Did dinosaurs have lice? Vince Smith, Tom Ford, Kevin Johnson*, Paul Johnson & Rod Page University...
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Transcript of Did dinosaurs have lice? Vince Smith, Tom Ford, Kevin Johnson*, Paul Johnson & Rod Page University...
Did dinosaurs have lice?
Vince Smith, Tom Ford, Kevin Johnson*, Paul Johnson & Rod Page
University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
*Illinois Natural History Survey, USA
Fossil Lice
Psocoptera
Menacanthus /Menopon - complex
Ricinidae
Laemobothriidae
Boopiidae
Austromenopon- complex
Dennyus- complex
Colpocephalum- complex
• Collected Eckfeld maar near Eifel, Germany
• Middle Eocene (Middle Lutetian, 44.3±0.4 Ma)
• First fossil louse
• Completes ordinal representation of fossil insects
• Excellent preservation
• Phylogenetic affinities with modern feather lice
• Parasite of Anseriformes or Charadriiformes
• Crown group position
• Suggests lice are very old
• Points to a long coevolutionary history with birds
• Useful molecular calibration point
Wappler, Smith & Dalgleish, Proc.R.Soc., 2004.
Approaches To Dating
i. Test for molecular clock
ii. Establish calibration points- Crown group fossils
- R8s (Sanderson, 2003)
iii. Apply rate smoothing
- Penalized likelihood- Cross validation100
75
50
25
0
100
75
50
25
0
iv. Multiple approaches!- Bottom up- Top down - cospeciation dates
30
20
10
0
v. Compare ages30
20
10
0
100
75
50
25
0
Bot
tom
Up
Top D
own
35 ma
30 ma
i. Test for molecular clock
Phthiraptera
Phthiraptera
18s rRNA COI (1st & 2nd pos.)
ML (GTR+I+G)
ML (TVM+I+G)
0.1 0.1
CrustaceaDictyoptera
Hemiptera
Psocoptera
Lepidoptera
Diptera
CrustaceaOdonata
DictyopteraPlecoptera
Hemiptera
Psocoptera
ColeopteraRaphidiodea
MegalopteraNeuroptera
Hymenoptera
TrichopteraLepidoptera
SiphonapteraMecoptera
Diptera / Strepsiptera
Thysanoptera
EF1- Wingless
ML (GTR+I+G)
ML (GTR+I+G)
0.1 0.1
Phthiraptera
Phthiraptera
Trichoptera
Lepidoptera
SiphonapteraMecoptera
Coleoptera
Hymenoptera
Diptera
Hemiptera
Thysanoptera
Odonata
Hymenoptera
Diptera
Lepidoptera
Coleoptera
Thysanoptera
Hemiptera
Crustacea
~185 ma~260 ma ~250 ma~295 ma(280-300 ma) (235-300 ma) (200-250 ma) (185-240 ma)
18s rRNA COI EF1- Wingless
0100200300
Hym
eno
ptera
Dip
teraL
epid
op
teraC
oleo
ptera
Th
ysano
ptera
LIC
EH
emip
tera
Hem
iptera
Dip
teraL
epid
op
tera
0100200300400500
LIC
E
0100200300400
Lep
ido
p.
Cad
dis
Fleas
Meco
p.
Flies
Hym
eno
p.
Co
leop
.L
ICE
Bu
gs
Th
rips
Od
on
ata
0100200300400
Strep
sip.
Flies
Fleas/M
ecop
.
Tric./L
ep.
Hym
eno
p.
Neu
rop
.B
eetlesL
ICE
Bu
gs
Bark L
ice
Insect Phylogeny (rate smoothed)
Cospeciation Events
Constraints
Min. Age 44 ma
Louse Fossil
Combined ML
0.1
(18s, COI, EF1-)
Dove-Louse Cospeciation
Age Fixed 19.8 ma
Rhea/Ostrich-Louse Cospeciation
Age Fixed 60 ma
Primate-Louse Cospeciation
Age Fixed 4.5 ma
Am
blyce
raIsch
no
cera
An
op
lura
Rhyn.
Louse Phylogeny (unsmoothed)
Ricinus spLaemobothrion atrumAustromenopon elliottiTrinoton querquedulaeHolomenopon spDennyus hirundinisMachaerilaemus spColimenopon urocoliusDocophoroides brevisFulicoffula longipilaBovicola spFelicola subrostratusNeotrichodectes spGeomydoecus spPectinopygus sulaePectinopygus brevicornisPectinopygus punctatusPectinopygus variusAnatoecus icterodesTrichophilopterus babakotophilusColumbicola columbaeColumbicola passerinaeStruthioliperus nanduStruthiolipeurus struthionisCraspedorrhynchus spDegeeriella fulvaAustrophilopterus subsimilusColilipeurus coliusCampanulotes comparGoniodes spNaubates spPerineus nigrolimbatusHaematomyzus elephantsPediculus humanus var capitisPediculus schaeffiEchinophthirius horridus bPolyplax spinulosaHaematopinus tuberculatusHaematopinus suisHaematopinus pacochoeriHoplopleura trispinosaHoplopleura spPterophthirus imitansLinognathoides marmotaeLinognathoides marmotae bNeohaematopinus sciuriNeohaematopinus sciuri b
0100200
Louse Phylogeny (rate smoothed)
Combined ML(18s, COI, EF1-)
Am
blyce
raIsch
no
cera
An
op
lura
Rhyn.
~190 ma(150-225 ma)
KT
Result very sensitive to smoothing
parameter used
Host Implications
Paleocene
Cretaceous
Late Cretaceous
Early Cretaceous
Late Jurassic
157ma ±
146ma ±
97ma ±
65ma ±
Modern Birds
‘Ratites’ and
tinamousNeognathae
Neornithes
Archaeopteryx
Paleognathae
Tertiary ‘big bang’ model for modern bird evolution sensu Feduccia, 1995
Figure adapted from Feduccia,
1995
010
020
0
‘Big bang’ followed by a ‘big switch’?
Modern birds much older - Gondwanic origin?
Revised classic model sensu Cracraft, 2001
KT
Modern Birds
Summary
• Lice are old (150-300ma)
• Major radiation of lice before the KT (65ma)
• Modern birds & lice have a very long coevolutionary history
• Origin of lice associated with origin of feathers?
• Recent threopod dinosaurs probably had lice?
• Molecular clocks run fast at times of rapid radiation?
Caveats