Digital Bike

8/7/2019 Digital Bike

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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS(DIGITAL BIKE OPERATING SYSTEM SANS KEY)

Paper presented by:

P.V.AJAY KUMAR CH.ANAND SURESHemail:[email protected] email:anandsuresh.cheedella.gmail.comPh.no:+918801889453 Ph.no:+919030429215

Electronics and Communication Dept.

SRI SATYANARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE(AN ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED INSTITUTION)

(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to J.N.T.U, Kakinada)

Kurnool road, Ongole-523225, Prakasam (Dist.), A.P.


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ABSTRACT:

Now a days consumer products like

washing machine, microwave oven, and cell

phone to industries digital technology plays a

major role. But we have not yet used this

technology in bikes. We are saying that by

making use of this tech. in bikes is a complete

digital bike operating system sans key.

According to this tech. key is not required to

operate a bike& also the petrol knob need not to

be turned on for petrol flow. All are done

automatically by pressing a single button. To

start the bike a four -digit password has to be

entered. A keypad is provided for this purpose.

After the acceptance of the password, we can

operate the bike. Some safety features are also

introduced .If others try to operate the bike

without the permission from the bike owner

they will fail in their attempt and immediately

an alarm which is fixed in the bike starts lauding

and at the same time a receiver will indicate it to

us.

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED

SYSTEMS:

In the past it was much easier to

distinguish an embedded system from general

purpose computer than its today. Clearly the

increase in hardware performance and low cost

blurred the demarcation line. Embedded

specifies the integration and system is one

which responds to input producing required

output. Gadgets are increasingly becoming

intelligent and autonomous. MP3 players,

mobile phones and automotive brakes are some

of the common examples built with intelligence.

The intelligence of smart devices resides in

embedded system

A router, an example of an embedded system.

Labeled parts include a microprocessor (4),

RAM (6), and flash memory (7).

CHARACTERISTICS:

Two major areas of differences are cost

and power consumption. Since many embedded

systems are produced in the tens of thousands to

millions of units range, reducing cost is a major

concern. Embedded systems often use a

(relatively) slow processor and small memory

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size to minimize costs. The slowness is not just

clock speed. The whole architecture of the

computer is often intentionally simplified to

lower costs. For example, embedded systems

often use peripherals controlled by synchronous

serial interfaces, which are ten to hundreds of

times slower than comp arable peripherals used

in PCs. Programs on an embedded system often

must run with real-time constraints with limited

hardware resources: often there is no disk drive,

operating system, keyboard or screen. A flash

drive may replace rotating media, and a small

keypad and LCD screen may be used instead of

a PC's keyboard and screen. Firmware is the

name for software that is embedded in hardware

devices, e.g. in one or more ROM/Flash

memory IC chips. Embedded systems are

routinely expected to maintain 100% reliability

while running continuously for long periods,

sometimes measured in years. Firmware isusually developed and tested to much stricter

requirements than is general purpose software

which can usually be easily restarted if a

problem occurs.

CLASSIFICATION:

Embedded systems are classified as1. Autonomous

2. Real time

3. Network enabled

4. Mobile

Applications of Embedded system may base

upon:

1. Microprocessor

2. Microcontroller

3. Signal processors (DSP, ASP, MSP) design

Embedded system can be easily understood

from the block below:

Breakthroughs in developments of

microelectronics, processors speeds and

memory elements accompanied with dropping

prices have resulted powerful embedded

systems with number of applications.

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Microprocessor:

A microprocessor incorporates most or

all of the functions of a central processing unit

(CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC). [1]

The first microprocessors emerged in the early

1970s and were used for electronic calculators,

using BCD arithmetic on 4-bit words. Other

embedded uses of 4 and 8-bit microprocessors,

such as terminals, printers, various kinds of

automation etc., followed rather quickly.

Affordable 8-bit microprocessors with 16-bit

addressing also led to the first general purpose

microcomputers in the mid-1970s.

Processors were for a long period

constructed out of small and medium-scale ICs

containing the equivalent of a few to a few

hundred transistors. The integration of the

whole CPU onto a single VLSI chip thereforegreatly reduced the cost of processing capacity.

