Dialektika Kebudayaan dalam Puisi-Puisi Air Hajriansyah: Sebuah Refleksi Filsafati
-
Upload
sumasno-hadi -
Category
Documents
-
view
39 -
download
11
description
Transcript of Dialektika Kebudayaan dalam Puisi-Puisi Air Hajriansyah: Sebuah Refleksi Filsafati
-
0DNDODK(NRORJL%DKDVDGDQ6DVWUD
8QLYHUVLWDV/DPEXQJ0DQJNXUDW%DQMDUPDVLQ)DNXOWDV.HJXUXDQGDQ,OPX3HQGLGLNDQ-XUXVDQ3HQGLGLNDQ%DKDVDGDQ6HQL3URJUDP6WXGL3HQGLGLNDQ%DKDVD,QJJULV
0DUHW
-
(FRORJ\RI/DQJXDJHDQG/LWHUDWXUH6HPLQDU3URFHHGLQJV(GLWRU6DLQXO+HUPDZDQ)DWFKXO0XLQGDQ6LUDMXGGLQ.DPDO
KDODPDQ[FP
.DWDORJGDODP7HUELWDQ3HUSXVWDNDDQ1DVLRQDO5HSXEOLN,QGRQHVLD,6%1
&HWDNDQ,0DUHW
+DNFLSWDGLOLQGXQJLXQGDQJXQGDQJ'LODUDQJPHPSHUEDQ\DNWDQSDL]LQSHQXOLVDWDXSHQHUELW
3HQHUELW6FULSWD&HQGHNLD%DQMDUEDUX.DOLPDQWDQ6HODWDQ/ZZZVFULSWDFR(VFULSWDFHQGHNLD#JPDLOFRP+
-
0DNDODK(NRORJL%DKDVDGDQ6DVWUD
'DIWDU,VL
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
-
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
'DIWDU,VL
-
0DNDODK(NRORJL%DKDVDGDQ6DVWUD
3HQJDQWDU
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
-
NDUHQD WXJDV SRNRNGDQ IXQJVL LQVWDQVLQ\DZDMLEPHQJXSD\DNDQNHELMDNDQIRUPDODJDUHNRORJLGDHUDK.DOVHOWHWDSWHUMDJDNHDVULDQQ\DGDQ WLGDN UXVDNDNLEDWNHJLDWDQNHJLDWDQHNVSORLWDVLGDQHNVSORUDVLNHND\DDQDODP\DQJEHUVLIDWPDVLI VHKLQJJDPHODPSDXLEDWDVEDWDV\DQJGDSDWGLWROHUDQVL
6DLQXO +HUPDZDQ PHOHQJNDSL JDJDVDQ GL DWDV GHQJDQPHQGLVNXVLNDQ WUDGLVL OLVDQEDODPXW WUDGLVL OLVDQRUDQJ%DQMDU\DQJVXGDKVDQJDWODQJND'HQJDQPHQJJXQDNDQWHRULHNRORJLEDKDVDVDVWUDGDQEXGD\D6DLQXOPHQHPXNDQEDKZDWUDGLVLEDODPXWEHUKXEXQJDQGHQJDQ OLQJNXQJDQKLGXSPHODOXLGXDFDUDYHUEDOGDQQRQYHUEDO.HKDGLUDQSLGXGXNGDQVHVDMLPHUXSDNDQVLPEROGHWHUPLQDVLOLQJNXQJDQKLGXS%DQMDUWHUKDGDSDGDGDQWLDGDQ\DWUDGLVLLQL6HGDQJNDQHNVSUHVLYHUEDO GDODP FHULWD EDODPXWPHQHNDQNDQ SHQWLQJQ\DPHQMDJDNHKDUPRQLVDQDQWDUDPDQXVLDGHQJDQ OLQJNXQJDQQ\D(PSDWSXOXKVDWXPDFDPNXHWUDGLVLRQDO\DQJGLVLPERONDQVHEDJDLSHUVHPEDKDQXQWXNSDUDOHOXKXUGDSDWGLEDFDVHEDJDLWDQGDXQWXNPHQJLQJDWEDKZDDODPWHODKEDQ\DNPHPEHULNDQNHEDLNDQNHSDGDPDQXVLD0DQXVLDZDMLEEHUDGDSWDVLVHELVDPXQJNLQDJDUSDQJDQ\DQJWHUVDMLLWXWHWDSDGD
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
