Diatonic Triads in Major...

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Chapter Four Study Notes

- Chapter Four begins our journey in how chords are used in TONAL MUSIC (Common Practice Period), which the rest of our Text is all about.

o DIATONIC (means belonging to the key, or ‘of the key’) o Most chords in TONAL MUSIC are comprised of notes from the scale (from the key – DIATONIC) on

which the passage is based - Define: CHROMATIC TONES:

o __________________________________________________________________________________ - Define: ALTERED CHORDS or CHROMATIC CHORDS

o All other chords – using notes not in the scale (Key) are called ALTERED or CHROMATIC chords. E.G., in the key of CM, a D F# A C chord would be ALTERED

- The MINOR SCALE o As instrumentalists: we’re taught to play 3 SEPARATE MINOR SCALES

Natural Melodic Harmonic

o Therefore, one assumes composers have 3 INDEPENDENT scales from which to choose – this is not how minor mode works in music

o Let’s consider we have 1 minor scale but 6 and 7 are VARIABLE. So we have 2 VERSIONS of 6 & 7 and BOTH ARE USED

o 1 2 lower3 4 5 (1st five notes same) low & high 6 & 7 8 o CONSIDER THE DESTINATION OF 6 & 7 MELODICALLY, that is by STEP:

When DESTINATION IS up, by step, to the tonic we use Raised (High) 6 & 7 When DESTINATION IS down by step from the tonic we use Lowered (Low) 6 & 7

o COPY Self-Test (ST) 4-1 & 4-2 & use it o COPY EX 4-2 & use it o NOW, IF 6 or 7 is LEFT BY LEAP, there will EVENTUALLY BE A STEPWISE GOAL, and 6 or 7 will be raised

or lowered according to that goal. o GENERALLY: when the stepwise goal of 6 & 7 is downward we use lower 6 & 7 and VICE VERSA.

However, this is a GUIDELINE, not a rule. GO OVER EXAMPLES page 60 & 61 and play on overhead.

o STOPPING POINT. Assign HOMEWORK: Read TEXT, 59-61, complete CHECKPOINT in TEXT and , EX, page 31 – 32. HINT: memorize QUALITIES of chords in Major and minor.

31 takes time, 32 is easy

Answer these ‘Check-Point’ 4-1 Questions: 1. What is the term for chords that contain no notes outside of the scale?

2. What about chords that do contain such notes?

3. Individual lines in tonal music tend to conform most closely to which of the three traditional minor scales?

4. Name the five common seventh-chord types

Diatonic Triads in Major (memorize)

Diatonic Triads in Major: Triad Type: Roman numeral: Example:

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Major Uppercase V

Minor Lowercase vi

Diminished Lowercase with a o viio

Augmented Uppercase with a + III+

Diatonic TRIAD Types in Major (memorize)

Major I, IV, and V

Minor ii, iii, and vi

Diminished viio

Augmented none

Diatonic Triads in Minor (memorize)

Reminders: - Use Harmonic minor Scale - i, iio, III, iv, V, VI, viio - Major: III, V, & VI - Minor: i, & iv - Diminished: iio, & viio

Diatonic TRIAD Types in Minor (memorize)

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Major III, V, and VI

Minor i and iv

Diminished iio and viio

Augmented none

Answer these ‘Check-Point’ 4-2 Questions: 1. In a major key, which triads are minor?

2. In a minor Key, which triads are major?

3. The triads on which two scale degrees are the same type in both major and minor?

4. Which of the four triad types occurs least often in tonal music?

Diatonic Seventh Chords in Major (memorize)

Seventh Chord Type

Roman Numeral

Example Occurs in Major:

Major Seventh Uppercase with M7 IM7 IM7, IVM7 Major-minor Seventh

Uppercase with a 7 V7 V7

Minor Seventh Lowercase with a 7 vi7 ii7, ii7, vi7 Half-diminished Seventh

Lowercase with a o7 viio7 viio7

Diminished Seventh Lowercase with o7 viio7 no

viio7 occurs in minor only

Note: 4 of the 5 above seventh chord types occur as diatonic seventh chords in Major Keys Memorize Example 4-8, below:

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DIATONIC Seventh Chords in Major (memorize)

M7 IM7and IVM7

Mm7 V7 m7 ii7, ii7, and vi7 o7 viio7

o7 none

Diatonic Seventh Chords in Minor (memorize both charts)

- Remember we use the Harmonic minor scale as the basis for harmony in minor keys, see Example 4-9, below, in c minor

DIATONIC Seventh Chords in minor (memorize)

M7 IIIM7and VIM7

Mm7 V7 m7 i7 and vi7

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o7 iio7

o7 viio7

Reminders:

- Remember bps (bass-position symbols) for inverted seventh chords are: o

65, 43, and 42

o (664) 765-4342 memorize the ‘Inversion Hot-line #’ - This means that the V7 in first inversion is symbolized as:

o V65 not as V7

65 - Remember that the symbol for a minor seventh chord does not include a

lowercase “m”. For example: o ii7, NOT iim7

- Remember that the symbol for a Major seventh chord DOES include an uppercase “M”. For example: o IM7, or IVM7

- Remember that ‘chord symbols’ for Major triads DO NOT include an uppercase “M”. For example:

o F not FM -- C not CM -- Bb not BbM

Hmwk due 10/20: - Diatonic triad chord charts (include chord symbols & Roman numerals) in:

o Treble Clef BbM o Treble Clef c#m

Remember to write & use the harmonic minor scale - Diatonic seventh chord charts (include chord symbols & Roman numerals) in:

o Bass Clef F#M o Treble Clef em

Remember to write & use the harmonic minor scale - If you’d like a higher grade on Chapt 4 Exercise homework, submit it at the beginning of class AND do

the following: o Self-Test 4-2 A #8-16 o ST 4-2 B #8-15 o ST 4-2 B 2 (Schumann) o For your own benefit, do the work first & then check answers

- Check Weebly for class notes - Review Chapt 4 in the text for the Chapt 4 TEST (10/20)

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