Did you Know?

• Normal Respiration is?• We breath ________ many times per day?• We breath nearly _______ gallons of air in 24

hours• Adult lungs hold nearly _____ quarts of air• Each breath is equal to about a ______

Respiratory System

• Responsible for exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

• Breathing or Ventilation is the process in which this exchange happens

• Respiratory system is divided into – Upper Respiratory Tract– Lower Respiratory Tract

Upper Respiratory Tract

• Air is drawn into the Nasal Cavity – Lined with mucous membranes and cilia– Air is filtered heated and moistened– Divided R and L side by the Nasal Septum

Upper Respiratory Tract

• Within our nose are receptors for the sense of smell: What cranial nerve relays this info?

• Air moves from the nasal cavity into the pharynx

• Nasopharynx• Oropharynx• Laryngopharynx

Structures of the Pharynx

• Nasopharynx: lymph tissue Adenoids• Oropharynx: lymph tissue Palatine Tonsils• Laryngopharynx: contains the Larynx and the

epiglottis what is the role of the epiglottis?

Upper Respiratory Tract

• From the Pharynx air moves into the Trachea– How does the Trachea stay open?

Lower Respiratory Tract

• Trachea divides into two branches Bronchi– Both are composed of mucous membranes and

cilia– What holds the Bronchi open?

Lower Respiratory Tract

• Bronchi divide into smaller and smaller branches eventually forming Bronchioles

• At the end of the Bronchioles are tiny air sacks called alveoli

Lower Respiratory Tract

• Near to the Alveoli are the Pulmonary capillaries– It is here that CO2 and O2 Diffuse back and forth

Lower Respiratory Tract

• Lungs are divided into lobes: 3 Lobes on the R and 2 Lobes on the L

• Space between the lungs is Mediastinum what structures are found here?

Lower Respiratory Tract

• A serous membrane called the Pleura covers the lungs

Lower Respiratory Tract

• Ventilation depends on a pressure the action of the Diaphragm– Inspiration: Diaphragm contracts decreasing

pressure within the chest and drawing air in– Expiration: Diaphragm relaxes reentering the

thoracic cavity increasing the pressure within the chest as the pressure increases air leaves.

Respiration

• Pulmonary Ventilation: Is?• External Respiration: Is?• Transport of Respiratory Gases: Is?• Internal Respiration: Is?

Upper and Lower function together

• http://teachhealthk-12.uthscsa.edu/studentresources/AnatomyofBreathing3.swf

Getting the Wind Knocked out of you

• A kind of Diaphragm Spasm that occurs when sudden force is applied to the abdomen putting pressure on the solar plexus– Temporary paralysis of diaphragm– Making it difficult to breathe

Study of the Lungs

• Pulmonology: the medical specialty concerned with the respiratory system

• Pulmonologist: The Physician who treats Disorders of the Respiratory system

New Words

• Nas/o, Rhin/o Epiglott/o• Sept/o Laryng/o• Adenoid/o Trache/o• Tonsill/o Bronchi/o,

Bronch/o• Pharyng/o Bronchiol/o

Alveol/oPleur/o

New Words

• Pneum/o, Pneumon/o Phren/o• Pulmon/o• Lob/o• Ox/i, Ox/o• Thorac/o

The best use of our lungs

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWHpcKXt-qQ&feature=related

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

• COPD: chronic partial obstruction of the air passages– Symptoms?– 3 Major disorders• Asthma• Chronic Bronchitis• Emphysema

Asthma

• Produces a Bronchospasm this may be sudden and violent Paroxysmal and lead to dyspnea– What are the causes of Asthma?– What is the category of the main medications

used?

Chronic Bronchitis

• Inflammation of the bronchi– Causes?– Symptoms?– The two types of medications used are

Bronchodilators and Expectorants

Emphysema

• Decreased elasticity of the alveoli- they dilate but do not contract– Leading to barrel chest appearance– Easier to breath sitting upright Orthopnea

Pleural Effusions

• Any abnormal fluid in the pleural cavity– Auscultation and Percussion, CXR or MRI– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HDhkerh6ZZk

&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

Pleural Effusions

• Transudate: non-inflammatory fluid resembles serum– Left ventricular heart failure or liver disorders

• Exudate: high in protein usually contains blood and immune cells– Tumors, infections, inflammation

Types of Pleural Effusions

• Hemothorax: pleural effusion caused by blood• Pneumothorax: air in the pleural space

leading to a collapse of the lungs

Atelectasis

• Collapsed or airless state of the lung and affects all or part of the lung

Thoracentesis

• Surgical puncture of the chest using a hollow-bore needle: removes excess fluid or air– Can be diagnostic or therapeutic– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noDxydboLrA

Tuberculosis (TB)

• Bacterial infection in the lungs– Produces inflammatory nodules: Granulomas

Pneumonia

• Inflammatory disease caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi

• Sx: Angina, mucopurulent sputum, Hemoptysis- spitting up blood

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

• ARDS: The lungs no longer function effectively, threatening life– Caused by- trauma, sever pneumonia and other

major infections• The alveoli become edematous then collapse• Mechanical ventilation is often required

Apnea

• Temporary loss of breathing– Obstructive, central, mixed– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjQdAf9cQB

o

Asphyxia

• Condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen

Croup

• Common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchial passages and sometimes lungs

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vgOOuBKKu8&feature=related

Pertussis

• Acute infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a “whoop” sound, also called “whooping cough”

• What is the vaccination for this?• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3akJVesM

dvs

Epiglottitis

• Severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottis structures that occurs most commonly in children between 2 and 12 years of age

Pleurisy

• Inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing

Pulmonary Embolus

• Blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter

Abnormal Breath Sounds

• Cheyne-Stokes Respirations: deep then shallow breathing patterns (damaged respiratory center of the brain)– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CrKfmfuP9l4

• Crackle: caused by air entering moisture filled alveoli– http://www.stethographics.com/main/physiology

_ls_fine.html

Abnormal Breath Sounds

• Rhonchus: course, rattling noise similar to snoring (secretion in the larger airways)– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yeIA3eHHWlc&f

eature=related• Stridor: High pitched, harsh breath sounds

(swelling of the larynx, upper airway obstruction)– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Enq2BvX9aw&f

eature=fvwrel• Wheeze: Whistling of sighing sound (narrow

lumen)

Abnormal Breath Sounds

• Wheeze: Whistling of sighing sound (narrow lumen)

Hypoxemia

• Deficiency of oxygen in the blood• Monitored with Oximetry: monitor

hemoglobin(Hb) saturated with oxygen

Hypoxia

• Deficiency of oxygen in tissues

Pulmonary Function Tests

• Multiple tests used to evaluate the ability of the lungs to take in and expel air as well as perform gas exchange across the alveolocapillary membrane– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rjN2_hDXEY

Bronchoscopy

• Visual examination of the bronchi using endoscope inserted through the mouth and trachea

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL6oW8OdkxU

Laryngoscopy

• Visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury

Sputum culture

• Microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract

Throat culture

• Test used to identify pathogens, especially group Strep A

Rhinoplasty

• Reconstructive surgery of the nose to correct deformities or for cosmetic purposes

Tracheostomy

• Surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea which a breathing tube may be inserted

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8irjJ4yMMg