Dichotomous key Kingdom Proyaryota (bacteria) Kingdom Protoctista by Hazel 6S (23)
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Transcript of Dichotomous key Kingdom Proyaryota (bacteria) Kingdom Protoctista by Hazel 6S (23)
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1.Dichotomous key2.Kingdom Proyaryota
(bacteria)3.Kingdom Protoctista
by Hazel 6S (23)
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Dichotomous keys
• A device for easy and quick identification of unknown object.
• Construction of a dichotomous key: - Use constant characteristics - Use quantitative
X (e.g. big, small ……) - Precede the descriptive terms with the
name of the anatomical part to which it applies.
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When using a key, please When using a key, please reremember member ::
• Always read both choices.• Be sure you understand the meaning of the terms
involved. • When measurements are given, use a calibrated
scale. • Since living things are always variable, do not base
your conclusion on a single observation. Study several specimens to be sure your specimen is typical.
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• 1a. Organisms lacking cell nuclei . . . . . Prokaryotae• 1b. Organisms with cell nuclei . . . . . . . . . . . 2
• 2a. Unicellular or tissue-level organisms . . Protista• 2b. Complex, multicellular organisms . . . . . . . . 3
• 3a. Organisms autotrophic . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plantae• 3b. Organisms heterotrophic. . . . . . . . . . . . 4
• 4a. Organisms absorb food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fungi• 4b. Organisms ingest food . . . . . . . . . . . . . Animalia
Examples of Dichotomous keys
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• Prokaryotic organisms (bacteria)
• Bacteria⁻ Tiny (diameter: 0.5 -1.0um)⁻ Unicellular⁻ Occur in clusters or filaments⁻ Spherical, rod-shaped and helical⁻ Survive even under extreme conditions⁻ Flagella ( motile )
• Prokaryotic organisms (bacteria)
• Bacteria⁻ Tiny (diameter: 0.5 -1.0um)⁻ Unicellular⁻ Occur in clusters or filaments⁻ Spherical, rod-shaped and helical⁻ Survive even under extreme conditions⁻ Flagella ( motile )
Kingdom prokaryota (Kingdom Monera)
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ReproductionReproduction
• Reproduce asexually ( binary fission )
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Reproduce sexually ( conjugation )
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3 types of survival 3 types of survival ways ways – Heterotrophs(most)
– Autotrophs (some) e.g. blue green algae (cyanobacteria)
green sulphur bacteria purple sulphur bacteria
– Chemoautotrophs
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Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
Archaebacteria Eubacteria (true bacteria)
Shape Various shape Various shape
Cell wall X Peptidoglycan Peptidoglycan
Cell membrane Branched chain ether linked lipids.
Straight chain ester with lipids.
tRNA X thymine thymine
Interaction with other organisms
• mutualism• commensal
• mutualists• predators• pathogens
Significance in technology and industry
Thermostable enzymes, sewage treatment, antibiotics, organic solvents, production of biogas
Fermented foods, bioremediation, waste processing, agrichemicals, biological pest control, scientific research
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Kingdom Subkingdom Major group
Prokaryotae Eubacteria( true bacteria)
Heterotrophic eubacteria
Photosynthetic
Chemosynthetic
Archaebacteria Methanogens
Halophiles
Thermophiles
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Kingdom Protoctista• Some: unicellular
some: multicellular• nuclei and other characteristically
eukaryotic properties• Size: microscopic form – giant form• Motile ( pseudopodia, cilia, flagella )• Aquatic• 3 subgroups :
algae, protozoans, slime moulds
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AlgaeAlgae • Plant-like protoctists
– Cellulose cell wall– Non-motile– Undergo photosynthesis
• X many plant structuresSubgroup Phylum Distinguishi
ng featurePhotosynthetic pigments
Algae Chlorophyta (green algae )
−Unicellular / multicellular−Cellulose cell wall
Chlorophyll
Phaeophyta(brown algae)
Chlorophyll & fucoxanthin
Bacillariophyta(diatoms)
Cell wall with a kind of silica
Various
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ProtozoaProtozoa • Animal-like unicellular protoctists
– Motile– X cell wall & chlorophyll– Obtain nutrients by engulfing other organisms
Subgroup Phylum Distinguishing features
Protozoa Phytoflagellata(plant flagellates)
−Unicellular− X cell wall
− ≥1 flagella−chlorophyll
Zooflagellata(animal flagellates)
− ≥1 flagella−Heterotrophic
Sarcodina(amoebae)
- pseudopodia−Heterotrophic
Ciliophora(ciliates)
−Numerous cilia−2 nuclei−Heterotrophic
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Slime mouldsSlime moulds• Fungi-like protoctists
– Body consist of thread-like structures– X photosynthesis– Obtain nutrients through absorption from the
surroundings
• Different structural constituents and composition from fungi
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