DiencephalonDiencephalon Won Taek Lee, M.D., Ph.D.
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Transcript of DiencephalonDiencephalon Won Taek Lee, M.D., Ph.D.
DiencephalonDiencephalonDiencephalonDiencephalon
Won Taek Lee, Won Taek Lee, M.D., Ph.DM.D., Ph.D..
DiencephalonDiencephalonDiencephalonDiencephalon
• Thalamus Thalamus dorsal thalamus dorsal thalamus
• HypothalamusHypothalamuspituitary glandpituitary gland
• EpithalamusEpithalamushabenular nucleus and commissurehabenular nucleus and commissurepineal glandpineal gland
• Subthalamus Subthalamus ventral thalamus ventral thalamus subthalamic nucleus (STN)subthalamic nucleus (STN) field of Forel field of Forel
DiencephalonDiencephalon
dorsal surfacedorsal surface
DiencephalonDiencephalon
ventral surfaceventral surface
Diencephalon
Medial Surface
THALAMUSTHALAMUS
Classification of Thalamic NucleiClassification of Thalamic NucleiClassification of Thalamic NucleiClassification of Thalamic Nuclei
I. I. Lateral Nuclear GroupLateral Nuclear Group
II.II. Medial Nuclear GroupMedial Nuclear Group
III.III. Anterior Nuclear GroupAnterior Nuclear Group
IV.IV. Posterior Nuclear GroupPosterior Nuclear Group
V.V. Metathalamic Nuclear GroupMetathalamic Nuclear Group
VI.VI. Intralaminar Nuclear GroupIntralaminar Nuclear Group
VII.VII. Thalamic Reticular NucleusThalamic Reticular Nucleus
Classification of Thalamic NucleiClassification of Thalamic NucleiClassification of Thalamic NucleiClassification of Thalamic Nuclei
15 mm* 12 mm*
* Distance from anterior thalamic pole
4.02 mm* 2.02 mm*
* Distance from anterior thalamic pole
LATERAL NUCLEAR GROUPLATERAL NUCLEAR GROUPLATERAL NUCLEAR GROUPLATERAL NUCLEAR GROUP
Ventral Nuclear GroupVentral Nuclear Group Ventral Posterior Nucleus (VP)Ventral Posterior Nucleus (VP)
ventral posterolateral nucleus ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL, (VPL, V.c.a.e. & V.c.p.e.V.c.a.e. & V.c.p.e.)) - pars oralis (VPLo, VLp)- pars oralis (VPLo, VLp) - pars caudalis (VPLc, VPL)- pars caudalis (VPLc, VPL) ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM)ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) - pars principalis (VPM, - pars principalis (VPM, V.c.a.i. & V.c.a.e.V.c.a.i. & V.c.a.e.)) - pars parvocellularis (VPMpc, - pars parvocellularis (VPMpc, V.c.pc.i.V.c.pc.i., VMb), VMb) ventral posteroinferior nucleus (VPI, ventral posteroinferior nucleus (VPI, V.c.pc.eV.c.pc.e))
LATERAL NUCLEAR GROUPLATERAL NUCLEAR GROUPLATERAL NUCLEAR GROUPLATERAL NUCLEAR GROUP
Ventral Lateral Nucleus (VL)Ventral Lateral Nucleus (VL)
- pars oralis (VLo, - pars oralis (VLo, V.o.a.V.o.a. VLa) VLa)
- pars caudalis (VLc, - pars caudalis (VLc, V.o.p.V.o.p., VLp), VLp)
- pars medialis (VLm, - pars medialis (VLm, V.o.m. & V.o.i.,V.o.m. & V.o.i., VMp, VM) VMp, VM)
Ventral Anterior Nucleus (VA, Ventral Anterior Nucleus (VA, L.po.L.po.))
- pars parvicellularis (VApc)- pars parvicellularis (VApc)
- pars magnocellularis (VAmc)- pars magnocellularis (VAmc)
LATERAL NUCLEAR GROUPLATERAL NUCLEAR GROUPLATERAL NUCLEAR GROUPLATERAL NUCLEAR GROUP
VentralVentralNuclear GroupNuclear Group
TTTTTT
ML, STTML, STTCbllCbllGPiGPiSNrSNr
Prefrontal Prefrontal SMA MI, PM SISMA MI, PM SI
LATERAL NUCLEAR GROUPLATERAL NUCLEAR GROUPLATERAL NUCLEAR GROUPLATERAL NUCLEAR GROUP
Dorsal or Lateral Nuclear GroupDorsal or Lateral Nuclear Group
Lateral Dorsal Nucleus (LD, Lateral Dorsal Nucleus (LD, D.sf.D.sf.))
