Dietary Reference Intakes. Food pyramid(s) are devised based on the food choices that are necessary...

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Dietary Reference Intakes

Transcript of Dietary Reference Intakes. Food pyramid(s) are devised based on the food choices that are necessary...

Page 1: Dietary Reference Intakes. Food pyramid(s) are devised based on the food choices that are necessary in order to meet the Dietary Reference Intakes. Different.

Dietary Reference Intakes

Page 2: Dietary Reference Intakes. Food pyramid(s) are devised based on the food choices that are necessary in order to meet the Dietary Reference Intakes. Different.

Food pyramid(s) are devised based on the food choices that are necessary in order to meet the Dietary Reference Intakes.

Different pyramids can be constructed based on the biases of the “author”.

By following the food-serving recommendations of the USDA food pyramid , one would meet all of the nutrient requirements recommended by the DRI.

Because the USDA is a political body, some of the food servings have been derived based in part on lobbying efforts by certain elements within the food industry; meat, for example.

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Healthy LifestyleFood Pyramid

©C. Murray Ardies

The Healthy Lifestyle Food Pyramid* also meets the DRI but is vegetarian-based & provides a phytochemical-rich diet that promotes prevention of a variety of chronic diseases and it includes specific requirements for exercise to enhance prevention .

The meat component is optional because the nuts-seeds-beans-legumes component comprises a meat-substitute and the only meat recommendation is 2 servings of fish/week.

*Optimal Health Guide – Stipes Publishing, LLC, Champaign Illinois, http://www.stipes.com/health.html

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Food And Nutrition Board IOM-NAS (USA)1993 Symposium - Should RDA’s be Revised?

Canadian National Institute of Nutrition (Health Canada)1990 Symposium - Should RNI’s be Revised?

Food & Nutrition BoardCanadian National Institute of Nutrition

1995

Created the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes

To revise existing nutritional standards based on new information to create

Nutrient-Based Recommendations to Serve North America

A Brief History

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IOM Publications (DRI)

1997 - Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D & Fluoride

2000 - Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, B6, Folate, B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, & Choline - C, E, Selenium Carotenoids

2001 - A, K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium & Zinc

2002 - Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein & Amino Acids

2004 - Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride & Sulfate

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Dietary Reference Intakes Replace the RNI and RDA for Healthy Individuals

Estimated Average Requirement: EAR

Recommended Dietary Allowance: RDA

Adequate Intake: AI

Tolerable Upper Limit: UL

Based on:

Research Experiments/Surveys: ConsumptionDisease IncidenceDisease PreventionBiochemical Function

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Biochemical correlates associated with nutrientfunction are used to determine adequacy.

The recommendations are based on the distribution of the specific analyses within the target population

(including specific function and its relation todisease and disease prevention).

Thus the DRI’s are really statistical estimates of population parameters related to

nutrient intake & health.

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DRI’s

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EAR Use to examine the possibility of inadequate reported intakeRDA Usual intakes at this level have a low possibility of inadequacyAI Usual intakes at this level have a low probability of inadequacyUL Usual intakes above this level have a risk for adverse effects

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RDA & Health

Inclusion of health indices has altered some RDA’s dramatically (a few examples):

Vitamin C + 25% ♀ & ♂

Folic Acid + 100% ♀ & ♂

Vitamin E + 100% ♀ & + 50% ♂

Iron + 20% ♀ & - 20% ♂

Copper - 50% ♀ & ♂

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A Wee Bit of Diet Analysis Stuff …

Evaluation of true nutritional status requires clinical, biochemical, and anthropomorphic data

Diet analysis requires an accurate measure of usual intake and addresses the question:

Is an individuals dietary intake adequate to meet their Nutritional Requirements?

To be adequate an individuals usual intake (y) should be equal to or exceed the individuals requirement for that nutrient (p):

If y > p then y is adequate

If y < p then y is inadequate

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An individuals actual nutritional requirement (p) is unknownAn Individuals usual intake (y) is unknown

Because the DRI’s are statistical constructs a statistical approach is necessary

EAR is used as an estimate of r and SD of r is proportional to the uncertainty about how accurately r estimates p.

Mean intake over n days (y) is used as an estimate of y and SD of y is proportional to the uncertainty about how accurately y estimates y.

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For practical purposes y and r are used instead of y and p and the difference (D) between y and r is used to make inferences regarding adequacy of the diet

D = y - r

Because of uncertainty of both y and r, SDD must be calculated and the ratio of D / SDD is used to construct a level of confidence

SDD = Vr + (Vwithin / n)√

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Use z-score values to determine levels of confidence for the D/SDD ratio