DIGITAL CODING SIMULATION USING MICRO-RING RESONATOR FORLONG DISTANCE COMMUNICATION

MASOUD RANJBAR

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

DIGITAL CODING SIMULATION USING MICRO-RING RESONATOR FOR LONGDISTANCE COMMUNICATION

MASOUD RANJBAR

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Engineering (Electrical - Electronics and Telecommunication)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JUNE 2013

In the name of ALLAH the Most Beneficial and the most Merciful

Specially dedicated to my beloved Parents and Brothers .

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am so grateful to My Parents whom without their encouragement and

support, I would not have a chance to complete this project. I wish to express my

sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Dr.David Ian Forsyth, for encouragement,

guidance, critics and friendship to finish what I have started. I would like also to

show my appreciation towards the Institute of Advanced Photonics Science, and

Faculty of Electrical Engineering at UTM for supporting me to accomplish this work.

My sincere appreciation also extends to my friend DR Iraj Sadeghi Amiri who has

provided assistance for me at various occasions.

v

ABSTRACT

Much interest has recently been expressed in communication through optical fibers,

in this project we investigate nonlinear behaviors of light known as bifurcation and chaos

within a nonlinear silicon micro-ring resonator (MRR). The research is used to controlling

MRR behaviors such as chaos applicable in security signal coding systems. The variable

parameters affect the bifurcation to be happened in smaller round-trip among total round trip

of 20000 or input power. Therefore, rising of the nonlinear refractive indices, coupling

coefficients and radius of the MRR leads to descending in input power and round trips

wherein the bifurcation occurs. As result, bifurcation or chaos behaviors are seen at lower

input power. In addition, the effect of FSR and FHWM on communication link has been

observed. Furthermore, in this work, a performance of nonlinear soliton wave which is

generated by Micro ring resonator, in order to be coded and used as a carrier to transmit data

over a long distance is investigated ,Controlled chaotic signals from the MRR system are

used to generate logic codes of “0” and “1”, which are applicable in wireless network

communication.

vi

ABSTRAK

Faedah yang lebih baru-baru ini telah dinyatakan dalam komunikasi melalui gentian

optik, dalam projek ini kita menyiasat tingkah laku bukan linear cahaya dikenali sebagai

pencabangan dua dan chaos dalam silikon bukan linear mikro cincin resonator (MRR).

Penyelidikan ini digunakan untuk mengawal tingkah laku MRR seperti chaos berkenaan

dalam keselamatan isyarat sistem pengkodan. Parameter pembolehubah menjejaskan

pencabangan dua yang akan berlaku dalam lebih kecil sepanjang perjalanan antara jumlah

perjalanan pusingan 20000 atau kuasa input. Oleh itu, kenaikan indeks biasan bukan linear

pekali gandingan dan jejari MRR membawa kepada penurunan dalam kuasa input dan

perjalanan pusingan di mana pencabangan dua berlaku. Hasilnya, pencabangan dua atau

tingkah laku chaos dilihat pada kuasa input yang lebih rendah. Di samping itu, kesan FSR

dan FHWM pada pautan komunikasi telah diperhatikan. Tambahan pula, dalam kerja-kerja

ini, prestasi gelombang soliton bukan linear yang dihasilkan oleh MRR, untuk dikodkan dan

digunakan sebagai pembawa untuk menghantar data melalui jarak yang panjang telah

disiasat. Isyarat chaotic terkawal daripada sistem MRR digunakan untuk menjana kod logik

"0" dan "1", yang boleh diguna pakai dalam komunikasi rangkaian jarak jauh.