Lateral Posterior Nucleus (LP, Lateral Posterior Nucleus (LP, D.im. & Z.im.D.im. & Z.im.))
Pulvinar (P, Pulvinar (P, Pu.Pu.))
LATERAL NUCLEAR GROUPLATERAL NUCLEAR GROUPLATERAL NUCLEAR GROUPLATERAL NUCLEAR GROUP
SC, PretectalSC, PretectalHFHF
VisualVisualAssociationAssociation
areaarea
SomestheticSomestheticAssociationAssociation
AreaArea
cingulate gyrus,cingulate gyrus,precuneusprecuneus
MEDIAL NUCLEAR GROUPMEDIAL NUCLEAR GROUPMEDIAL NUCLEAR GROUPMEDIAL NUCLEAR GROUP
Dorsomedial Nucleus (MD, Dorsomedial Nucleus (MD, M.M.)) - pars magnocellularis, MDmc)- pars magnocellularis, MDmc) - pars parvocellularis, MDpc)- pars parvocellularis, MDpc) - pars paralaminaris (MDpl;- pars paralaminaris (MDpl; pars multiformis, MDmf)pars multiformis, MDmf) - pars densocellularis, MDdc)- pars densocellularis, MDdc)
Midline Nuclear GroupMidline Nuclear Group Paratenial Nucleus (Pt, Paratenial Nucleus (Pt, Pt.Pt.)) Reunience Nucleus (Re, Reunience Nucleus (Re, Edy.Edy.)) Submedial Nucleus (Sm)Submedial Nucleus (Sm) Rhomboid Nucleus (Rh)Rhomboid Nucleus (Rh)
ANTERIOR NUCLEAR GROUPANTERIOR NUCLEAR GROUP
anteroventral nucleus (AV, anteroventral nucleus (AV, A.pr.A.pr.))
anterodorsal nucleus (AD, anterodorsal nucleus (AD, A.d.A.d.))
anteromedial nucleus (AM, anteromedial nucleus (AM, A.m.A.m.))
POSTERIOR NUCLEAR GROUPPOSTERIOR NUCLEAR GROUP
suprageniculate nucleus (SG, suprageniculate nucleus (SG, Li.Li.))
nucleus limitans (Lim, nucleus limitans (Lim, Li.Li.))
posterior nucleus (PO, posterior nucleus (PO, Li.por.Li.por.))
MEDIAL & ANTERIOR NUCLEAR GROUPMEDIAL & ANTERIOR NUCLEAR GROUPMEDIAL & ANTERIOR NUCLEAR GROUPMEDIAL & ANTERIOR NUCLEAR GROUP
MB, HFMB, HFPrefrontalPrefrontal
CortexCortexFrontalFrontal
Eye FieldEye Field MedialMedialFrontalFrontalGyrusGyrus
cingulatecingulategyrusgyrus Basal Basal
forebrainforebrain SNr, SC, RFSNr, SC, RF
METATHALAMIC NUCLEAR GROUPMETATHALAMIC NUCLEAR GROUPMETATHALAMIC NUCLEAR GROUPMETATHALAMIC NUCLEAR GROUP
Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MG)Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MG)
ventral or principal or ventral or principal or
parvocellular nucleus (MGv)parvocellular nucleus (MGv)
dorsal nucleus (MGd)dorsal nucleus (MGd)
medial nucleus (MGm)medial nucleus (MGm)
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LG)Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LG)
dorsal nucleus (LGd)dorsal nucleus (LGd)
ventral nucleus (LGv)ventral nucleus (LGv)
INTRALAMINAR NUCLEAR GROUPINTRALAMINAR NUCLEAR GROUPINTRALAMINAR NUCLEAR GROUPINTRALAMINAR NUCLEAR GROUP
Rostral Intralaminar NucleiRostral Intralaminar Nuclei
central lateral nucleus, CL, central lateral nucleus, CL, i.La.i.La.))
central medial nucleus, CeM, central medial nucleus, CeM, Co.Co.))
paracentral nucleus, PC, paracentral nucleus, PC, i.La.i.La.))