From their humble beginnings, continued

increases in microprocessor capacity has

rendered other forms of computers almost

completely obsolete (see history of computing

hardware), with one or more microprocessor as

processing element in everything from the

smallest embedded systems and hand held

devices to the largest mainframes and super

computers

Since the early 1970s, the increase in

processing capacity of evolving

Microprocessors has been known to generally

follow Moore's Law. It suggests that the

complexity of an integrated circuit, with respect

to minimum component cost, doubles every 18

months. In the late 1990s, heat generation

(TDP), due to current leakage and other factors,

emerged as a leading developmental

constraint[2]

MICRO CONTROLLER:

The integrated circuit from an

Intel 8742, an 8-bit microcontroller

that includes a CPU running at 12

MHz, 128 bytes of RAM, 2048 bytes

of EPROM, and I/O in the same

chip.

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A microcontroller (also MCU or

C) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of

microprocessor emphasizing high integration,

low power consumption, self sufficiency and

cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a general-

purpose microprocessor (the kind used in a PC).

In addition to the usual arithmetic and logic

elements of a general purpose

DESIGN OF EMBEDDED

SYSTEMS:

The electronics usually uses either a

microprocessor or a microcontroller. Some old

systems use general purpose mainframe

computers or minicomputers.

Start-up:

All embedded systems have start -upcode. Usually it disables interrupts, sets up the

electronics, tests the computer (RAM, CPU and

software), and then starts the application code.

Many embedded systems recover from short

term power failures by restarting (without recent

self -tests). Restart times under a tenth of a

second are common. Many designers have

found one of more hardware plus software

-controlled LEDs useful to indicate errors

during development. A common scheme is to

have the electronics turn off the LED(s) at reset,

whereupon the software turns it on at the first

opportunity, to prove that the hardware and start

-up software have performed their job so far.

After that, the software blinks the LED(s) or

sets up light patterns during normal operation, to

indicate program execution progress and/or

errors. This serves to reassure most

technicians/engineers and some users.

SOME RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS:

1. ABC chip by Philips semiconductors digital

enabled cordless phone using embedded DSP

cores.

2. Embedded DRAM gets pure logicperformance vendors of gigabit Ethernet

controllers turning into embedded DRAM.

3. Large number of small batteries on silicon

chips in the near future.

4. Atmel announces new memory solution for

embedded application low cost high security

chips with data encryption and synchronous

protocols.

DESIGN ISSUES:

The nature of application or the product

that has to be designed presents certain

requirements and constraints. Some of the issues

that designer faces are:

1. NRE cost.

2. I/O capability.

3. On chip memory.

4. Development tools.

5. Reliability.

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TYPES OF EMBEDDED

SOFTWARE

ARCHITECTURES:

There are several basically differenttypes of software architectures in common use.

The control loop:In this design, the software simply has a

loop. The loop calls subroutines. Each

subroutine manages a part of the hardware or

software. Interrupts generally set flags, or

update counters that are read by the rest of the

software. A simple API disables and enables

interrupts. Done right, it handles nested calls in

nested subroutines, and restores the preceding

interrupt state in the outermost enable.

This is one of the simplest methods of creating

an exokernel.

No preemptive multitasking:This system is very similar to the above,

except that the loop is hidden in an API. One

defines a series of tasks, and each task gets its

own subroutine stack. Then, when a task is idle,

it calls an idle routine (usually called "pause",

"wait", "yield", or etc.).

Preemptive timers:Take any of the above systems, but add a

timer system that runs subroutines from a timer

interrupt. This adds completely new capabilities

to the system. For the first time, the timer

routines can occur at a guaranteed time. Also,

for the first time, the code can step on its own

data structures at unexpected times. The timer

routines must be treated with the same care as

interrupt routines.

Preemptive tasks:Take the above non-preemptive task

system, and run it from a preemptive timer or

other interrupts. Suddenly the system is quite

different. Any piece of task code can damage

the data of another task they must be

precisely separated. Access to shared data must

be rigidly controlled by some synchronization

strategy.

User interfaces:User interfaces for embedded systems

vary wildly, and thus deserve some special

comment. Designers recommend testing the user

interface for usability at the earliest possible

instant. A quick, dirty test is to ask an executive

secretary to use cardboard models drawn with

magic markers, and manipulated by an engineer.

