DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color...
Transcript of DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color...
![Page 1: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Summit on Color in Medical Imaging 2013
DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging
David ClunieCoreLab Partners BioClinicaPixelMed Publishing
![Page 2: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Affiliations & Disclosures
CoreLab Partners BioClinica, Princeton, NJ
PixelMed Publishing, Bangor, PA
Editor, DICOM Standard
Co-chair, IHE Radiology Tech. Committee
![Page 3: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Overview
What are DICOM and IHE
History of presentation-related issues
Grayscale Standard Display Function (GSDF)
ICC Profiles – images and presentation states
Color pipeline
Other color matters
Issues and gaps
Sup 124 Communication of Display Parameters
![Page 4: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What is DICOM?
A file format• tagged, like TIFF, but with patient, study &
technique stuff, managed object identifers
A network protocol• like ftp or http, but object oriented
Services• not just transfer (C-STORE)• query (C-FIND), retrieve (C-MOVE, C-GET• workflow
![Page 5: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Example of DICOM Services
CT Modality
Laser Printer
Shared Archive
Workstation
Store
Store
Store
Q/R
Q/R
Storage Commitment
![Page 6: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Local Interchange Media
Modality Workstation
Store
Media
, , ...
PC
Store
Media
, , ...
What kind of Images ?
Which Images?
Which Medium?
What Encoding?
![Page 7: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
DICOM and the PACS
Modality
ArchiveModality
Modality
Modality
PACS +/- RIS
Manager
Workstations
Standard Boundary
![Page 8: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
DICOM and the PACS
Modality
ArchiveModality
Modality
Modality
PACS +/- RIS
Manager
Workstations
Standard Boundary Standard Boundary
![Page 9: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What is DICOM?
Behavior• rendering pipeline• display calibration• annotation (region of interest, measurement)
Modality-specific• CT, MR, DX, …• ophthalmic photography, endoscopy, WSI
Generic• secondary capture, photography
![Page 10: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
IHE - Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise
Standards integrated into profiles• sequencing and behavior• actors and transactions• workflow oriented
Additional behavior• Scheduled Workflow (SWF)• Consistent Presentation of Images (CPI)
Testing• Connectathons – NA, Europe, Japan, …
![Page 11: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Pt. Registration [RAD-1] 12: Patient Update [RAD-12]
Pt. Registration [RAD-1] Patient Update [RAD-12] Placer Order Management [RAD-2]
Filler Order Management [RAD-3] Appointment Notification [RAD-48]
ADT
Query Images [RAD-14] Retrieve Images [RAD-16]
Image Display
Storage Commitment [RAD-10]
Modality Image Stored [RAD-8] Storage Commitment [RAD-10]
Creator Images Stored [RAD-18]
Procedure Scheduled [RAD-4] Image Availability Query [RAD-11] Procedure Updated [RAD-13] Performed Work Status Update [RAD-42] Performed Work Status Update [RAD-42] Instance Availability Notification [RAD-49]
Query Modality Worklist [RAD-5]
Evidence Creator
Performed Procedure
Step Manager
Modality PS in Progress [RAD-6] Modality PS Completed [RAD-7] Creator PS in Progress [RAD-20] Creator PS Completed [RAD-21]
Modality PS in Progress [RAD-6] Modality PS Completed [RAD-7] Creator PS in Progress [RAD-20] Creator PS Completed [RAD-21]
Modality PS in Progress [RAD-6] Modality PS Completed [RAD-7]
Creator PS in Progress [RAD-20] Creator PS Completed [RAD-21]
Order Placer
Acquisition Modality
Image Manager
Image Archive
DSS/ Order Filler
![Page 13: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Pt. Registration [RAD-1] 12: Patient Update [RAD-12]
Pt. Registration [RAD-1] Patient Update [RAD-12] Placer Order Management [RAD-2]
Filler Order Management [RAD-3] Appointment Notification [RAD-48]
ADT
Query Images [RAD-14] Retrieve Images [RAD-16]
Image Display
Storage Commitment [RAD-10]
Modality Image Stored [RAD-8] Storage Commitment [RAD-10]
Creator Images Stored [RAD-18]
Procedure Scheduled [RAD-4] Image Availability Query [RAD-11] Procedure Updated [RAD-13] Performed Work Status Update [RAD-42] Performed Work Status Update [RAD-42] Instance Availability Notification [RAD-49]
Query Modality Worklist [RAD-5]
Evidence Creator
Performed Procedure
Step Manager
Modality PS in Progress [RAD-6] Modality PS Completed [RAD-7] Creator PS in Progress [RAD-20] Creator PS Completed [RAD-21]
Modality PS in Progress [RAD-6] Modality PS Completed [RAD-7] Creator PS in Progress [RAD-20] Creator PS Completed [RAD-21]
