DIGEST OF CASE LAWOF THE

SPECIAL TRIBUNAL FOR LEBANONby the

The Defence Office of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon

Second EditionMarch 2019

DIGEST OF CASE LAW OF THE SPECIAL TRIBUNAL FOR LEBANON

DIGEST OF CASE LAW OF THE

SPECIAL TRIBUNAL FOR LEBANONby the

Defence Office of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon

Second EditionMarch 2019

© 2019 Defence Office of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon

The opinions expressed in this publication do not reflect the views of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon.

The Defence Office of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon authorize the free reproduction of extracts from this Digest for non-commercial purposes provided that due acknowledgement is given and a copy of the publication carrying the extract is sent to the following email or postal address:

Defence Office of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon Dokter van der Stamstraat 1 2265 BC Leidschendam The Netherlands Tel +31 (0)70 800 3454 Fax +31 (0)70 800 3564 stl-defence@un.org

Produced in the Netherlands

DIGEST OF CASE LAW OF THE

SPECIAL TRIBUNAL FOR LEBANON

This edition of the Digest contains public decisions issued in the following cases:

In the case of The Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Case No. STL-11-01 (decisions issued until 1st January 2017)

In the Case against Al Jadeed [CO.] S.A.L./NEW T.V. S.A.L. (N.T.V.) and Ms Karma Mohamed Tahsin Al Khayat, Case No. STL-14-05 (all decisions issued in the case)

In the Case against Akhbar Beirut S.A.L. and Mr Ibrahim Mohamed Ali Al Amin, Case No. STL-14-06 (all decisions issued in the case)

In the Matter of El Sayed (all decisions issued in the case)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This Digest would have been impossible without the tireless commitment of the members of the Defence Office. This also holds for our interns, whose energy and diligence since 2014 have also made this project culminate in success. We would like to thank them very warmly for their dedication and commitment.

Additionally, in the drafting of the Digest, the Editor would like to specifically acknowledge the assistance provided by the Office of the Prosecutor.

The Defence Office

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NOTE TO THE READER

The Digest of Case Law of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (“Digest”) was initially assembled to assist STL Defence teams in their everyday practice. It is a comprehensive compilation of public orders and decisions (oral and written) handed down by the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (“STL”). It is primarily intended to support legal research, by seeking to facilitate analysis of topics addressed in these orders and decisions and related provisions of the STL’s Statute and Rules of Procedure and Evidence. The Defence Office decides now to publish this Digest, believing that it offers an effective and engaging tool not only for legal practitioners and academics, but also for members of the general public interested in the STL’s work. For effective use of the Digest, the reader’s attention is drawn to the following: The Digest is intended as a research aid and is not a source of analysis or interpretation of the decisions found within its pages. It is divided up by subject matter. A short introductory title summarises the excerpt extracted from a decision or an order. While the Digest enables the reader to identify relevant excerpts within specific decisions, the decisions themselves remain the authoritative legal document. Consequently, the reader is encouraged to consult the referenced decisions in full, rather than solely relying on the excerpts featured in the Digest. Furthermore, unless quotation marks are used, the principles distilled from a given decision will not appear as exact quotations; excerpts have, in some cases, been adapted in the interests of comprehension and readability. Additionally, a brief word of caution: the references in the footnotes provide no indication that a decision was ultimately reversed by an appellate chamber or panel, or whether other decisions departed from the principles contained therein. Lastly, nowhere in the Digest shall the reader find decisions issued either by the Head of Defence Office or the Registrar, nor will he find anything but public decisions.

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ABBREVIATIONS

ART. Article of the STL Statute

CDR Call Data Record

CST Call Sequence Table

HDO Head of Defence Office

OTP Office of the Prosecutor

ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

JCE Joint criminal enterprise

LCCP Lebanese Code of Criminal Procedure

LWF Legal Workflow

LRV Legal Representative of Victims

PTB Pre-Trial Brief

PTJ Pre-Trial Judge

RPE or Rules Rules of Procedure and Evidence

STL Special Tribunal for Lebanon

SQL Sequential Query Language

UN United Nations

UNIIIC United Nations International Independent Investigation Commission

VPP Victim(s) Participating in Proceedings

VPU Victims Participation Unit

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

A. JURISDICTION AND APPLICABLE LAW ................................................................... 16

I. ESTABLISHMENT AND LEGALITY OF THE STL ............................................................................... 16 II. JURISDICTION ................................................................................................................................ 18

1. STL’s jurisdiction ................................................................................................................................ 18 2. STL’s jurisdiction over contempt and obstruction of justice ............................................................... 21

III. APPLICABLE LAW.......................................................................................................................... 29 1. Substantive Law .................................................................................................................................. 29

1.1 STL applies Lebanese Law ......................................................................................................................... 29 1.2 Interpretation of the Lebanese Law............................................................................................................. 30

2. Procedural Law .................................................................................................................................... 31 2.1 The Rules of Procedure and Evidence ........................................................................................................ 31 2.2 Definitions - Rule 2 (and other definitions) ................................................................................................ 32 2.3 Interpretation of the Rules - Rule 3 ............................................................................................................. 41 2.4 Non-compliance with the Rules and amendments to the Rules – Rules 4 and 5 ......................................... 47

3. Practice Directions ............................................................................................................................... 48

B. CRIMES .................................................................................................................................... 48

I. TERRORISM ................................................................................................................................... 48 1. Applicable Law on terrorism ............................................................................................................... 48 2. Elements of the crime of terrorism ...................................................................................................... 49 3. Aggravating circumstances .................................................................................................................. 49 4. Terrorist nature of the 14 February attack must be proved .................................................................. 50

II. HOMICIDE AND ATTEMPTED HOMICIDE ......................................................................................... 50 1. Homicide ............................................................................................................................................. 50

1.1 STL applies Lebanese Law on homicide .................................................................................................... 50 1.2 Elements of the crime of homicide ............................................................................................................. 50 1.3 Aggravating circumstances of homicide ..................................................................................................... 53

2. Attempted homicide............................................................................................................................. 53 III. CONSPIRACY ................................................................................................................................. 54

1. Applicable law ..................................................................................................................................... 54 2. Elements of the crime of conspiracy .................................................................................................... 55

2.1 Two or more individuals ............................................................................................................................. 55 2.2 An agreement .............................................................................................................................................. 55 2.3 Aiming at commiting crimes against the security of a State ....................................................................... 56 2.4 Predetermination of the means to be used to commit the crime .................................................................. 57 2.5 A criminal intent ......................................................................................................................................... 57 2.6 Conspiracy and modes of liability .............................................................................................................. 58

IV. CUMULATIVE CHARGING ............................................................................................................... 58

C. MODES OF LIABILITY ...................................................................................................... 61

I. PERPETRATION AND CO-PERPETRATION ........................................................................................ 61 1. General ................................................................................................................................................ 61 2. Perpetration .......................................................................................................................................... 62 3. Co-perpetration .................................................................................................................................... 62

II. COMPLICITY (AIDING AND ABETTING) .......................................................................................... 64 1. Definition ............................................................................................................................................. 64 2. Elements of complicity ........................................................................................................................ 65

2.1 Elements of complicity in Lebanese Law ................................................................................................... 65

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2.2 Elements of complicity in International Criminal Law ............................................................................... 66 3. General ................................................................................................................................................ 67

III. JOINT CRIMINAL ENTERPRISE ....................................................................................................... 68