vii

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Background of Study 1

1.3 History of LASER 2

1.4 Statement of the Problem 3

1.5 Research Questions 4

1.6 Research objectives 4

1.7 Scope of the study 5

1.8 Thesis Organization 5

1.9 Summary 5

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Introduction of Soliton 6

2.2 Optical Soliton 6

2.3 Optical Fiber 7

TABLE OF CONTENTS

viii

2.4 Components of a Microring resonator system 8

2.4.1 Fiber Optic Coupler 8

2.4.2 Fiber Optical Ring Resonators(FORR) 9

2.4.3 Vector Soliton 9

2.4.4 Temporal Solitons 10

2.4.5 Spatial solitons1 11

2.4.6 Dark Soliton 11

2.4.7 Bright soliton 12

2.5 Types of Ring Resonators 13

2.5.1 Single Ring Resonators 13

2.5.2 Double Ring Resonators 13

2.6 Advantages of Fiber Optics 14

2.7 Soliton behavior 16

2.8 SPM ( self phase modulation ) 16

2.9 Optical Bistability(OB) and Hysteresis loop 17

2.10 Bifurcation phenomena 18

2.11 Chaos Phenomena 18

2.12 Signal logic Codes generation by MRR 19

2.13 Multi optical Soliton 20

2.14 Generation of optical potential well in order to generate quantum

binary codes 23

2.15 Generation of Quantum Photon Information 26

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 30

3.2 PROPAGATING OF LIGHT INSIDE SMRR 30

3.3 Performance parameters 30

3.3.1 Effective Refractive Index 31

3.3.2 MRR 31

3.3.3 Input electric field 32

3.3.4 Output electric field 32

3.3.5 Electric field in the next round trip 33

3.3.6 output field 34

3.3.7 output power 34

3.3.8 Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) 34

3.3.9 Free Spectral Range (FSR) 35

3.4 Encoding 36

3.5 Summary 37

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction 38

4.2 Nonlinear refractive indices 38

4.3 Coupling coefficients 45

4.4 Radius 51

4.5 Output power 58

4.6 Signal logic codes generation 62

4.3 Summary 72

5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS

5.1 Conclusions 73

5.2 Future Works 74

ix

REFERENCES 75

x

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

4.1 Values of output power versus input power (a): n2=2*10-20 m2/W 39

4.2 Values of output power versus input power (b): n2=2.5*10-"20 m2/W 40

4.3 Values of output power versus input power (c): n2=3*10-20 m2/W 40

4.4 Values of output power versus input power (d): n2=3.4*10-20 m2/W 41

4.5 Round-trip vs. Out Power (W) k = 0.01 46

4.6 Round-trip vs. Out Power (W) k = 0.04, (c) 46

4.7 Round-trip vs. Out Power (W) k = 0.06 47

4.8 Round-trip vs. Out Power (W) (d): k = 0.1 47

4.9 Values of output power versus ring radius (R=8 |j.m.) 52

4.10 Values of output power versus ring radius (R=20 |im.) 53

4.11 Values of output power versus ring radius (R=25|im.) 53

4.12 Values of output power versus ring radius (R=40 |im.) 54

4.13 Values of output power versus round-trips 59

4.14 Values of output power versus input power 60

4.15 Values of output power versus round-trips 63

4.16 Values of output power versus input power 64

xi

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Ordinary pulse propagation vs. soliton propagation 6

2.2 Structure of fiber 7

2.3 The schematic of Fiber coupler 8

2.4 Gaussian wave in MRR 9

2.5 Design of Ring and schematic of vertically micro-ring 9

resonator

2.6 A pulse (top curve) propagating through a nonlinear medium 10

undergoes a self-frequency shift (bottom curve) due to self­

phase modulation. The front of the pulse is shifted to lower

frequencies, the back to higher frequencies. In the center of

the pulse the frequency shift is approximately linear

2.7 Focus of light by a convex lens 11

2.8 Dark soliton pulse 12

2.9 Bright Soliton pulse 12

2.10 Ring resonator channel dropping filter 13

2.11 Two ring resonators coupled in series 14

2.12 Self-phase modulation 17

2.13 Optical bi-stability of the nonlinear FORR and represents 18

hysteresis loop

LIST OF FIGURES

2.14

2.15

2.16

2.17

2.18

2.19

2.20

2.21

2.22

2.23

2.24

xii

Bifurcation phenomena 18

Chaos Phenomena 18

Schematic diagram of a PANDA ring-resonator connected to 21

an add/drop filter system

Multi soliton signal generation using PANDA ring resonator 21

system where (a), (b), (c) and (d) are powers inside the

PANDA system and (e) is the output power from the

throughput

Output multi soliton signal generation using an add/drop 22

filter system, where (a): dark soliton at through port, (b):

expansion of multi dark soliton, (c) bright soliton at drop

port, and (d): expansion of multi bright soliton

A schematic of an entangled photon pair manipulation within 23

a Micro-ring resonator. The quantum state is propagating to a

rotatable polarizer and then is split by a beam splitter (PBS)