Modality PS in Progress [RAD-6] Modality PS Completed [RAD-7]
Creator PS in Progress [RAD-20] Creator PS Completed [RAD-21]
Order Placer
Acquisition Modality
Image Manager
Image Archive
DSS/ Order Filler
![Page 14: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Image Manager/Image Archive
Acquisition Modality
Department SystemScheduler/ Order
Filler
Perform Acquisition Modality Images
Stored [RAD-8]
Modality Procedure Step In Progress [RAD-6]
Modality Procedure Step Completed [RAD-7]
Query Modality Worklist [RAD-5]Select MWL Entry (SPS)
Query Images [RAD-14]
Retrieve Images [RAD-16]
Modality Presentation State Stored [RAD-9]
ImageDisplay
Modality Procedure Step In Progress [RAD-6]
Modality Procedure Step Completed [RAD-7]
![Page 15: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Image Manager/Image Archive
Acquisition Modality
Department SystemScheduler/ Order
Filler
Perform Acquisition Modality Images
Stored [RAD-8]
Modality Procedure Step In Progress [RAD-6]
Modality Procedure Step Completed [RAD-7]
Query Modality Worklist [RAD-5]Select MWL Entry (SPS)
Query Images [RAD-14]
Retrieve Images [RAD-16]
Modality Presentation State Stored [RAD-9]
ImageDisplay
Modality Procedure Step In Progress [RAD-6]
Modality Procedure Step Completed [RAD-7]
![Page 16: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
IHE - Connectathons
![Page 17: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
DICOM & IHE – Not Just Radiology
Long history of DICOM support• Cardiology• DICOM “Visible Light” initiative• US Veteran’s Affairs (VA) – VISTA Imaging
• Clinical Capture system• “real” DICOM modality workflow (MWL/SWF)• standards-based procurement requirements
IHE• started with Radiology “domain”• now many others, e.g., Eye Care, Anatomic
Pathology, Endoscopy
![Page 18: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Slide of VA VISTA from Dayhoff R, Kuzmak P
Wide Variety of Images Integrated with the Online Patient Record
Cardiology
Bronchoscopy
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Hematology
Pathology
Surgery
Nuclear Medicine
Dental
Radiology
Dermatology
Ophthalmology
Podiatry
Vascular
Urology
Nursing
Electrocardiography
Scanned Documents
![Page 19: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
DICOM Color Image Objects
Secondary Capture• Original single frame (generic)• Multi-frame true color
Modality-specific pseudo-color• US, (NM, PET), MR, OCT
Modality-specific true color• VL & video endoscopy, photography, microscopy• Whole slide microscopy (WSI)• Ophthalmic photography
Encapsulated PDF
![Page 20: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
DICOM, IHE & Image Display
Original standards (1985,1993) silent
Focused on storage & printing
Display rendering pipeline grew out of print service pipeline
A few tags for “windowing” and LUTs• window center & width (brightness/contrast)• grayscale lookup tables• color palette lookup tables
![Page 21: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Two Kinds of DICOM Object
Images• tags + Pixel Data like any other format
Presentation States• reference to images to which they apply• tags affecting display override those in
images• point rendering pipeline (grayscale/color)• spatial transformation & annotation pipeline• e.g., save window/pan/zoom in a few bytes• Grayscale Standard Display Function (GSDF)
![Page 22: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Problems of Inconsistency
mass visible mass invisible
•Windowing chosen on one display device
•Rendered on another with different display
•Mass expected to be seen is no longer seen
![Page 23: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Perceptual Linearization
Modality
Display
Display Perception of ContrastBy Human Visual System
Ambient Light
![Page 24: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Perceptual Linearization
.01
.1
1
10
100
1000
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Grayscale Standard Display Function
JND Index
Same number of Just Noticeable Difference == Same perceived contrast
Despite different change
in absolute luminance
![Page 25: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
.01
.1
1
10
100
1000
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Grayscale Standard Display Function
JND Index
Monitors
Film
![Page 26: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
GSDF - Adoption
Near universal in radiology
Broad acceptance of the need for calibration
Dedicated medical displays provide for calibration (manual or automated)
Ambient light compensation
Calibration tools for non-medical displays
Practice standards (ACR) recommend it
AAPM TG 18 describes methods & tools
DICOM defines curve, not compliance limits
![Page 27: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
What about color?