D. INVESTIGATIONS................................................................................................................ 69

I. OTP’S INVESTIGATIONS ................................................................................................................ 69 II. DEFENCE’S INVESTIGATIONS ......................................................................................................... 71 III. ROLE OF THE PRE-TRIAL JUDGE IN INVESTIGATIONS – ART. 18 AND RULES 61 AND 77 ................ 72

E. INDICTMENT ......................................................................................................................... 73

I. FUNCTION OF THE INDICTMENT ..................................................................................................... 73 II. CONTENT OF THE INDICTMENT – RULE 68 (D) ............................................................................... 73

1. Requirements of Rule 68 (D) ............................................................................................................... 73 2. Other issues related to the content of an indictment ............................................................................ 76

III. CONFIRMATION OF THE INDICTMENT ............................................................................................ 77 1. Pre-Trial Judge’s jurisdiction to confirm the indictment – Art. 18 and Rule 68 .................................. 77 2. Possibility for the Pre-Trial Judge to submit preliminary questions - Rule 68 (G) .............................. 82

2.1 Purpose of Rule 68 (G) ............................................................................................................................... 82 2.2 Rule 68 (G) is not applicable to the amendment of an indictment .............................................................. 83 2.3 Motions for reconsideration of preliminary questions - Rules 140 and 176 bis .......................................... 84

IV. NOTIFICATION OF THE INDICTMENT – ART. 22 (2) ........................................................................ 84 V. JOINDER OF INDICTMENT - RULE 70 .............................................................................................. 86

1. General rules for joinder – Rule 70...................................................................................................... 86 2. Criteria for joinder - Rule 70 (B) ......................................................................................................... 87 3. Impact of joinder on the rights of the Accused .................................................................................... 88 4. Possibility for Trial Chamber to exercise the power of Pre-Trial Judge – Rule 70 (C) ....................... 88 5. Consequences of joinder on the proceedings ....................................................................................... 89

VI. AMENDMENT OF INDICTMENT – RULE 71 ...................................................................................... 91 1. General ................................................................................................................................................ 91 2. Requirements to amend the indictment – Rule 71 (B) ......................................................................... 93 3. Victims status remain unchanged when indictment is amended .......................................................... 98

VII. TABLE OF INCRIMINATING EVIDENCE ............................................................................................ 98 1. Table of incriminating evidence is not required by a provision ........................................................... 98 2. Table of incriminating evidence might negatively affect other parties ................................................ 98 3. Trial Chamber has discretion to order the insuance of table of incriminating evidence ...................... 99

VIII. DEFECTS IN THE INDICTMENT ................................................................................................... 100 1. Right to notice ................................................................................................................................... 100 2. Degree of precision of the indictment required ................................................................................. 102

F. ARREST WARRANT AND SUMMONSES TO APPEAR ....................................... 105

I. ARREST WARRANTS ..................................................................................................................... 105 1. Purpose of arrest warrants.................................................................................................................. 105 2. Execution of arrest warrants .............................................................................................................. 106

II. SUMMONSES TO APPEAR .............................................................................................................. 107

G. PRELIMINARY MOTIONS ............................................................................................. 108

I. SCOPE OF PRELIMINARY MOTIONS – RULE 90 ............................................................................. 108 1. Disposal of preliminary motions before transfer of the case file ....................................................... 108 2. List of preliminary motions under Rule 90 ........................................................................................ 110 3. Challenges to an amended indictment ............................................................................................... 112

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II. CHALLENGES TO JURISDICTION - RULE 90 A (I) .......................................................................... 113 III. DEFECTS IN THE FORM OF THE INDICTMENT – RULE 90 A (II) ..................................................... 114

1. Curing a defective indictment ............................................................................................................ 114 2. Defects ............................................................................................................................................... 115

IV. APPEAL OF DECISION ON PRELIMINARY MOTIONS – RULE 90 (B)................................................. 116

H. DISCLOSURE BY THE PROSECUTOR...................................................................... 118

I. GENERAL MATTERS ..................................................................................................................... 118 II. DISCLOSURE BY THE PROSECUTOR - RULE 110 (A) ..................................................................... 125

1. Scope of Rule 110 (A) ....................................................................................................................... 125 2. Disclosure of payments made to witnesses ........................................................................................ 130 3. Disclosure of documents related to expert reports ............................................................................. 131

III. INSPECTION OF DOCUMENTS - RULE 110 (B) ................................................................................ 133 1. Scope of Rule 110 (B) ....................................................................................................................... 133 2. Prosecutor obligations under Rule 110 (B) ........................................................................................ 135 3. Defence request to inspect Rule 110 (B) material ............................................................................. 137

3.1 Defence’s burden of proof ........................................................................................................................ 137 3.2 Meaning of “material to the preparation of the defence” .......................................................................... 140 3.3 Meaning of “relevance” ............................................................................................................................ 142 3.4 Meaning of ‘preparation of the Defence’ .................................................................................................. 142 3.5 Expert reports............................................................................................................................................ 143 3.6 The Lebanese Case File compiled by the Lebanese Investigative Judges ................................................. 144

IV. EXCULPATORY MATERIAL – RULE 113 ........................................................................................ 144 1. Generalities ........................................................................................................................................ 144 2. Obligations and duties of the Prosecutor under Rule 113 .................................................................. 147 3. Defence motion to obtain Rule 113 material ..................................................................................... 151

3.1 Burden of proof on the Defence ................................................................................................................ 151 3.2 No obligation for the Prosecutor to create work product or investigate .................................................... 153

4. Prosecutor has discretion under Rule 113 .......................................................................................... 154 5. Rule 111 is an exception to Rule 113 ................................................................................................ 155

5.1 Rule 111 is an exception to Rule 113........................................................................................................ 155 5.2 Rule 111 exception must be interpreted narrowly ..................................................................................... 157

6. Disclosure of payments made to witnesses under Rule 113 .............................................................. 158 V. EXPERTS (DISCLOSURE) - RULE 161 ............................................................................................ 159

1. Disclosure of prior draft of expert report ........................................................................................... 159 2. Disclosure of documents underlying or related to expert reports ...................................................... 160 3. Other disclosure of Prosecution-expert communications .................................................................. 161

VI. DISCLOSURE RESTRICTIONS AND EXCEPTIONS ............................................................................ 162 1. Interim non-disclosure of identity - Rule 115 .................................................................................... 162 2. Application for non-disclosure - Rule 116 ......................................................................................... 165

2.1 Rule 116 (A) ............................................................................................................................................. 165 2.2 Counterbalancing measures under Rule 116 (B) ....................................................................................... 168

3. Internal work product - Rule 111 ....................................................................................................... 169 3.1 Scope of Rule 111 ..................................................................................................................................... 169 3.2 Exceptions to Rule 111 ............................................................................................................................. 173 3.3 Rule 111 and witness statements .............................................................................................................. 175 3.4 Rule 111 and payment of witnesses .......................................................................................................... 177 3.5 Rule 111 and other Rules relating to disclosure - Rules 110, 116, 118 and 113 ....................................... 179

4. Information never subject to disclosure without consent of provider - Rule 118 .............................. 182 5. Security Interests of States and Other International Entities - Rule 117 ............................................ 184

VII. SOFTWARES ................................................................................................................................. 184 VIII. PROSECUTION PRE-TRIAL BRIEF – RULE 91 (G) ....................................................................... 185