The videotaped result is likely to be both

humorous and very educational. In the tapes,

every time the engineer talk, the interface has

failed: It would cause a service call.

DIGITAL BIKE OPERATING

SYSTEM SANS KEY:The main feature of this bike is there is

no key required to start & lock the bike& also

there is no need to turn on the petrol knob for

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petrol flow. All are done automatically by

pressing a single button.

OBJECTIVE:It is often quite natural for everyone to

leave the bike key somewhere and search for it

while going out. Particularly in the morning

while getting ready to go office or college

searching the bike key leads us to a big tension

and finally if we lost the key we have to go to a

mechanic to replace with a new key. Sometimes

some may forget to lock the bike, which leads to

theft. Some may forget to open the petrol knob

for petrol flow, which leads the bike

automatically, switched off amidst heavy traffic.

These kinds of problems are fully solved by this

project and theft proof techniques are also

introduced.

USER MANUAL:

NUMBER SYSTEM:

R-RIDE MODE; H-HOLD MODE; L-LOCK

MODE; P.W CHNGPASSWORD

CHANGE INDICATOR; L/U

-LOCK/UNLOCK

To start the bike a 4-digit password has to be

entered in the keypad.

PASSWORD REGISTRATION:On show room condition no passwords

will be stored in the bike & hence at this

condition any one can operate the bike. To

register a password, first press the L/U button &

then enter a 4 -digit password. After doing this a

green light will glow this indicates that the

entered password has been stored successfully.

After getting the green signal press the L/U

button.

STARTING OF THE BIKE:

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To start the Bike, first press the L/U

button & then enter the password. If the entered

password is correct, you will get one beep and a

green signal. Then press the L/U button. (A

keypad is provided along with the Speedometer

for this purpose. This setup is given above).

After the acceptance of the password (i.e. after

pressing the L/U button) there are 3 operating

modes available. They are Ride mode, Hold

mode & Lock mode.

RIDE MODE:

The ignition circuit gets connected, bike

lock gets opened & also the petrol starts flowing

to the engine.

HOLD MODE:The engine is stopped for purposes like

in traffic signal it is unnecessary to hold the bike

in on condition till we get the signal. After

getting the signal or the re after whenever we

wish we can restart the bike by simply kicking

the kicker.

LOCK MODE:

The ignition circuit gets disconnected,

bike is locked, petrol flow is stopped & also the

password gets locked.

Note: After selecting the lock mode, the bike

can be restarted only by entering the password.

For each mode a button is provided. By pressing

the button the corresponding actions, which is

given inside the brackets will take place

automatically.

TANK SWITCH:By pressing this button the tank cap gets

opened automatic ally. After fuelling the tank

you can close it by simply pressing the cap

downwards.

MECHANICAL SPECIFICATIONS:

Solenoids are used for bike lock and fuel

flow control. For bike lock push/pull type

solenoid is used. For fuel control 3/8 inch,

normally closed type solenoid is used.

SPECIAL FEATURES:

Theft proof:An alarm, which is fixed in the bike,

starts louding & at the same time it will be

indicated to us by the remote on these

conditions.

If anyone enters wrong password more than 3

times

If any one of the wire related to the bike

control is cut down

The security alarm can be switched off only by

entering the correct password or by pressing the

security alarm stop button in the remote.

REMOTE:

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S.off-SECURITY ALARM OFF

BUTTON

Password changing:For changing the password, press the

L/U button & enter the secret code number

(Secret code- each bike will have a different

secret code which is used to change the

password & this secret code will be set by the

manufacturer). Now the existing password will

be erased & the password change light indicator

in the keypad will indicate it. Now enter the new

password. Then the password change light in the

keypad goes off which indicates that the new

password has been stored successfully. After

getting the green signal press the L/U button.

Battery power indicator:This system works with 12v battery. A

red light glows whenever the battery goes down

below 11v & immediately this system draws

power from an additional battery provided.

However it is mandatory to recharge the main

battery within two days whenever you get the

battery low indication. The battery low indicator

will go off only after recharging the main

battery.

Advantages: Theft proof

Key less entry

Low cost

CONCLUSION:

This project enables the bike owner to

enjoy the Digital technology in bike and also it

makes the owner f eel free from theft fear

complex.

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Digital Bike

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