DICOM’s initial priority was radiology
Radiology color apps all pseudo-color
But questions arose as to how to• annotate color images• save pan/zoom/flip/rotation of color images• achieve consistent contrast & color• handle true color in same system (PACS)• display color & grayscale together
Not color experts – consulted ICC
![Page 28: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Already had for color …
Image encoding mechanism• Photometric Interpretation• Adequate bit depth• Multiple samples per pixel
Uncompressed pixel data
Compressed pixel data support• other industry standards, JPEG, J2K, MPEG
Color independent transformations
![Page 29: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Photometric Interpretation
Similar to TIFF
MONOCHROME1,2 … grayscale
RGB … true or pseudo-color
PALETTE COLOR … indexed
YBR_FULL_422, etc., … compressed
CMYK … not used
RGBA (alpha) … not used
Linked to Samples Per Pixel (1,3)
![Page 30: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Bits Stored, Bits Allocated
Uncompressed• used versus padded (whole bytes)• most grayscale > 8 bit, e.g., 12 in 16• color usually 3 samples of 8 bits• color can be 16• single or multiple frame (e.g., for video)
Compressed (encapsulated)• opaque bit stream of 8 bit bytes• e.g., JPEG SOI to EOI segments
![Page 31: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Common part of grayscale and color pipeline
![Page 32: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
What was missing for color consistency?
Could encode images
Could specify spatial transformations
Could specify graphics & text
Missing device independent values• for color image pixels• for colors of annotations
Committee lacked expertise in color
![Page 33: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Solution – ICC Profile & CIE
Color device-independent values• to be in ICC Profile Connection Space (PCS)
Added ICC profile• optional all existing & new color image objects
True & pseudo-color presentation states• all with mandatory ICC profile
Defined non-pixel data color values• as CIELab PCS values (e.g., text color, etc.)
![Page 34: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
What is still missing in the DICOM color pipeline?
No equivalent of grayscale “windowing”• no brightness/contrast adjustment
No color “corrections”• other than burned in to pixels (or ICC profile)
No “user preference” adjustments• other than burned in to pixels (or ICC profile)
No generalized (non-linear) transformations of multiple channels• other than in ICC profile• except for new Ultrasound Volume object
![Page 36: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
ICC Profiles in DICOM objects
A single ICCProfile tag
With an even length binary payload
Shall (required)• be an Input Profile (“scnr”)• RGB -> CIELab or CIEXYZ
Should (recommended)• have perceptual rendering intent• use 16 bit LUTs• have chromaticAdaptation tag if not D50
![Page 38: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
ICC Profile Version
Original Supplement 100• referenced ICC.1:2003-09 (v4.1.0)
Updated in CP 676• references ISO 15076-1:2005 (v4.2.0.0)
Not yet updated to current• ICC.1:2010 (v4.3.0.0)
But not restricted to v2 or v4 profiles
No explicit discussion of v2/v4 issues• Perceptual Reference Medium Gamut (PRMG)• white point & black point
![Page 39: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
ICC in DICOM - Reality Check
Color image storage/display routine in PACS
But no ICC profile use in products or images
All real-world color presentation states• illegally use grayscale PS for color images• illegally leave out mandatory ICC Profile tag• just stuff in a default sRGB profile (because
presence of something is mandatory)
Finding a default sRGB profile• take old HP v2, or v2 or v4 from ICC web site• replace “dply” or “spac” with “scnr”
![Page 40: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
ICC Profiles buried in DICOM JPEG or PDF objects
DICOM uses JPEG (etc.) for compression• conversion (encapsulation) of standalone JPEG
(e.g., from camera) to DICOM• could leave ICC Profile in JPEG bit stream, if
present, rather than extract it to DICOM level• surprising effects (profile may be applied during
decompression by some codecs)
DICOM can also encapsulate PDF• PDF can also contain ICC Profiles
![Page 41: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Beyond color “consistency”
What about aspects of acquisition?