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1. Scope and content of the Prosecutor Pre-Trial Brief - Rule 91 (G) ................................................... 185 2. Pre-Trial Brief can cure a defective indictment ................................................................................. 190 3. Exhibit list - Rule 91 (G) (iii) ............................................................................................................ 191 4. Amendment of exhibit or witness list ................................................................................................ 192

4.1 General...................................................................................................................................................... 192 4.2 Factors to consider in allowing the amendment of the exhibit or witness list ........................................... 193 4.3 Withdrawal of exhibits or witnesses ......................................................................................................... 199

I. DEFENCE DISCLOSURE ................................................................................................ 200

I. DISCLOSURE BY THE DEFENCE – RULE 112 ................................................................................. 200 II. DEFENCE PRE-TRIAL BRIEF - RULE 91 (I) ................................................................................... 201

1. Scope and content of the Defence Pre-Trial Brief - Rule 91 (I) ........................................................ 201 2. Requirements of the Defence Pre-Trial Brief .................................................................................... 204

III. PRE DEFENCE BRIEF - RULE 128 ................................................................................................. 207

J. OTHERS PRE-TRIAL PROCEEDINGS ...................................................................... 208

I. ROLE OF THE PRE-TRIAL JUDGE BEFORE CONFIRMATION OF INDICTMENT – RULE 88 ............... 208 II. INITIAL APPEARANCE OF THE ACCUSED - RULE 98 ..................................................................... 213 III. AGREED FACTS – RULE 122 ......................................................................................................... 215 IV. PRE-TRIAL JUDGE’S WORKING PLAN - RULE 91 .......................................................................... 216

1. The working plan ............................................................................................................................... 216 2. Variation of the working Plan ............................................................................................................ 217

V. TENTATIVE DATE FOR THE START OF TRIAL - RULE 91 (C) .......................................................... 218 VI. SUBMISSION OF THE PRE-TRIAL JUDGE’S FILE - RULE 95 ........................................................... 220

1. Pre-Trial Judge’s File – Rule 95 (A).................................................................................................. 220 1.1 Purpose and scope of the Pre-Trial Judge’s File ....................................................................................... 220 1.2 Content of the Pre-Trial Judge’s File ........................................................................................................ 222 1.3 Transfer to the Trial Chamber ................................................................................................................... 223

2. Trial Chamber is seized of the case when File is transferred – Rule 95 (B) ...................................... 224 VII. APPEAL ON PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS - RULE 176 BIS ................................................................. 226

1. General principles .............................................................................................................................. 226 2. Standing to appeal.............................................................................................................................. 226 3. Grounds of appeal .............................................................................................................................. 226 4. Request for reconsideration of decision on preliminary questions – Rule 176 bis (C) ...................... 227

4.1 Time limit ................................................................................................................................................. 227 4.2 Standing to request reconsideration .......................................................................................................... 228

K. CONDUCT OF PROCEEDINGS .................................................................................... 228

I. VIDEO-CONFERENCE LINK - RULE 124 ........................................................................................ 228 1. Video-conference link ....................................................................................................................... 228 2. Criteria for allowing testimony via video-conference link ................................................................ 233

I. OFFICIAL AND WORKING LANGUAGES - RULE 10 ......................................................................... 237 1. Official Languages............................................................................................................................. 238 2. Working Languages ........................................................................................................................... 238 3. Translation of material ....................................................................................................................... 241

II. CONDUCT OF PROCEEDINGS – RULE 130 ..................................................................................... 242 1. Generalities ........................................................................................................................................ 242 2. Mid-trial summaries (thematic summaries) ....................................................................................... 246 3. Exhibits .............................................................................................................................................. 250 4. Witnesses ........................................................................................................................................... 250 5. Disclosure .......................................................................................................................................... 253

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III. THIRD PARTIES AND AMICUS CURIAE – RULE 131 ....................................................................... 254

L. MOTIONS ............................................................................................................................. 255

I. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS FOR MOTIONS ...................................................................................... 255 1. Word limit.......................................................................................................................................... 255 2. Time limit .......................................................................................................................................... 257

2.1 Count of the time limit .............................................................................................................................. 257 2.2 Modification/extension of time limit – Rule 9 .......................................................................................... 260

3. Submissions ....................................................................................................................................... 265 4. Striking document from the record .................................................................................................... 267

II. REPLY AND REQUEST FOR LEAVE TO FILE A REPLY – RULE 8 (B) ................................................ 268 III. REMEDIES ................................................................................................................................... 273 IV. CLASSIFICATION OF FILINGS ....................................................................................................... 274 V. MISCELLANEOUS ......................................................................................................................... 276

M. EVIDENCE............................................................................................................................ 277

I. PRESENTATION OF EVIDENCE – RULE 146 ................................................................................... 277 II. ADMISSION OF EVIDENCE - RULE 149 (C) .................................................................................... 278

1. Generalities ........................................................................................................................................ 278 2. Relevance........................................................................................................................................... 289 3. Probative value and reliability ........................................................................................................... 290

III. EXCLUSION OF EVIDENCE ............................................................................................................ 297 1. Prejudicial effect overweights probative value - Rule 149 (D) .......................................................... 297 2. Exclusion of certain evidence for violation of Human Rights - Rule 162 ......................................... 297

IV. WITNESSES .................................................................................................................................. 299 1. Witnesses testimonies - Rule 150 ...................................................................................................... 299 2. Protective measures for witnesses - Rule 133 .................................................................................... 301

2.1 Protective measures .................................................................................................................................. 301 2.2 Rule 133 (H) ............................................................................................................................................. 314

3. Admission of written Statement in lieu of Oral Testimony - Rule 155 ............................................. 315 3.1 Generalities ............................................................................................................................................... 315 3.2 Admission of statements not complying with the Pratice Direction ......................................................... 323 3.3 Criteria for admitting statements under Rule 155 ..................................................................................... 325

4. Written Statement in lieu of Examination in Chief - Rule 156 .......................................................... 332 5. Unavailable Witnesses - Rule 158 ..................................................................................................... 340

5.1 Generalities ............................................................................................................................................... 340 5.2 Conditions to the substance ...................................................................................................................... 342 5.3 Conditions to the form .............................................................................................................................. 342 5.4 Reasons for unavailability ......................................................................................................................... 343

IV. JUDICIAL NOTICE - RULE 160 ...................................................................................................... 343 V. EXPERTS - RULE 161 ................................................................................................................... 349

1. Purpose and Scope Rule 161 ............................................................................................................. 349 2. Disclosure of expert reports - Rule 161 (A) ....................................................................................... 351

2.1 Disclosure of the expert’s curriculum vitae .............................................................................................. 351 2.2 Disclosure of documents related to the expert report under Rule 110 (B) ................................................ 351 2.3 Disclosure of summaries of expert reports in the Pre-Trial Brief ............................................................. 353

3. Qualification of the expert ................................................................................................................. 354 4. Admission of expert report into evidence .......................................................................................... 356

4.1 Criteria for admitting an expert report into evidence ................................................................................ 356 4.2 Challenge to the admissibility of the expert evidence – Rule 161 (B) ...................................................... 360

5. Testimony of Experts ......................................................................................................................... 361 5.1 General...................................................................................................................................................... 361

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5.2 Concurent testimonies of two experts ....................................................................................................... 361 5.3 Cross-examination of expert ..................................................................................................................... 363