Caudal Intralaminar NucleiCaudal Intralaminar Nuclei
(CM-PF nuclear complex)(CM-PF nuclear complex)
centre median nucleus, CM, centre median nucleus, CM, Ce.Ce.))
parafascicular nucleus, PF, parafascicular nucleus, PF, Pf.Pf.))
THALAMIC RETICULAR NUCLEUSTHALAMIC RETICULAR NUCLEUSTHALAMIC RETICULAR NUCLEUSTHALAMIC RETICULAR NUCLEUS
Cerebral CortexCerebral CortexCerebral CortexCerebral Cortex
Subcortical StructureSubcortical StructureSubcortical StructureSubcortical Structure
ThalamicThalamicReticularReticularNucleusNucleus
ThalamicThalamicReticularReticularNucleusNucleus
ThalamocorticalThalamocorticalNeuronNeuron
ThalamocorticalThalamocorticalNeuronNeuron
Summary of Thalamic ConnectivitySummary of Thalamic ConnectivitySummary of Thalamic ConnectivitySummary of Thalamic Connectivity
I.I. Sensory InputSensory Input general sensationgeneral sensation special sensationspecial sensation
taste, equilibrium, hearing, visiontaste, equilibrium, hearing, vision
II.II. Motor InputMotor Input
cerebellum, basal gangliacerebellum, basal ganglia
III. III. Reticular FormationReticular Formation
IV.IV. Limbic SystemLimbic System mammillary nucleusmammillary nucleus hippocampal formationhippocampal formation
Sensory InputSensory InputSensory InputSensory Input
(1) General Sensation(1) General Sensation
1. Medial lemniscus1. Medial lemniscus
VPLc ----------- VPLc ----------- S I, S IIS I, S II
2. Spinothalamic tract2. Spinothalamic tract VPLc -----------VPLc ----------- S I, S IIS I, S II POm -----------POm ----------- retroinsular cortexretroinsular cortex Sm ------------- Sm ------------- frontal lobe(?)frontal lobe(?) CL -------------CL ------------- diffuse cortical areasdiffuse cortical areas
3. Trigeminothalamic tract3. Trigeminothalamic tract
VPM -------------VPM ------------- S I, S IIS I, S II
Sensory InputSensory InputSensory InputSensory Input
(2) Taste sensation(2) Taste sensation
VPM pc -------VPM pc ------- gustatory area (Brodmann area 43)gustatory area (Brodmann area 43)
(3) Sense of equilibrium(3) Sense of equilibrium
VPLo ---------- VPLo ---------- S IS I
(4) Auditory sensation(4) Auditory sensation
MGv ----------- MGv ----------- A I (Brodmann area 41, 42)A I (Brodmann area 41, 42) MGd ----------- MGd ----------- A IIA II
(5) Vision(5) Vision
LGd ---------- LGd ---------- V I (Brodmann area 17)V I (Brodmann area 17) Pi, Pl ---------- Pi, Pl ---------- V I, V II (Brodmann area 17, 18, 19)V I, V II (Brodmann area 17, 18, 19)
Motor InputMotor InputMotor InputMotor Input
(1) Cerebellum(1) Cerebellum VLc, VPLo, Nucleus X (cell sparse zone)VLc, VPLo, Nucleus X (cell sparse zone) -------------------- M I (Brodmann area 4), Premotor areaM I (Brodmann area 4), Premotor area CL -----------CL ----------- diffuse cortical areasdiffuse cortical areas
(2) Basal ganglia(2) Basal ganglia 1. GPi (internal segment of globus pallidus)1. GPi (internal segment of globus pallidus) VLo --------VLo -------- SMA (supplementary motor area)SMA (supplementary motor area) VApc -------VApc ------- frontal cortexfrontal cortex CM ---------CM --------- diffuse cortical areas, striatum,diffuse cortical areas, striatum,
subthalamic nucleussubthalamic nucleus 2. SNr (pars reticularis of substantia nigra)2. SNr (pars reticularis of substantia nigra) VLm, VAmc - fronal cortexVLm, VAmc - fronal cortex MDpc --------- medial frontal cortexMDpc --------- medial frontal cortex MDpl ---------- frontal eye field (Brodmann area 8)MDpl ---------- frontal eye field (Brodmann area 8)