flying to detector”DN1, DN2, DN3 and DN4

System of integrated MRR systems, incorporating with a 24

multiplexer device and a beam splitter

dark and bright soliton generation with FWHM and FSR of 25

0.54 nm and 4.71 nm respectively, using multiplexer system

dark and bright soliton pulses simultaneously seen from 25

photo detectors 1 and 2

A schematic diagram of an add/drop filter 27

Results of the optical tweezers generation (a): input dark 28

soliton and Gaussian pulse, (b), (c) and (d): interior signals,

(e) and (f): through and drop port output signals

2.25 A schematic of an entangled photon pair manipulation within 29

xiii

a ring resonator. The quantum state is propagating to a

rotatable polarizer and then is split by a beam splitter (PBS)

flying to detector DN1, DN2, DN3

3.1 Nonlinear silicon microring resonator (MRR) 33

3.2 Full width at half maximum 34

3.3 The free spectral range and line width of the output from a 35

cavity

3.4 System of encoding and decoding 36

4.1 Bifurcation and chaos behavior of light inside MRR, where 39

and for different nonlinear refractive indices: (a):

n2=2x10-20 m2/W, (b): n2=2.5x10-20 m2/W, (c):

n2=3x10-20 m2/W and (d): n2=3.4x10-20 m2/W

4.2 Simulation results of bifurcation behavior generation inside a 45

MRR by respect to various value of coupling coefficient ( K),

where (a): K = 001, (b): K = 004, (c): K = 006 and (d):

K = 0.1

4.3 Simulation results of bifurcation and chaos phenomena inside 52

a micro-ring resonator by the respect to various values of

MRR radius (R)

4.4 Simulation results of chaotic signals within the MRR, where

(a): output power versus round-trips, (b) output power versus 58

input power

4.5 Simulation results of chaotic signals within the MRR, where 62

(a): output power versus round-trips, (b): output power versus

xiv

input power, (c): Analog Codes, (d): Logic Codes of “0” and“1”

4.6 Simulation results of chaotic signals within the MRR, where 68

(a): output power versus round-trips, (b): output power versus

input power, (c): Analog Codes, (d): Logic Codes of “0” and

“1”

5.1 Schematic of a computer wireless networks system, where 74

the transmission of logic codes can be implemented using

MRR

xv

LASER - Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation

MASER - Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation

MRR - Micro Ring Resonator

FORR - Fiber Optical Ring Resonators

CW - Continuous Wave

SPM - Self-Phase Modulation

OB - Optical Bistability

SMRR - Single Micro Ring Resonator

TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access

EDF - Erbium Doped Fiber

PBS - Polarizing Beam Splitter

Mux - Multiplexer

Rad - add/drop filter

E - Electric field

Hz - Hertz

GHz - Gigahertz

BW - Bandwidth

L - Length

FWHM - Full Width at Half Maximum

FSR - Free Spectral Range

dB - Decibel

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

C H A P T E R 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses the background of the study including of creation of

fiber optic in communication and history of LASER has been investigated.

Additionally statement of the problem and the purpose of the study. Along with the

objectives of the study, research questions Thesis Organization, and definitions of

some terms are also offered.

1.2 Background of Study

The impression of applying fiber to transport an optical communications

signal is created by Alexander Graham Bell. Though the idea forced wait about 80

years for well improved glasses with low-cost technology for that to turn out to be

suitable in practical circumstances. Progress of fibers and strategies toward optical

communications originated in early 1960s and still continues intensely today. An

optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of glass (silica) or plastic, slightly

thicker than a human hair. It functions as a waveguide, or “light pipe” [1] to transmit

light between the two ends of the fiber [2]. The field of applied science and

engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as

fiber optics. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which

2

permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than

other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals

travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference.

Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so that they may be

used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in confined spaces. Optical fibers

typically include a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding material

with a lower index of refraction. Light is kept in the core by total internal reflection.

This causes the fiber to act as a waveguide. Micro-ring resonator is a type of single­

mode fibers which has the input of a LASER beam and generates dark and bright

soliton waves which has a nonlinear behavior. In this study we are going to do digital

coding simulation using this micro-ring resonator for long distance communication,

the functions and procedure of the study will be analyzing in the next chapters.

1.3 A Brief History of Lasers:

Max Plank published work in 1900 that provided the understanding that light

is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Without this understanding the laser would

not have been invented. The principle of the laser was first known in 1917, when

physicist Albert Einstein described the theory of stimulated emission. However, it

was not until the late 1940s that engineers began to utilize this principle for practical

purposes. At the onset of the 1950’s several different engineers were working

towards the harnessing of energy using the principal of stimulated emission. At the

University of Columbia was Charles Townes, at the University of Maryland was

Joseph Weber and at the Lebedev Laboratories in Moscow were Alexander

Prokhorov and Nikolai G Basov.