VI. ADMISSION OF DOCUMENTS (BAR TABLE MOTIONS) - RULE 154 .................................................. 365 1. Purpose and scope of Rule 154 .......................................................................................................... 365 2. Requirements for the admission of material under Rule 154 ............................................................. 369 3. Type of material admitted under Rule 154 ........................................................................................ 375

VII. POWER OF CHAMBERS TO ORDER PRODUCTION OF ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE – RULE 165 ............. 379 VIII. ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE ............................................................................................................ 380

1. Call Data Records (CDRs) ................................................................................................................. 380 1.1 Definition of CDRs ................................................................................................................................... 380 1.2 Legality of the collect of CDRs - Rule 162 ............................................................................................... 381 1.3 Disclosure of CDRs by Prosecution .......................................................................................................... 387 1.4 Other ......................................................................................................................................................... 388

2. Call sequence tables (CSTs) .............................................................................................................. 388 3. Storage of electronic evidence ........................................................................................................... 389

IX. EXHIBITS ..................................................................................................................................... 390 1. Generalities ........................................................................................................................................ 390 2. Factors to consider in allowing the amendment of the exhibit or witness list ................................... 391 3. Withdrawal of exhibits or witnesses .................................................................................................. 393

X. MISCELLANEOUS (HEARSAY, CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE, AND OTHER) .................................... 393

N. RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED .......................................................................................... 397

I. IMPORTANCE OF THE RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED ......................................................................... 397 II. RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL ............................................................................................................... 399 III. PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE ..................................................................................................... 401 IV. PUBLIC PROCEEDINGS – ART. 16 (2) AND 20 (4) AND RULE 136 .................................................... 401

1. Public nature of the proceedings ........................................................................................................ 401 1.1 Principle of publicity of proceedings ........................................................................................................ 401 1.2 Reclassification ......................................................................................................................................... 415

2. Confidentiality of documents given by the Prosecutor to the Pre-Trial Judge – Rule 88 (F) and (G)417 3. Specific and limited circumstances of exceptions to publicity .......................................................... 418

V. EXPEDITIOUS PROCEEDINGS – ART. 16 (4) (C) AND 21 (1) ............................................................ 422 1. Right to expeditious proceedings ....................................................................................................... 423 2. Cooperation of Lebanon and expeditiousness of the proceedings ..................................................... 425

VI. RIGHT TO COUNSEL AND RIGHT TO SELF-REPRESENTATION – ART. 16 (4) (D) ............................. 426 VII. ADEQUATE TIME AND FACILITIES FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE DEFENCE – ART. 16 (4) (B) .... 431 VIII. RIGHT TO BE INFORMED OF CHARGES – ART. 16 (4) (A) ............................................................. 433

1. Accused must be informed of the case against him ........................................................................... 433 2. Pleading of charges in the indictment (degree of specificity) ............................................................ 435 3. Notification of charges in trial in absentia ......................................................................................... 437

IX. REASONED DECISIONS ................................................................................................................. 438 X. EQUALITY OF ARMS ..................................................................................................................... 441 XI. RIGHT TO BE PRESENT (TRIAL IN ABSENTIA) – ART. 16 (4) (D)..................................................... 441 XII. OTHER RIGHTS ............................................................................................................................ 442

O. OTHER FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS ........................................................... 443

I. RIGHT TO PRIVACY ...................................................................................................................... 443 II. RIGHT TO ACCESS JUSTICE .......................................................................................................... 446

P. JUDGEMENT AND SENTENCING .............................................................................. 447

I. GENERAL..................................................................................................................................... 447

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II. MITIGATION AND AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES ..................................................................... 449 1. Mitigating circumstances ................................................................................................................... 450 2. Aggravating circumstances ................................................................................................................ 451

III. SENTENCING IN JOINT TRIAL ....................................................................................................... 452

Q. RECONSIDERATION, APPEALS AND REVIEW.................................................... 452

I. APPEAL ....................................................................................................................................... 452 1. Additional evidence – Rule 186 ......................................................................................................... 452 2. Expedited Procedure – Rule 187 ....................................................................................................... 453 3. Scope of appeal and standard of appeal ............................................................................................. 456

II. RECONSIDERATION – RULE 140 ................................................................................................... 461 1. Purpose and scope of Rule 140 .......................................................................................................... 461 2. The two steps procedure of Rule 140 ................................................................................................ 465

2.1 The procedure of Rule 140 ....................................................................................................................... 465 2.2 The request for authorization to file a reconsideration request ................................................................. 466 2.3 The request for reconsideration ................................................................................................................. 470

3. Timing for filing a motion under Rule 140 ........................................................................................ 474 4. Motion for reconsideration of preliminary questions......................................................................... 475

III. INTERLOCUTORY APPEAL – RULE 126 ......................................................................................... 476 1. General .............................................................................................................................................. 476 2. Standing to appeal.............................................................................................................................. 476 3. Time limit to file certification to appeal or appeal - Rule 126 (D) and (E) ........................................ 479 4. Requirements to obtain certification to appeal .................................................................................. 481

4.1 Requirements for certification to appeal ................................................................................................... 481 4.2 Issue that significantly affects the fairness and expeditiousness of the proceedings ................................. 493 4.3 Immediate resolution by the Appeals Chamber may materially advance the proceedings ........................ 494

5. Certified issue .................................................................................................................................... 495 5.1 Identification of the issue to be certified ................................................................................................... 495 5.2 Example of certified issue ......................................................................................................................... 498

6. Appeal filed when certification is granted ......................................................................................... 500 7. Suspensive effect of the appeal – Rule 126 (F) ................................................................................. 504 8. Frivolous motion or abuse of process – Rule 126 (G) ....................................................................... 508

IV. REVIEW ....................................................................................................................................... 509 V. OTHERS ....................................................................................................................................... 509

R. MISCONDUCT AND CONTEMPT ................................................................................ 510

I. MISCONDUCT – RULE 60 ............................................................................................................. 510 II. CONTEMPT - RULE 60 BIS ............................................................................................................ 510

1. Scope of Rule 60 bis .......................................................................................................................... 510 2. Decision to initiate proceedings ......................................................................................................... 518 3. Application of the Rules .................................................................................................................... 520 4. Elements of contempt (actus reus and mens rea) ............................................................................... 521 5. Contempt and freedom of expression or press ................................................................................... 529 6. Corporate liability for contempt ........................................................................................................ 532 7. Sentence ............................................................................................................................................. 541 8. Appeal ................................................................................................................................................ 544 9. Other .................................................................................................................................................. 547

S. ORGANISATION OF THE TRIBUNAL ...................................................................... 550

I. JUDGES ........................................................................................................................................ 550 1. Excusal and Disqualification of Judges – Rule 25 ............................................................................. 550

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2. Other .................................................................................................................................................. 557 II. PRESIDENCY – ART. 10 AND RULE 32........................................................................................... 557 III. CHAMBERS .................................................................................................................................. 559

1. Generalities ........................................................................................................................................ 559 2. Pre-Trial Judge .................................................................................................................................. 561

2.1 Role of the Pre-Trial Judge ....................................................................................................................... 561 2.2 Referral of matters to the Trial Chamber – Rule 89 (E) ............................................................................ 564 2.3 The Pre-Trial Judge Working Plan – Rule 91 ........................................................................................... 565

3. Trial Chamber .................................................................................................................................... 566 3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................... 566 3.2 Standard of proof ...................................................................................................................................... 573

