEMALE CLASS.*-

  • DEDICATION.

    To the members of the late Female Class onNatural Philosophy :

    SO trifling a publication as a " Syllabus^ couldnot be considered as deserving a dedication, did it notopportunely furnish a medium through which I maybe allowed to express the sentiments of sincere and cordial regard, with which, throughout the course of Philosophy we have just finished, your very decorous deportment, and your steady and lively attention, haveinspired me. This attempt atfurnishing a course ofacademic instruction in some of the most usefid branches of Science and Philosophy to the Female Sex, hasconfirmed my opinion of the fitness and utility of suchan enlargement of the benefits of education. If knowledge is of a social nature, and if an extended acquaintance with the objects and the laws of creation is worthy ofpursuit, on account of its own intrinsic advanta~ges to an intellectual being, then is there no good reason -for withholding such advantagesfrom one half of thosewhom Divine Providence has furnished with taste toenjoy, and capacity to understand.That this endeavour to disseminate useful learning,

    may contribute, in some degree, to the real andpermanenthappiness of each of those who receive it, is the earnestwish of

    Your affectionate Friend,

    JOHN GRISCOM.New-York Institution, }Suondmo.t,liU. \

  • Syllabus, 8£c.

    LECTURE I.

    General objects of chemistry ; definition of chemical terms, both by verbal and experimental illustration,viz. Aggregation, combination, mixture, decomposition,molecule element, analysis, synthesis, concentration, condensation, comminution, filtration, lixiviation, lixivium,solution, solvent, saturation, precipitation, reduction,trituration, neutralization, calcination, incineration, in

    fusion, maceration, deflagration, digestion, decrepitation,detonation, fulmination, ebullition, effervescence, efflores

    cence, deliquescence, dephlegmation, distillation, sublimation, edulcoration, exsiccation, hermetically, levi-

    gation, reagent, rectification, vitrification, petrifaction.Affinity. Changesthe properties of bodies; its laws;

    determines the productions of nature. Perfection of thechemical arts depends on an intimate acquaintance withit. Consideration of the combination of atoms givesexalted views of the divine power and benefi-

    cence

    K.L.M.-.' '"'rf*-y - a

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    LECTURE II.

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    Heat or Caloric. Influences the three different states

    of matter, solid, fluid, and aeriform. Mattter cannotbe destroyed. Caloric unconfinable ; impenetrable.No substance without a portion of it. Temperature defined ; powerful agency of caloric in nature ; most ofthe arts useless without it, cooking, soap-making, pottery, the metallurgic arts, Sic. &c. Expansion and contraction of solids, fluids, and gasses; reference to thearts. Boiling illustrated in glass vessels. Influencedby pressure ; pulse glass ; water hammer ; sensation notan accurate test of heat. Thermometer, its construction,various graduations and use. Pyrometer. Equilibriumof caloric. Cold only the absence of heat. Radiantcaloric ; its reflection best from metals ; influenced bycolour. Conduction of heat ; important difference inthe conducting poAver of different kinds of matter ; application to clothing and household economy. Vaporization. Distillation performed. Apparatus of differentkinds shown and described.

    LECTURE III.vwvwvw

    Exceptions to expansion. "Water densest at 40° Beneficial effects in nature of this law ; prevents lakes anddeep waters from becoming solid in severe winter*.

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    Clay an exception ; hence the arts of pottery. Specificheat, latent heat; different capacities of bodies forheat ; of the same bodies in different states. Heat

    given out during the formation of ice, and condensationsof solids and airs. Boiling and freezing made to exist

    together at the same temperature. Heat produced fromvarious combinations ; of sulphuric acid and water ; limeand water ; furnishing an example of the phenomenon of

    slaking. Inflammation produced by mixing two cold

    fluids, and fluids and solids. Method'of cooling liquors ;

    making ice cream ; producing ice in warm climates ;

    preserving meats, &c. Nature of heat ; various hypotheses. Sources of heat ; the sun ; chemical union,including combustion, friction, percussion, electricity,and galvanism.

    LECTURE IV.vwvwvw

    Pneumatic Chemistry illustrated. Apparatus for

    gasses shown and explained. Air formerly consideredas an element. Modern chemistry has greatly enlargedour knowledge of matter. The atmosphere proved to

    be a compound or mixture of oxygen and azote. Oxy

    gen discovered by Priestly and Scheele.Different

    modes of obtaining it. Its interesting properties in sup

    porting combustion, forming acids, in the respirationof

    animals, &c. stated and illustrated by experiments.Its

    extensive agency in the several kingdoms of nature.Its

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    combinations in general forming oxides and acids. Oxy-genizement. Azote or nitrogen ; how obtained ; properties chiefly negative ; uncertain whether it be a sim

    ple or compound substance. Atmosphere and its composition ; how demonstrated ; uniform in its proportions.Combustion; its theory; whence the heat ; chimneys,stoves, patent and other lamps, furnaces of differentkinds, forges, blow-pipes, &c.

    LECTURE V.vwvwvw

    Hydrogen, its derivation and former appellations ;by whom first accurately examined ; how procured ;its properties ; inflammability, silent and explosive ; itslevity ; used for inflating balloons ; will not supportcombustion or animal life ; produced by nature in stagnant water, &c. but not pure ; used in fire works ; aconstituent of flame in most cases ; produces musicaltones when burnt in tubes.