Reticular Formation & Limbic SystemReticular Formation & Limbic SystemReticular Formation & Limbic SystemReticular Formation & Limbic System
Reticular formationReticular formation rostral intralaminar nuclei (CL, Cem, PC), Rhrostral intralaminar nuclei (CL, Cem, PC), Rh ----- diffuse cortical areas----- diffuse cortical areas thalamic reticular nucleus (R), LGvthalamic reticular nucleus (R), LGv ----- adjacent thalamic nucleus----- adjacent thalamic nucleus
Limbic SystemLimbic System
Mammillary BodyMammillary Body AV, AD, AM ----- AV, AD, AM ----- cingulate gyrus cingulate gyrus
Hippocampal FormationHippocampal Formation AV, AD, AM ----- AV, AD, AM ----- cingulate gyruscingulate gyrus
LD ------------------LD ------------------ cingulate gyrus, precuneuscingulate gyrus, precuneus Re -------------------Re ------------------- medial cortex, entorhinal cortexmedial cortex, entorhinal cortex
Clinical Syndromes of the ThalamusClinical Syndromes of the ThalamusClinical Syndromes of the ThalamusClinical Syndromes of the Thalamus
Posterolateral thalamic syndromesPosterolateral thalamic syndromes sensory disorderssensory disorders
Thalamic (Dejerine-Roussy) syndromeThalamic (Dejerine-Roussy) syndrome ----- VP nucleus - pain----- VP nucleus - pain Medial thalamic syndromesMedial thalamic syndromes
disorders of consciousnessdisorders of consciousness thalamic neglect, thalamic amnesia, thalamic neglect, thalamic amnesia, akinetic mutismakinetic mutism
Anterolateral thalamic syndromesAnterolateral thalamic syndromes
motor disordersmotor disorders
paresis, ataxia, motor incoordination, dysphagiaparesis, ataxia, motor incoordination, dysphagia
Thalamic (Dejerine-Roussy) SyndromeThalamic (Dejerine-Roussy) SyndromeThalamic (Dejerine-Roussy) SyndromeThalamic (Dejerine-Roussy) Syndrome
Joseph Jules Dejerine Joseph Jules Dejerine (1849-1917)(1849-1917)
Gustave Roussy Gustave Roussy (1874-1948)(1874-1948)
Modality:Modality: Vision Vision
Receptor:Receptor: Photoreceptor Cell of RetinaPhotoreceptor Cell of Retina
Cranial Nerve: II (Optic nerve)Cranial Nerve: II (Optic nerve)
1st Neuron:1st Neuron: Bipolar CellBipolar Cell
2nd Neuron:2nd Neuron: Ganglion CellGanglion Cell optic nerveoptic nerve
optic chiasmoptic chiasm
optic tractoptic tract
3rd Neuron:3rd Neuron: Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Lateral Geniculate Nucleus optic radiationoptic radiation
Termination:Termination: Visual Areas (V I, V II)Visual Areas (V I, V II) Brodmann area 17 (V I), 18, 19 (V II)Brodmann area 17 (V I), 18, 19 (V II)
Modality:Modality: Vision Vision
Receptor:Receptor: Photoreceptor Cell of RetinaPhotoreceptor Cell of Retina
Cranial Nerve: II (Optic nerve)Cranial Nerve: II (Optic nerve)
1st Neuron:1st Neuron: Bipolar CellBipolar Cell
2nd Neuron:2nd Neuron: Ganglion CellGanglion Cell optic nerveoptic nerve
optic chiasmoptic chiasm
optic tractoptic tract
3rd Neuron:3rd Neuron: Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Lateral Geniculate Nucleus optic radiationoptic radiation
Termination:Termination: Visual Areas (V I, V II)Visual Areas (V I, V II) Brodmann area 17 (V I), 18, 19 (V II)Brodmann area 17 (V I), 18, 19 (V II)
Visual (Optic) PathwayVisual (Optic) Pathway Visual (Optic) PathwayVisual (Optic) Pathway
1. Pigment Epithelium1. Pigment Epithelium - retinal detachment- retinal detachment
2. Neuronal Layer2. Neuronal Layer
(1) Photosensitive Cell Layer(1) Photosensitive Cell Layer
Rod Cell, Cone CellRod Cell, Cone Cell
(2) Bipolar Cell Layer(2) Bipolar Cell Layer Bipolar CellBipolar Cell Horizontal CellHorizontal Cell Amacrine CellAmacrine Cell