4. Appeals Chamber............................................................................................................................... 578 IV. OFFICE OF THE PROSECUTOR ...................................................................................................... 581 V. DEFENCE OFFICE ........................................................................................................................ 583

1. Mandate ............................................................................................................................................. 583 2. Assignment of Defence Counsel – Rules 57 and 58 .......................................................................... 589

VI. DEFENCE COUNSEL AND PERSONS ASSISTING COUNSEL ............................................................. 592 IV. REGISTRAR .................................................................................................................................. 598

T. PARTICIPATION OF VICTIMS IN PROCEEDINGS ............................................. 600

I. LEGAL REPRESENTATIVES OF VICTIMS ........................................................................................ 600 II. APPLICATIONS FOR VICTIMS PARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 602 III. GRANTING THE STATUS OF VPP – RULE 86 ................................................................................. 605

1. Criteria to grant to status of VPP – Rules 2 and 86 (B) ..................................................................... 605 2. Harm suffered by the victim – Rule 2 ................................................................................................ 612

2.1 Generalities ............................................................................................................................................... 612 2.2 Harm must be “direct result” of the attack ................................................................................................ 614 2.3 Physical harm............................................................................................................................................ 615 2.4 Material harm............................................................................................................................................ 616 2.5 Mental harm .............................................................................................................................................. 617

3. Victims and the rights of the Accused ............................................................................................... 618 4. Indirect victims .................................................................................................................................. 619

IV. MODES OF PARTICIPATION OF VICTIMS IN THE PROCEEDINGS – AR. 17 AND RULE 87 ................. 621 1. The participation of victims in the proceedings ................................................................................. 621 2. Victims can receive documents filed by the parties – Rule 87 (A) .................................................... 622 3. LRV/VPU access to documents ......................................................................................................... 623 4. VPP attending court sessions ............................................................................................................. 624 5. VPP can withdraw their participation in the proceedings .................................................................. 625 6. VPP standing to appeal ...................................................................................................................... 626

V. COMPENSATION OFFERED TO VICTIMS – ART. 25 ........................................................................ 627 VI. VICTIMS’ PARTICIPATION UNIT – RULE 51 ................................................................................. 628 VII. PROTECTIVE MEASURES FOR VICTIMS - RULE 133 ....................................................................... 629

U. COOPERATION WITH LEBANON AND OTHER STATES ................................. 637

I. COOPERATION WITH LEBANON ................................................................................................... 637 II. MEASURES IN CASE OF NON-COOPERATION – RULE 20 ................................................................ 639 III. COOPERATION AGREEMENTS – RULES 13 AND 125 ...................................................................... 643 IV. REQUEST FOR ASSISTANCE (RFA)............................................................................................... 644

V. TRIALS IN ABSENTIA ...................................................................................................... 645

W. TERMINATION OF PROCEEDINGS (DEATH OF AN ACCUSED PERSON) 648

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X. MISCELLANEOUS ............................................................................................................ 654

I. PROFESSIONAL SECRECY ............................................................................................................ 654 II. STAY OF PROCEEDINGS ................................................................................................................ 655 III. DISSENTING OPINIONS ................................................................................................................. 656 IV. ACCESS TO CONFIDENTIAL MATERIAL FROM OTHER PROCEEDINGS ............................................ 657 V. LEGAL WORKFLOW .................................................................................................................... 660 VI. STANDING TO SEEK REMEDY ....................................................................................................... 660 VII. ENFORCEMENT OF JUDICIAL ORDER ............................................................................................ 661 VIII. PROSECUTOR’S BURDEN OF PROOF ............................................................................................ 661

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A. JURISDICTION AND APPLICABLE LAW

I. Establishment and legality of the STL Purpose of the STL is to achieve a fair and efficient trial to establish truth and promote reconciliation within Lebanon

The purpose of the Tribunal Special for Lebanon is to achieve a fair and efficient trial to establish truth and promote reconciliation within Lebanon.1 STL is a separate and self-contained institution distinct from the UN and Lebanon Each of international criminal courts and tribunals is a separate and self-contained institution in its own right, and in the case of the Tribunal an international entity distinct even from the UN and Lebanon.2 Objective for the establishment of the UNIIIC and the STL is to ascertain the circumstances of, and those responsible for, the attack of 14 February 2005 The material objective for the establishment of the UNIIIC and the Tribunal—as expressed in the relevant Security Council Resolutions, the Tribunal’s Statute and other documents—was to ascertain the circumstances of, and those responsible for, the attack of 14 February 2005 as well as other similar terrorist attacks on Lebanese soil. The purpose of the investigation and prosecution of these crimes was to ensure, on behalf of the Lebanese people, that the alleged attackers were identified and tried in accordance with the law and that the truth concerning these events was revealed. In this way, respect for the rule of law in Lebanon would be fortified and ultimately result in the strengthening of the right to security of the Lebanese public.3 Lebanon’s sovereignty was not violated by the creation of the STL Lebanon’s sovereignty has not been violated by the creation of the tribunal. The Security Council integrated the provisions of the intended Agreement into Resolution 1757; it did not unilaterally put into force and international agreement. Lebanon, itself, never claimed a

1 STL, The Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Case No. STL-11-01/I/TC, F0112, Decision to Hold Trial in Absentia, 1 February 2012, para. 20. 2 STL, In the case against Al Jadeed [Co.] S.A.L. / New T.V. S.A.L. (N.T.V.) and Karma Mohamed Tahsin Al Khayat, Case No. STL-14-05/PT/CJ, F0054, Decision on Motion Challenging Jurisdiction and on Request for Leave to Amend Order in Lieu of an Indictment, 24 July 2014, para. 30; STL, In the case against Akhbar Beirut S.A.L. and Al Amin, Case No. STL-14-06/PT/CJ, F0069, Decision on Motion Challenging Jurisdiction, 6 November 2014, para. 30. 3 STL, The Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Case No. STL-11-01/T/AC/AR126.9, F0007, Decision on Appeal by Counsel for Mr Oneissi Against the Trial Chamber’s Decision on the Legality of the Transfer of Call Data Records, 28 July 2015, para. 51.

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violation of its sovereignty but rather fully accepted the existence and competence of the Tribunal.4 Accused suffer no prejudice to be tried before STL rather than in Lebanon as the tribunal preserves their fundamental rights and the guarantee of a fair trial The Security Council may establish, on behalf of the international community, an international criminal tribunal, the functioning of which necessarily involves removing accused persons from their domestic jurisdiction to face trial elsewhere. This does not prejudice accused persons as long as the international tribunal preserves their fundamental rights and the guarantee of a fair trial. The Trial Chamber finds that the Tribunal’s Statute and Rules meet all of these conditions.5 The Tribunal is established by law and its Statute and Rules guarantee all fundamental human rights to the accused The Trial Chamber finds that the Tribunal’s Statute and Rules guarantee to an accused person all the relevant and necessary rights to a fair mandated under international human rights law and take into account the case-law of institutions such as the European Court of Human Rights and the Human Rights Committee. No breach of any right guaranteed under international human rights law has been identified. The Trial Chamber is thus satisfied and finds that the Tribunal was “established by law” in that it was established by a body that was competent to establish it, namely the United Nations Security Council, and that its Statute and Rules guarantee to the Accused all fundamental human rights.6 The Tribunal was established by Resolution 1757 adopted by the Security Council pursuant to Chapter VII of the UN Charter, not by an agreement adopted with the coercive power of the Security Council Defence Counsel maintain that the Tribunal was established by an “agreement” that was adopted with the coercive power of the Security Council. They suggest that the Security Council unilaterally “enacted” the draft agreement. This assertion lacks any factual or legal basis. Resolution 1757 is carefully worded. It does not make reference to the entering into force of the “agreement” but rather refers only to the provisions of the “annexed document” and its “attachment.” There is no indication that the Security Council considered replacing Lebanon’s consent to the draft agreement by implementing it unilaterally as an agreement, rather than exercising its powers under Chapter VII. The Tribunal was not established by an international agreement but by Resolution 1757, adopted by the Security Council pursuant to Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter.7