Illumination & light path filtration
Multi-spectral acquisitions
Specified for• Whole Slide microscopy• Ophthalmic Photography
Re-usable in future for• GI endoscopy, …
![Page 42: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
WS Optical Path Module
One or more paths• referenced for each frame of WS tiled image
Illumination• description, codes, wavelength• “full spectrum”, “transmission”, “xenon arc”, …
Light path filtration
Image path filtration
For each path• may have palette & ICC profile if monochrome
![Page 43: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Ophthalmic Photographic Parameters Module
Shares many tags & codes for light path with the WSI Optical Path Module• e.g., LightPathFilterTypeStackCodeSequence• e.g., “Red optical filter”
Specific codes for device & illumination• e.g., “Fundus camera”, “Indirect iris
transillumination”
ChannelDescriptionCodeSequence• when RGB PhotometricInterpretation is not really
RGB
![Page 44: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Color Palettes
Pseudo-color images may contain color palette LUTs
Pseudo-color presentation state
Color Palette object• has UID and may be referenced & shared• standard “well-known” color palettes
LUTs are RGB• use ICC profile for consistency
![Page 45: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Color and Grayscale Together
Multi-modality workstations• same (large) display• mixture of grayscale and color displays
Grayscale on color monitor• which curve to calibrate/convert to• multiple screen regions with differing behavior
Color and grayscale in same image• Doppler ultrasound (structure + velocity)• CT/PET fusion (structure + function)
![Page 46: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Eizo Hybrid Gamma
![Page 47: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
DICOM Color Doppler US
![Page 48: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
DICOM Supplemental Palette Color LUT
....
Range ofStored
Values to bemapped tograyscale
Range ofStored
Values to bemapped to
color
R G B
LargestMonochromePixel Value
ModalityLUT
ColorDisplay
Mapped to gray levelRGB values by displaydeviceVOI
LUTP-
LUT
+
![Page 49: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Blending … e.g., for CT-PET
select superimposed
[register]
resamplewithin slices
[between slices]
select underlying
rescale and window blend
pseudo-color
![Page 50: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Blending Presentation State
![Page 51: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Ultrasound Volume Blending e.g., Tissue/Velocity/Variance
![Page 52: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Raw Format Needed in DICOM?
Add support for “camera raw” encapsulation?• vendor-specific raw?• encapsulate Adobe DNG (Digital Negative) format?• DNG is TIFF-based – transcode DNG tags to DICOM??• DNG not “raw enough”? adopted? still need vendor raw?
Benefits• store in PACS with patient & study identifiers• advanced processing possible on raw format
DICOM does have generic “Raw Data” object• standard meta-data + private payload
DICOM “For Processing” DX, MG (used in CAD)
![Page 53: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Sup 124 - Communication of Display Parameters
Started in Japan by JIRA
Work in progress for some time
Display System Management Service
Retrieval of display system characteristics and performance information
Calibration management & retrieval (may be deferred)
Grayscale (not just GSDF) & color support (not just ICC Profiles)
![Page 54: DICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color · PDF fileDICOM & IHE Standards for Medical Color Imaging David Clunie CoreLab Partners BioClinica. PixelMed Publishing. ... to be in ICC Profile](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021817/5a83d86e7f8b9ada388ededa/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Conclusions
Despite its grayscale origins, DICOM supports color images
Support for color consistency via ICC Profiles available but unimplemented
Other aspects of color such as description of parameters available for specific modalities
DICOM WS microscopy now standard