(3) Ganglion Cell Layer(3) Ganglion Cell Layer Ganglion CellGanglion Cell Optic Nerve (II)Optic Nerve (II)
RETINA RETINA - Pars Nervosa- Pars Nervosa
Visual Visual PathwayPathway
1. Optic nerve1. Optic nerve
2. Optic chiasm2. Optic chiasm
3. Optic tract3. Optic tract
4. Lateral 4. Lateral geniculategeniculate bodybody
5. Optic radiation5. Optic radiation
6. Visual cortex6. Visual cortex
Visual (Optic) PathwayVisual (Optic) PathwayVisual (Optic) PathwayVisual (Optic) Pathway
Visual PathwayVisual Pathway Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGd)Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGd) Visual PathwayVisual Pathway Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGd)Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGd)
Dorsal Nucleus (LGd)Dorsal Nucleus (LGd)
Magnocellular PartMagnocellular Part 1, 21, 2 Parvocellular PartParvocellular Part 3, 4, 5, 63, 4, 5, 6
contralateral afferentscontralateral afferents 1, 4, 61, 4, 6 ipsilateral afferentsipsilateral afferents 2, 3, 52, 3, 5
Ventral Nucleus (LGv)Ventral Nucleus (LGv)
part of thalamicpart of thalamic reticular nucleusreticular nucleus
dorsolateral
ventromedial
Optic Radiation (Geniculocalcarine Tract)Optic Radiation (Geniculocalcarine Tract)Optic Radiation (Geniculocalcarine Tract)Optic Radiation (Geniculocalcarine Tract)
Meyer’s loopMeyer’s loop
Clinical Features of Visual Pathway LesionClinical Features of Visual Pathway Lesion Clinical Features of Visual Pathway LesionClinical Features of Visual Pathway Lesion
1. optic nerve1. optic nerve
2. optic chiasm2. optic chiasm
3. optic tract3. optic tract
4. 5. optic radiation4. 5. optic radiation
A. unilateral blindnessA. unilateral blindness
B. bitemporal hemianopsiaB. bitemporal hemianopsia
C. left homonymousC. left homonymous hemianopsiahemianopsia
D. left inferior homony-D. left inferior homony- mous quadranopsiamous quadranopsia
E. left superior homony-E. left superior homony- mous quadranopsiamous quadranopsia
Signs of Visual Pathway LesionSigns of Visual Pathway LesionSigns of Visual Pathway LesionSigns of Visual Pathway Lesion
Optic nerveOptic nerve - ipsilateral blindness- ipsilateral blindness
Optic chiasmOptic chiasm - bitemporal hemianopsia- bitemporal hemianopsia
Optic tractOptic tract - contralateral homonymous hemianopsia- contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
Optic radiationOptic radiation - contralateral homonymous quadranopsia- contralateral homonymous quadranopsia - intact light reflex- intact light reflex
Visual CortexVisual Cortex - contralateral homonymous quadranopsia- contralateral homonymous quadranopsia - macular sparing- macular sparing
Visual Field DefectVisual Field DefectVisual Field DefectVisual Field Defect
left inferior optic radiation lesionleft inferior optic radiation lesionright superior quadranopsiaright superior quadranopsia
HypothalamusHypothalamus Limbic SystemLimbic SystemHypothalamusHypothalamus Limbic SystemLimbic System
EpithalamusEpithalamus Limbic SystemLimbic SystemEpithalamusEpithalamus Limbic SystemLimbic System
Habenular NucleusHabenular Nucleus
Medial Habenular NucleusMedial Habenular Nucleus
Lateral Habenular NucleusLateral Habenular Nucleus
Habenular CommissureHabenular Commissure
Pineal GlandPineal Gland
SubthalamusSubthalamus Basal GangliaBasal GangliaSubthalamusSubthalamus Basal GangliaBasal Ganglia
Subthalamic nucleusSubthalamic nucleus
zona incertazona incerta
Field of ForelField of Forel
H H ansa lenticularisansa lenticularis
H1H1 thalamic fasciculusthalamic fasciculus
H2H2 lenticular fasciculuslenticular fasciculus