4 STL, The Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Case No. STL-11-01/PT/TC, F0352, Decision on the Defence Challenges to the Jurisdiction and Legality of the Tribunal, 27 July 2012, para. 61. 5 STL, The Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Case No. STL-11-01/PT/TC, F0352, Decision on the Defence Challenges to the Jurisdiction and Legality of the Tribunal, 27 July 2012, para. 85. 6 STL, The Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Case No. STL-11-01/PT/TC, F0352, Decision on the Defence Challenges to the Jurisdiction and Legality of the Tribunal, 27 July 2012, para. 88. 7 STL, The Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Case No. STL-11-01/PT/AC/AR90.1, F0020, Decision on the Defence Appeals Against the Trial Chamber’s “Decision on the Defence Challenges to the Jurisdiction and Legality of the Tribunal”, 24 October 2012, paras. 27 to 31.

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The Tribunal does not have the authority to judicially review the creation of the Tribunal by the Security Council The Appeals Chamber concludes that the Trial Chamber was correct in holding that the Tribunal does not possess the authority to judicially review the Security Council’s actions when creating the Tribunal, in particular Security Council Resolution 1757.8 The Tribunal lacks competence to scrutinize whether its establishment was well-founded Applying Article 41 of the Charter, the Security Council decided that establishing a tribunal of an international character would be an appropriate measure to maintain international peace and security. As only a judicial body empowered to review the Security Council’s actions could do so, and the Trial Chamber is not one, it lacks the competence to scrutinize whether this determination was well-founded.9 The Tribunal can decline to exercise some or all of its jurisdiction The Tribunal would be entitled to decline to exercise some or all of its jurisdiction if satisfied that it had not been established by law or that it could not provide all necessary fair trial guarantees, or if the Statute mandated the Chambers or organs of the Tribunal to perform and unlawful act or one contrary to international human rights law.10

II. Jurisdiction

1. STL’s jurisdiction The Statute’s approach on juridisdiction starts with the allegations of facts to be investigated, not the crimes to be punished “[T]he Tribunal's Statute reverses the approach to jurisdiction taken in other statutes of international criminal courts and tribunals: instead of starting with the categories of criminalities to be prosecuted and punished (war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, and so on), it starts with the allegations of facts to be investigated and then enjoins the Tribunal to prosecute those responsible under one or more specific heads of criminality, set out in the Statute.”11 The Tribunal could defer matters within its jurisdiction back to domestic authorities

8 STL, The Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Case No. STL-11-01/PT/AC/AR90.1, F0020, Decision on the Defence Appeals Against the Trial Chamber’s “Decision on the Defence Challenges to the Jurisdiction and Legality of the Tribunal”, 24 October 2012, para. 53. 9 STL, The Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Case No. STL-11-01/PT/TC, F0352, Decision on the Defence Challenges to the Jurisdiction and Legality of the Tribunal, 27 July 2012, para. 71. 10 STL, The Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Case No. STL-11-01/PT/TC, F0352, Decision on the Defence Challenges to the Jurisdiction and Legality of the Tribunal, 27 July 2012, para. 68. 11 STL, The Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Case No. STL-11-01/I/AC/R176bis, F0936, Interlocutory Decision on the Applicable Law: Terrorism, Conspiracy, Homicide, Perpetration, Cumulative Charging, 16 February 2011, para. 13.

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Despite the absence of any explicit reference in the Statute or the Rules to a power of the Tribunal to defer matters within its jurisdiction back to domestic authorities, such course of action might be possible under the Tribunal’s inherent powers.12 No legal uncertainty is created by the fact that the accused could face prosecution for the same alleged conduct in Lebanon The mere fact that the Accused could face prosecution for the same alleged conduct in Lebanon does not, as the Defence claims, create improper legal uncertainty.13 Article 4 of the Statute only applies to primary jurisdiction of the Tribunal Article 4 of the Statute only applies to the primary – as opposed to inherent and ancillary – jurisdiction of the Tribunal to try persons suspected of “the attack against Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri and others”.14 “Ratione personae jurisdiction” is the jurisdiction based on the identity of a person The concept of ratione personae is that it determines the jurisdiction of a court based on the identity of a person in question.15 The definition of “inherent jurisdiction” Inherent jurisdiction is the power of a Chamber to determine incidental legal issues which arise as a direct consequence of the procedures of which the Tribunal is seized by reason of the matter falling under its primary jurisdiction. This inherent jurisdiction arises as from the moment the matter over which the Tribunal has primary jurisdiction is brought before an organ of the Tribunal. It can, in particular, be exercised when no other court has the power to pronounce on the incidental legal issues, on account of legal impediments or practical obstacles. The inherent jurisdiction is thus ancillary or incidental to the primary jurisdiction and is rendered necessary by the imperative need to ensure a good and fair administration of justice, including full respect for human rights, as applicable, of all those involved in the international proceedings over which the Tribunal has express jurisdiction.16

12 STL, In the case against Akhbar Beirut S.A.L. and Al Amin, Case No. STL-14-06/PT/CJ, F0069, Decision on Motion Challenging Jurisdiction, 6 November 2014, para. 88. 13 STL, In the case against Akhbar Beirut S.A.L. and Al Amin, Case No. STL-14-06/PT/CJ, F0069, Decision on Motion Challenging Jurisdiction, 6 November 2014, para. 92. 14 STL, In the case against Al Jadeed [Co.] S.A.L. / New T.V. S.A.L. (N.T.V.) and Karma Mohamed Tahsin Al Khayat, Case No. STL-14-05/PT/CJ, F0054, Decision on Motion Challenging Jurisdiction and on Request for Leave to Amend Order in Lieu of an Indictment, 24 July 2014, para. 46; STL, In the case against Akhbar Beirut S.A.L. and Al Amin, Case No. STL-14-06/PT/CJ, F0069, Decision on Motion Challenging Jurisdiction, 6 November 2014, para. 87. 15 STL, The Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Case No. STL-11-01/PT/AC, F0377, Decision on Request by Defence for Mr Ayyash for Extension of Time to File Appeal, 17 August 2012, para. 13. 16 STL, In the Matter of El Sayed, Case No. CH/AC/2010/02, F0026, Decision on Appeal of Pre-Trial Judge’s Order Regarding Jurisdiction and Standing, 10 November 2010, para. 45; STL, In the case against Al Jadeed [Co.] S.A.L. / New T.V. S.A.L. (N.T.V.) and Karma Mohamed Tahsin Al Khayat, Case No. STL-14-05/PT/CJ, F0054, Decision on Motion Challenging Jurisdiction and on Request for Leave to Amend Order in Lieu of an Indictment, 24 July 2014, para. 27.

