Dictators Come Of Age Europe in Distress. The Modern Dictator Defined A leader who holds an...
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Dictators Come Of Age
Europe in Distress
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The Modern Dictator Defined
• A leader who holds an extraordinary amount of personal power
• Often associated with brutality and oppression
• Cults of Personality rather than ideology
• Common link to military• Rise to power through coup d’état
or revolution against an unstable government
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Mussolini
1883-1945
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The B
lack
Shir
ts
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The Black Shirts• Paramilitary group formed by
Mussolini in 1919• Most discontented ex-soldiers –
ultrantionalists• Attacked Communists,
socialists, trade unionists, and progressives
• Led March on Rome in 1922
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Mussolini – Early Life• Named for Mexican revolutionary by
radical father (a blacksmith)• Was Socialist and later a Marxist
• Coined the term Fascism• Drafted in WWI – wounded in training• Organized Fascist Party, motivated
others to act, and awaited outcome.• Became Italy’s youngest premier
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Fascism• Exalts nation and race above
individual• Uses propaganda and censorship• Severe economic and social control• Nationalism • Anti-Liberal, opposed socialism and
communism• Italy was first Fascist nation
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Reason for Political Success
• Played on fears of economic collapse• Played on fears of Communism and
Trade Unionism• Pushed nationalism and
internationalism• Through force of personality Fascism
was the dominant political doctrine of the first half of the 20th Century
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The Lateran Treaties
• February 11, 1929• Vatican and Italy (Mussolini
negotiated)• Created State of Vatican City• Pope would submit names of potential
bishops to government, and require them to swear allegiance to Italy
• Gave Vatican control over education• Marriage laws conformed Italy’s to
the Vaticans’
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Mussolini and Hitler
The Pact of Steel
October 1936
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Hitler
The Second Leg of Fascism
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Hitler – The Early Years
• Born in Austria to dysfunctional family
• Moved to Vienna to study art – failed• Developed Anti-Semitic passion –
part of south German culture• Saw Aryan-Jewish conflict• 1913 – to Munich, service in German
army• Veteran of World War I with
distinction
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Nazism
• Refers to politics of the dictatorship that ruled Germany from 1933-1945
• Commonly associated with Fascism, The nationalist totalitarianism socialism
• Appealed to moderates seeking German economic recovery
• Designed to meet Hitler’s goals• Outlawed in modern Germany
German National Socialist Party
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Hitler’s Strategy• Outlined in Mein Kampf (My Struggle)• Appealed to national pride based on
anger over the Versailles Treaty• Argued for the unification of all
German speaking peoples• Stressed German right to more land• Used the ‘Bully Pulpit’ to advance
ideas
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Hitler and Politics• Sought support of the middle-
class (hard hit by Depression)• Gained Reichstag position in 1930• Chancellor by 1933 • But a Reichstag fire justified
limiting individual civil rights• 1933 – Enabling Act – gave Hitler
dictatorial powers through legislative approval
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The ‘Reich’Revisited
• Germany, 1933-1945• (1)Holy Roman Empire to 1871
(2)German Empire to Nazi Era(3)Nazi Era
• Hitler referred to the Nazi Era as the “Thousand Year Reich” - an effort to link past to future
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The SS Hitler’s Bodyguards
The SAThe Nazi’s version of the Black Shirts
The GestapoSecret Police
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Names of Note
Himmler Roehm
GoebbelsGoring
Rudolph Hess1894-1987
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Night of Long Knives, et al
•June 29-June 30, 1934 - Roehm and other real and potential enemies were murdered by Himmler’s ‘Brown Shirts’
•August 2, 1934 – Hindenburg dies and Hitler declares himself Fuhrer
•Oath of personal loyalty to Hitler from armed services is required
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Origins of the Holocaust
• 1935 – Nuremberg Laws. Jews lost status as German citizens and most economic rights
• May 21, 1935 - Nazis ban Jews from serving in the military
• Nov 9/10, 1938 – Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass
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Kristallnacht
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The Spanish Civil War
1936-1939
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• Fought between rebels (Popular Front/ Falange) and Republican government
• As many as a million people died• Fascists test weapons• Republicans supported by
international brigade (also tested weapons)
• Republicans are defeated• Franco takes power
Spanish Civil War - Specifics
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Lincoln Battalion
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Franco
• Dysfunctional family• Army officer and hero• General at 34• Not political• Headed Nationalist
army during Civil War• Elected Head of State• Supported by
European fascists • Lost political powers
in the 1970s1892-1975
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World War II