At this stage the engineers were working towards the creation of what was

termed a MASER (Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of

Radiation), a device that amplified microwaves as opposed to light and soon found

use in microwave communication systems. Townes and the other engineers believed

it to be possible to create an optical maser, a device for creating powerful beams of

light using higher frequency energy to stimulate what was to become termed the

3

lasing medium. Despite the pioneering work of Townes and Prokhorov it was left to

Theodore Maiman in 1960 to invent the first Laser using a lasing medium of ruby

that was stimulated using high energy flashes of intense light. Townes and Prokhorov

were later awarded the Nobel Science Prize in 1964 for their endeavors. The Laser

was a remarkable technical breakthrough, but in its early years it was something of a

technology without a purpose. It was not powerful enough for use in the beam

weapons envisioned by the military, and its usefulness for transmitting information

through the atmosphere was severely hampered by its inability to penetrate clouds

and rain. Almost immediately, though, some began to find uses for it. Maiman and

other engineers developed laser weapons sighting systems and powerful lasers for

use in surgery and other areas where a moderately powerful, pinpoint source of heat

was needed.[3]but in case of optical communication A fiber laser is a laser in which

the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth elements such as

erbium, ytterbium, neodymium, dysprosium, praseodymium, and thulium. They are

related to doped fiber amplifiers, which provide light amplification without lasing.

Fiber nonlinearities, such as stimulated Raman scattering or four-wave mixing can

also provide gain and thus serve as gain media for a fiber laser.

In the non-mode locking regime, the first soliton fiber laser has been

successfully achieved in an all-normal dispersion erbium-doped fiber laser with a

polarizer in cavity. Experimentally finding that apart from the bright pulse emission,

under appropriate conditions the fiber laser could also emit single or multiple dark

pulses. Based on numerical simulations we interpret the dark pulse formation in the

laser as a result of soliton shaping.[3]

1.4 Statement of the Problem

Considering the importance of the network communication and data

transition, the applications required significantly to have better capacity and higher

bitrate which are low in current communication technology, therefore we increase

the bitrate by generating highly chaotic signals.

4

Using micro-ring resonator we can produce both digital and analog waves, by

analyzing the analog waves we turn the chaotic noise into logic codes in a digital

form, while it has to be coded by applying a coding programming system to provide

us a coded soliton which is able to be used as a carrier of signal in optical

communication.

We produce analog signals using MATLAB with high capacity and high number of

pulses using ring resonator systems.

1.5 Research Questions

In this research there are three basic Questions to be answered:

1. How can we transmit data for long distance communication?

2. How can we use soliton as carrier of digital information?

3. How can we advance transmission of data codes? Perhaps by trying various

parameters in micro-ring systems?

1.6 Research objectives

This research aims to achieve the following objectives:

1. To simulate and coding the optical soliton using MRR.

2. Generation of digital signal information codes using MATLAB in MRR

system in order to apply in communication technology , whi

ch can be used as carrier of information to transfer it for a long distance

communication .

3. Improving the transmission of data codes in order to optimizing the

bifurcation and chaotic signals by controlling the power input and other parameters .

5

1.7 Scope of the study

The scope of this project is first of all design optimized communication

system Using nonlinear Micro-ring resonator to provide a Nonlinear condition

under the direct impact of nonlinear Kerr effect. After that, simulate the design in

terms of performance Parameters Matlab, .Then, optimize the proposed

Communication system.

1.8 Thesis Organization

The development of digital communication systems has established new

requirements for micro-ring resonator. The motivation for the research in this thesis

is to find new approaches for performance improvement of soliton wave to deal with

these challenges. After a general overview of basic theories and components of MRR

and providing problem statement, objectives, scope of the project in chapter 1, a brief

review of micro-ring resonator applications in optical communication systems and a

general view of the soliton generation in order to create a communication link, and

literature review are presented in chapter2.The project methodology, parameters,

simulation tools, the design steps, the software used in the simulation process and the

design specifications is discussed in chapter 3. An illustration of simulated results,

optimizing the system specification, the advantages of the proposed design,

discussions for results including tables and Matlab codes are also provided in chapter

4. Chapter 5 contains the conclusion of the project and the recommended future

work.

1.9 Summary

In this chapter, an overview of the optical fiber communication system and

LASER is presented. This overview concentrates mainly on the MRR components

which is one of the critical components that affects the performance of the optical

communication system.

75

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