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Purpose of the inherent jurisdiction is to remedy possible gaps in the legal regulation of the proceedings The practice of international bodies shows that the rule endowing international tribunals with inherent jurisdiction has the general goal of remedying possible gaps in the legal regulation of the proceedings. More specifically, it serves one or more of the following purposes: (i) to ensure the fair administration of justice; (ii) to control the process and the proper conduct of the proceedings; (iii) to safeguard and ensure the discharge by the court of its judicial functions (for instance, by dealing with contempt of court). It follows that inherent jurisdiction can be exercised only to the extent that it renders possible the full exercise of the court’s primary jurisdiction (as is the case with the compétence de la competence), or of its authority over any issue that is incidental to its primary jurisdiction and the determination of which serves the interests of fair justice.17 Inherent jurisdiction allows to take actions to ensure that the exercise of jurisdiction is not frustrated and to provide orderly settlement of all matters in dispute Inherent jurisdiction enables to take such action as may be required, on the one hand to ensure that the exercise of its jurisdiction shall not be frustrated, and on the other, to provide for the orderly settlement of all matters in dispute, to ensure the observance of the inherent limitations on the exercise of the judicial function, and to maintain its judicial character.18 STL has jurisdiction over ancillary and incidental matters since Lebanon deferred jurisdiction of the main case to the STL From the moment when Lebanon deferred the jurisdiction of the main case to the Tribunal – and the Tribunal started enjoying primacy over those cases pursuant to a UN Security Council resolution binding on Lebanon – the Tribunal had jurisdiction over any ancillary and incidental matters as well.19 Tribunal has jurisdiction until the time of deciding the issue of its jurisdiction A tribunal must be treated as possessing jurisdiction at least until the time of deciding such question. Such was the decision of the Appeals Chamber when presented with the argument that, because the Defence argued that the Security Council had no authority to create the

17 STL, In the Matter of El Sayed, Case No. CH/AC/2010/02, F0026, Decision on Appeal of Pre-Trial Judge’s Order Regarding Jurisdiction and Standing, 10 November 2010, para. 48; STL, In the case against Al Jadeed [Co.] S.A.L. / New T.V. S.A.L. (N.T.V.) and Karma Mohamed Tahsin Al Khayat, Case No. STL-14-05/PT/CJ, F0054, Decision on Motion Challenging Jurisdiction and on Request for Leave to Amend Order in Lieu of an Indictment, 24 July 2014, para. 27. 18 STL, In the case against Al Jadeed [Co.] S.A.L. / New T.V. S.A.L. (N.T.V.) and Karma Mohamed Tahsin Al Khayat, Case No. STL-14-05/PT/CJ, F0054, Decision on Motion Challenging Jurisdiction and on Request for Leave to Amend Order in Lieu of an Indictment, 24 July 2014, para. 28; STL, In the case against Akhbar Beirut S.A.L. and Al Amin, Case No. STL-14-06/PT/CJ, F0069, Decision on Motion Challenging Jurisdiction, 6 November 2014, para. 14. 19 STL, In the case against Al Jadeed [Co.] S.A.L. / New T.V. S.A.L. (N.T.V.) and Karma Mohamed Tahsin Al Khayat, Case No. STL-14-05/PT/CJ, F0054, Decision on Motion Challenging Jurisdiction and on Request for Leave to Amend Order in Lieu of an Indictment, 24 July 2014, para. 47; STL, In the case against Akhbar Beirut S.A.L. and Al Amin, Case No. STL-14-06/PT/CJ, F0069, Decision on Motion Challenging Jurisdiction, 6 November 2014, para. 87.

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Special for Lebanon, the Appeals Chamber lacked authority to investigate and determine that question.20 Tribunal has the inherent jurisdiction to determine its own jurisdiction A customary international rule has evolved on the inherent jurisdiction of international courts, a rule which among other things confers on each one of them the power to determine its own jurisdiction. The Special Tribunal, like other international courts, is endowed with the power to determine the limits of its own jurisdiction.21 It is for the Tribunal to determine its own jurisdiction, including its jurisdiction ratione personae.22 Tribunal has implicit jurisdiction over incidental issues In the exercise of its functions, the Tribunals has implicit jurisdiction to rule on incidental issues that are connected to its mandate or have an impact on it and which must be settled in the interest of justice.23 The STL has jurisdiction over persons charged with responsibility for the attack of 14 February 2005, concerning individual personal criminal liability - Articles 1 and 3 of its Statute The Special Tribunal has jurisdiction under Articles 1 and 3 of its Statute over persons charged with responsibility for the attack of 14 February 2005. Its stated jurisdiction concerns individual personal criminal liability.24 Tribunal cannot exercise jurisdiction over a deceased person The Tribunal cannot exercise jurisdiction over a deceased person and must consequently terminate any proceedings against a deceased accused.25 2. STL’s jurisdiction over contempt and obstruction of justice

20 STL, The Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Case No. STL-11-01/T/AC/AR126.11, F0011, Reasons for Decision on Badreddine Defence Request for Suspensive Effect of Its Interlocutory Appeal Against the Trial Chamber’s Decision Regarding Mr Badreddine’s Death, 23 June 2016, Dissenting opinion of Judge David Baragwanath, para. 7. 21 STL, In the Matter of El Sayed, Case No. CH/AC/2010/02, F0026, Decision on Appeal of Pre-Trial Judge’s Order Regarding Jurisdiction and Standing, 10 November 2010, para. 43. 22 STL, The Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Case No. STL-11-01/T/AC/AR126.11, F0011, Reasons for Decision on Badreddine Defence Request for Suspensive Effect of Its Interlocutory Appeal Against the Trial Chamber’s Decision Regarding Mr Badreddine’s Death, 23 June 2016, Dissenting opinion of Judge Daniel David Ntanda Nsereko, para. 6. 23 STL, In the matter of El Sayed, Case No. CH/PTJ/2010/005, F0019, Order Relating to the Jurisdiction of the Tribunal to Rule on the Application by Mr El Sayed dated 17 March 2010 and Whether Mr El Sayed Has Standing Before the Tribunal, 17 September 2010, para. 31. 24 STL, The Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Case No. STL-11-01/T/TC, F2713, Decision Amending the Consolidated Indictment, 7 September 2016, para. 24. 25 STL, The Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Case No. STL-11-01/T/AC/AR126.11, F0019, Decision on Badreddine Defence Interlocutory Appeal of the “Interim Decision on the Death of Mr Mustafa Amine Badreddine and Possible Termination of Proceedings”, 11 July 2016, paras. 29 and 53.