    Water, formerly regarded as one of the elements ofmatter ; its composition proved by analysis and synthesis ; how constituted ; extensive use in the three kingdoms of nature ; great solvent power ; seldom foundpure ; cause of hardness in water ; how remedied ;mineral waters ; their most common ingredients ; valuable remedies ; statement of the most celebrated mineral waters of America and Europe.

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    LECTURE VI.vwvwvw

    Alkalies. A very useful class of bodies. Their

    general properties explained and shewn. Ammonia orvolatile alkali ; how produced ; singular properties :use in medicine ; its composition. Potash, or vegetablealkali ; whence obtained. Pearl-ash, how made ; usein domestic economy, in cooking ; in the making of softsoap ; its composition how shown ; remarkable and curious properties of its base. Soda or Mineral Alkali,how procured. Theory of soap making. Process formaking hard soap. Composition of soda. Earths, ninein number ; some of them resemble alkalies ; ascertained to be compounds. Barytes and Strontites, whenceprocured ; their properties. Lime, how obtaiued ; itschemical qualities give rise to its extensive use in agriculture, in masonry, in domestic economy, &c. Alu-mine ; foundation of pottery and brick making. Silexthow distinguished ; exists in great abundance in nature.Glass of different kinds, how made. Magnesia, a natural product ; how obtained ; used in medicine. Otherearths but little known or used.

    LECTURE VII.

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    Sulphur, its natural history; refined by sublimation.Combustibility ; specific gravity ; forms acids with ox-

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    ygeu End hydrogen ; found in numerous minerals andin animal substances ; considered a simple substance.Phosphorus ; never found native ; whence and

    how obtained ; interesting properties ; great inflamma

    bility ; emits an unusual share of light, especially whenburned in oxygen ; forms acids ; combines with hydrogen and with lime, and forms interesting products.Carbon; found pure in the diamond; history and

    use9 of the diamond ; nearly pure in charcoal ; charcoal, how obtained ; its properties and uses ; forms anacid with oxygen : combines with hydrogen. Theoryof gas lights, and flame in general.

    LECTURE VIII.vwvwvw

    Chlorine, how obtained ; its colour and other properties ; unites with hydrogen, and forms an acid.Iodine, anew and curious substance ; how obtained ;

    its beautiful violet colour ; forms acids with oxygenand hydrogen.Acids in general ; their nomenclature. Sulphuric

    Acid ; how obtained ; its weight ; strong attraction forwater producing great heat ; use in the arts and domestic economy. Sulphurous Acid ; its use in bleaching.Nitric Acid ; its constitution ; how obtained ; its active

    powers, and use in the arts. Phosphoric Acid ; howproduced; assumes the appearance of glass.

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    LECTURE IX.vwvwvw

    Carbonic Acid ; its other appellations ; how procured ; its properties ; produced by combustion, by fermentation, and by the respiration of animals ; found iuwells, vaults and cellars ; fatal effects without greatcaution ; exists in many mineral waters ; and in porter,cider, champagne, &c. Soda water, how prepared.Muriatic Acid formed of Chlorine and hydrogen ; how

    procured ; its chemical character ; uses in the arts.Salts, their constitution and nomenclature. Sulphates,of soda, of lime, and of alumiua ; their qualities and uses.Nitrates of potash and of ammonia ; their propertiesand uses. Phosphates of soda and lime. Carbonatesof potash, of ammonia, of lime, (marble, chalk, Sic.) ofbarytes, of magnesia. Muriates of soda, of ammonia;

    - their extensive uses in seasoning food, in preservingmeats, and in various other domestic and useful arts.

    Chlorate of potash, remarkable qualities.

    LECTURE X.

    Metals, their natural history ; how purified ; dif-erent relations to oxygen and acids ; chemical charac

    ter and general use of platina, gold, silver, iron, copper,

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    lead, tin, zinc, mercury, bismuth, antimony,' arsenic;cobalt, ami manganese.Metalic Salts. Sulphates of copper, iron, and zinc.

    Nitrates of silver, copper, and mercury. Carbonateof lead. Muriate of gold, silver, iron, copper, tin, mercury, (calomel) cobalt, (sympathetic ink.)

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    LECTURE XL

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    Vegetables differ from minerals by having organization and life ; general process of germination and nutrition of plants ; plants composed of but few elements ; .their proximate principles ; gum, starch, sugar, (howmade and refined) gluten, oils fixed and volatile, essencesand perfumes, camphor, resins, (varnishes) pitch, tar,copal, &c. myrrh, assafoetida, gum elastic, colouringmatter. Tanning ; vegetable acids ; fermentation,BREAD MAKING, BAKING, AND CONFECTIONARY.

  • ADVERTISEMENT.

    IT3 The course to commence on 5th day the 12thinst. at 10 o'clock, and to be continued on every third,fifth, and seventh day, at the same hour, A. M. tillcompleted.Terms of the course $ 4, payable at the commence

    ment, on receiving the ticket. The mothers and female guardians of those who shall be provided with tick

    ets, are particularly invited to attend, without charge,