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![Page 1: Differences of scholarly writing Reference citations are always provided. You can check the source of facts or claims they make. Mention alternative explanations.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e855503460f94b87d17/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Differences of scholarly writing
• Reference citations are always provided. You can check the source of
facts or claims they make.
• Mention alternative explanations or other evidence for or against the conclusions presented. (not one-sided)
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Strategy to find other sources• 1. Find a relevant research article
– (consult the reference section of textbooks or other books or tracking down an article using a periodical index or computerized database.
• 2. Use the reference section of the article you found to locate other articles – Use terminology used to locate other articles
– Search by researchers of that topic.
• 3. Repeat Steps 1 and 2 for each relevant article
• 4. Use a variety of indexes
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American Psychological Assoc. Style - Books
• Author -- last name, first initial. (Year). Title of book, Location of
publisher: Publisher.
• Allen, H. (1982). The betrayal of Liliuokalani, last queen of
Hawaii, 1838-1917. Honolulu: Mutual Publishing.
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Book - Multiple authors
• Hudson, J., Morris, A., Maxwell, G., & Galaway, B. (1996). Family
group conferences: Perspectives on policy & practice. Leichhardt, NSW, Australia: The Federation Press.
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Chapter in book
• Altshuler, S. (1999). The well-being of children in kinship foster care.
In J. Gleeson & C. Finney Hairston (Eds.), Kinship care. Improving practice through research (pp.117-143). Washington, D.C.: Child Welfare League of America.
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APA Style - Journal articles • Author. (Year). Title of article, Title of
Journal volume (issue number), page numbers.
• Berrick, J. D. (1997). Assessing quality of care in kinship and foster family care. Family Relations, 46(3), 273-280.
• Gleeson, J., O’Donnell, J. & Bonecutter, F. J. (1997). Understanding the complexity of practice in kinship foster care. Child Welfare, 76(6), 801-827.
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Journal article retrieved from web database
• Maggs-Rapport, F. (2000). Combining methodological approaches in research: ethnography and interpretive phenomenology. Journal of Advanced Nursing 31(1), 219-226. Retrieved September 21, 2002, from EBSCOhost database.
•
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Website
• Klicka, C. (2000). Practical ways to reform the child welfare system. National
Center for Home Education, Home School Legal Defense Association. Retrieved October 22, 2002 from http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000
/00000058.asp
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• Review APA style!– Cozby– Manual in lab or library
• Publishing location of your book– (not London and Pennsylvania)
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• No need to say World Wide Web
• Say Retrieved ___(date) from http://www.etc....
• If full text is on-line, say in the reference, for example, “Retrieved September 12, 2002 from PsycARTICLES database.”
• Difference between a citation and a reference?
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Instructions for research proposal -- Part 1
• Part 1 Draft research project proposal Due: Jan. 30
• Research topic
• Brief description of the problem
• Possible research questions
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What is the problem?
• Who is affected?
• How are they affected?
• What is problem related to?
• What causes the problem?...
• Other issues related to problem
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Homework 3) Literature review: Summary of two articles (Part I)
• Due: Feb. 4 (Feb. 6 is OK)
• Each student - write short summary of 2 scholarly journal articles about a research study)
• This info will be used to develop intro section of your research proposal.
(See page 260 of Cozby).
• Each group member should use different articles.
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Each summary should include• Summarize main message, key
information or finding, or recommendation from the article
(a few sentences to 2 paragraphs)
• . Describe how this info justifies the importance of your project
(a few sentences to 2 paragraphs)
• and/or Describe how this article helps you develop research hypotheses, measures, or procedures for your group project.
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Part II: Practice evaluating literature
• For both articles, write (or summarize if long)
• 1) the study’s research questions,
• 2) hypotheses,
• 3) the problems that their research study addresses.
• 4) Describe how the authors justified the need and importance of their study.
• Find the above in the introduction section of the article.
• Attach your articles to the assignment.
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Reflect about the article...
• What was important for you about the article?• How does it relate to your project?• Strengths and weaknesses?
– What you liked and problems you noted.
• What might you do differently if you were going to repeat that research?
• How might it help you improve your research?
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Anatomy of a research article
• Abstract
• Introduction– problem– hypotheses
• Method
• Results
• Discussion
• References
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Introduction
• Purpose of study and research question(s)
• Problems related to study topic
• Literature review
• Rationale (justification) for the study
• Hypotheses
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Methods
• Description of how study carried out
• Participants – (age, gender, number, ethnicity)
• Research design
• Measures (survey, questionnaires, etc.)
• Procedures
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Results
• Presents summary of data
• Presents statistical significance of findings, size of differences, statistics used,
• may be displayed in text, tables & figures
• Relationships among variables
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Discussion section• Author’s interpretation of results
• Discussion of findings compared with previous research and theory
• Limitations of study
• May discuss their speculations about why they found the results and about other things that may have influenced the findings
• Suggestions for further research
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Confirmation bias
• We seek evidence that confirms our view of the world
• and we may not look for conflicting results
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Guidelines for evaluating reports• Don’t confuse pseudoscience or nonscience
with science
• Be skeptical
• Be aware that scientists may disagree
• Keep in mind that research is about averages
• Whenever possible, go to the original source.
• Find out who sponsored the research
• Zechmeister, J., Zechmeister, E. & Shaughnessy, J. (2001)
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Intro to measurement
Reality
Reality can be known only indirectly
Research uses a measure to know reality
Measure
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Conceptualization Operationalization
Idea
Conceptualization
Operationalization
Clarificatio
n
What do I mean by ____?
How will I measure ___?
Measureable & Observable
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Operationalization
• Re-define a variable in terms of steps to measure
• What the researcher must do to measure it
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Operational definition
• A definition used to measure the concept
•
• Breakdown the concept into specific, objective, measurable components
• Specific and clear
-- any two people
measuring the same phenomenon
would get the same result
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Examples
Conceptual Definition Operational Definition
Amount of Sunshine The number of hours exposed to sun
Growth of Plant Daily growth of plants in height
Happiness Choice from “Very happy – Happy – Neutral – Unhappy – Very Unhappy”
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EXAMPLES
• Weight • Weight in street clothes and stocking feet rounded to the nearest full ounce as measured by the Zabutron 2000 electronic personal scale.
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Operationalizing concepts -- how to measure concepts
• Complex human concepts / Multidimensional variables
• Goal: all on research project agree on same way to measure/collect data.
• Operationalize – how will you specifically measure…
– “knowledge of local culture”– “easy going”– Other examples (good student, patriotic…)
•
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Types of measures
• Self-report
• Behavioral
• Physiological