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No concurrent jurisdiction under Article 4 as the jurisdiction for contempt and obstruction of justice are incidental to the exercise of the Tribunal’s primary jurisdiction Considerations of concurrent jurisdiction under Article 4 are thus inapposite in contempt and obstruction of justice cases, which merely follow and are incidental to the exercise of the Tribunal’s primary jurisdiction. In other words, the jurisdictional basis for a contempt case is related to but not the same as the Tribunal’s primary jurisdiction.26 The Tribunal has jurisdiction to ensure the integrity of its proceedings The Tribunal undoubtedly has jurisdiction to ensure the integrity of its proceedings.27 The Tribunal’s power to prosecute the crime of contempt derives from its inherent jurisdiction The Tribunal’s Statute does not specifically provide for contempt. The Tribunal’s power to prosecute this crime derives from its inherent jurisdiction to protect the integrity of the judicial process and to ensure the proper administration of justice.28 Rule 60 bis is a manifestation of the Tribunal’s inherent power over the crime of contempt, not its source The power of the Tribunal to prosecute for contempt is inherent from its status, character and function as a judicial institution. Its substance and legitimacy is not derived from Rule 60 bis per se but rather Rule 60 bis is a manifestation of this power and not its source. Therefore, inherent jurisdiction over the crime of contempt, as opposed to crimes that fall within our primary jurisdiction, is outlined but not confined by Rule 60 bis.29 International courts have often exercised their inherent jurisdiction where statutory provisions did not expressly provide their power on a matter By definition inherent jurisdiction is not strictly constrained by the letter of relevant statutory provisions. Indeed, international courts have exercised this inherent jurisdiction in many instances where statutory provisions did not expressly or by necessary implication contemplate their power to pronounce on the relevant matter.30

26 STL, In the case against Akhbar Beirut S.A.L. and Al Amin, Case No. STL-14-06/PT/CJ, F0069, Decision on Motion Challenging Jurisdiction, 6 November 2014, para. 87. 27 STL, In the case against Akhbar Beirut S.A.L. and Al Amin, Case No. STL-14-06/PT/CJ, F0069, Decision on Motion Challenging Jurisdiction, 6 November 2014, para. 89. 28 STL, In the case against Al Jadeed [Co.] S.A.L. / New T.V. S.A.L. (N.T.V.) and Karma Mohamed Tahsin Al Khayat, Case No. STL-14-05/I/CJ, F0001, Redacted Version of Decision in Proceedings for Contempt with Orders in Lieu of an Indictment, 31 January 2014, paras. 10 and 24; See also STL, In the case against Akhbar Beirut S.A.L. and Al Amin, Case No. STL-14-06/I/CJ, F0001, Redacted Version of Decision in Proceedings for Contempt with Orders in Lieu of an Indictment, 31 January 2014, paras. 10 and 24. 29 STL, In the case against Al Jadeed [Co.] S.A.L. / New T.V. S.A.L. (N.T.V.) and Karma Mohamed Tahsin Al Khayat, Case No. STL-14-05/PT/AP/AR126.1, F0012, Decision on Interlocutory Appeal Concerning Personal Jurisdiction in Contempt Proceedings, 2 October 2014, para. 32. 30 STL, In the Matter of El Sayed, Case No. CH/AC/2010/02, F0026, Decision on Appeal of Pre-Trial Judge’s Order Regarding Jurisdiction and Standing, 10 November 2010, para. 46; STL, In the case against Al Jadeed [Co.] S.A.L. / New T.V. S.A.L. (N.T.V.) and Karma Mohamed Tahsin Al Khayat, Case No. STL-14-

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Inherent jurisdiction broadens the scope of the Tribunal’s authority ratione materiae and temporis A clear and determinative distinction must be made between jurisdiction ratione materiae/temporis/loci and jurisdiction ratione personarum. Inherent jurisdiction does certainly broaden the scope of the Tribunal’s authority ratione materiae (and ratione temporis/loci) by allowing it to punish conduct after 2005 not criminalized under the terms of the Statute.31 The inherent jurisdiction of the Tribunal can be broader than its statutory jurisdiction The inherent jurisdiction of the Tribunal can be broader than its statutory jurisdiction (with respect to its material, temporal and territorial jurisdiction) so as to protect the integrity of its proceedings and punish conduct not criminalized under the terms of the Statute. The Appeals Panel concurs with this finding.32 The personal, temporal and territorial jurisdictions prescribed by the Statute does not apply to Rule 60 bis With respect to the subject matter, temporal and territorial jurisdiction of the Tribunal, it would make no sense to assume that the Plenary intended to acknowledge the Tribunal’s inherent contempt power, yet simultaneously leave it tooth less by limiting such power to the jurisdiction of the Statute. The principle of effectiveness simply does not allow for such a strict interpretation. Indeed, Rule 60 bis would serve no purpose given that no contempt or obstruction of the Tribunal’s justice could have taken place between October 2004 and December 2005 (the temporal jurisdiction prescribed by the Statute)—for the simple reason that the Tribunal did not exist at the time. It would also be irrational to limit the Tribunal’s jurisdiction over contempt to conduct originating from the territory of Lebanon, since—as explained above—the obstruction of justice referred to in Rule 60 bis actually relates to the Tribunal’s proceedings, regardless of where it takes place. In sum, if the Tribunal’s subject matter, temporal and territorial jurisdiction for contempt here were confined by the Statute, no interference with the administration of the Tribunal’s justice could be prosecuted; the inherent power of contempt, and Rule 60 bis, would effectively be rendered meaningless.33 The personal jurisdiction prescribed by the Statute does apply to to Rule 60 bis The fact that the Tribunal is not allowed to prosecute legal persons does not as such render its contempt power meaningless. The natural persons who comprise a corporation, no matter how high their position, can still be held responsible for interfering with the administration of

05/PT/AP/AR126.1, F0012, Decision on Interlocutory Appeal Concerning Personal Jurisdiction in Contempt Proceedings, 2 October 2014, para. 32. 31 STL, In the case against Al Jadeed [Co.] S.A.L. / New T.V. S.A.L. (N.T.V.) and Karma Mohamed Tahsin Al Khayat, Case No. STL-14-05/PT/CJ, F0054, Decision on Motion Challenging Jurisdiction and on Request for Leave to Amend Order in Lieu of an Indictment, 24 July 2014, para. 65. 32 STL, In the case against Al Jadeed [Co.] S.A.L. / New T.V. S.A.L. (N.T.V.) and Karma Mohamed Tahsin Al Khayat, Case No. STL-14-05/PT/AP/AR126.1, F0012, Decision on Interlocutory Appeal Concerning Personal Jurisdiction in Contempt Proceedings, 2 October 2014, para. 75. 33 STL, In the case against Al Jadeed [Co.] S.A.L. / New T.V. S.A.L. (N.T.V.) and Karma Mohamed Tahsin Al Khayat, Case No. STL-14-05/PT/CJ, F0054, Decision on Motion Challenging Jurisdiction and on Request for Leave to Amend Order in Lieu of an Indictment, 24 July 2014, para. 66.

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justice and this makes the Tribunal’s authority to deal with contempt and obstruction of justice effective.34 Whether a conduct constitute of violation of Rule 60 bis is a matter for the trial, not questions of jurisdiction Whether or not the conduct can actually be proven and, if so, whether it constitutes a violation of Rule 60 bis are matters for the trial, not questions of jurisdiction.35 The Tribunal’s jurisdiction is limited to Article 1 of the Statute and its inherent jurisdiction over contempt, obstruction of justice and false testimony “The Tribunal's jurisdiction is limited to the prosecution of people accused of the crimes listed in Article 1 of the Statute, and inherent jurisdiction over contempt, obstruction of justice and false testimony before the Tribunal itself. No provision in our Statute allows the Tribunal to assert jurisdiction over criminal offences which might have taken place before the creation of the Tribunal, other than those listed in Article 1 of the Statute.”36 The Tribunal is the only authority that can effectively deal with contempt cases STL is the only authority that can effectively deal with the contempt case (and not the Lebanese authorities), as the Tribunla does not benefit from an independent external means of ensuring the integrity of its own proceedings.37 The Tribunal has inherent power to deal with conduct which interferes with its administration of justice An int