7UDGLVLNHDODPDQRUDQJ7LRQJKRDGDODPEHEHUDSDQRYHO,QGRQHVLDGLGLVNXVLNDQROHK)DWFKXO0XLQ'DODPQRYHO\DQJGLNDMLQ\D)DWFKXOPHQHPXNDQ DGDQ\DSHULODNX RUDQJ7LRQJKRD WHUKDGDS DODPGDQSHOHVWDULDQDODP'DODPWUDGLVL7LRQJKRDDODPGDQEXPLGLSDQGDQJVHEDJDLWHPSDWKLGXSPDQXVLDGDQPDNKOXNKLGXSODLQ7XEXKPDQXVLDEHUDVDO GDUL XQVXUXQVXUNLPLDZL\DQJEHUDVDO GDUL EXPL'HQJDQSHUNDWDDQ ODLQ WXEXKPDQXVLDEHUDVDOGDULEXPLGDQPHQGDSDWNDQ
3HQJDQWDU
-
0DNDODK(NRORJL%DKDVDGDQ6DVWUD
PDNDQDQGDULEXPL VHGDQJNDQURKPDQXVLDGLSHUROHKGDUL7XKDQ0DQXVLDPHPSXQ\DL URKGDQ UDJDROHKNDUHQD LWXPDQXVLDZDMLEPHQMDJDNHOHVWDULDQDODPDJDUVXPEHUNHKLGXSDQQ\DWLGDNKDELV'DODPKDO WHUWHQWX DGDNHPLULSDQJDJDVDQDQWDUD WUDGLVLRUDQJ7LRQJKRDGDODPQRYHOGDQRUDQJ%DQMDU\DQJPHPLOLNL WUDGLVLEDODPXWGDODPPHPDQGDQJKXEXQJDQDQWDUDGLULPHUHNDGHQJDQDODP
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
'HPLNLDQODKEHEHUDSDJDPEDUDQXPXPJDJDVDQSHQWLQJWHUNDLWGHQJDQWHPDXWDPDVHPLQDUGDULEHEHUDSDPDNDODK\DQJWHUKLPSXQGDODPEXNXLQL
-
3HQJDQWDU
.DPLPHQJXFDSNDQWHULPDNDVLKNHSDGDVHPXDSLKDN\DQJWHODKPHPXQJNLQNDQDFDUDLQLGDSDWWHUODNVDQDGHQJDQEDLN.DPLPRKRQPDDIDWDVNHNXUDQJQ\DPDQDQVHODPDNHJLDWDQLQLEHUODQJVXQJ6HJDODNULWLNGDQVDUDQDNDQNDPLMDGLNDQEHNDOXQWXNEHUEXDWOHELKEDLNSDGDNHJLDWDQ LOPLDK GLPDVD GHSDQ 6HODPDWPHPEDFD GDQ VHPRJDEHUPDQIDDW
%DQMDUPDVLQ0DUHW3DQLWLD6LUDMXGGLQ.DPDO
-
0DNDODK(NRORJL%DKDVDGDQ6DVWUD
',$/(.7,.$.(%8'$
-
6XPDVQR+DGL
LQL DNDQ WHUXVPHQHUXVEHUDGDGDODPSHUXEDKDQ 6HJDODKDO WHUXVPHQJDOLUWLDGD\DQJWHWDSNDWD+HUDNOHLWRVGDUL(SKHVXV0HPDQJELVDGLPHQJHUWL EDKZD\DQJ WHWDS DGDODKSULQVLSSHUXEDKDQ LWXVHQGLUL3XQGLGDODPNHEXGD\DDQEHUVDPDGHQJDQVXEMHNPDQXVLDQ\D\DQJGLQDPLVLWXSHUXEDKDQGHPLSHUXEDKDQGLDOHNWLNDNHEXGD\DDQDNDQWHWDSEHUODQJVXQJ
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
7HUNDLWGHQJDQSXLVLNKXVXVQ\DSXLVLSXLVL+DMULDQV\DK\DQJDNDQGLEDKDVNHPXGLDQVHEDJDLVDODKVDWXSHQFDSDLDQEXGD\DPDQXVLDNHEXGD\DDQ\DQJSXQ\DUDJDPPDNQDQ\DNDFDPDWDILOVDIDWWHQWXVDMD ELVD GLSDNDL XQWXNPHOLKDW GDQPHQJHNVSORUDVL SXLVL GDODPSRVLVLQ\DVHEDJDLNDU\DVDVWUD3HUVSHNWLIREMHNIRUPDOILOVDIDWLQLDNDQVD\DFREDSDNDLXQWXNPHPDNQDLMXJDPHUHIOHNVLNDQVHFDUDNULWLVSXLVLSXLVL+DMULDQV\DKGDQGLXVDKDNDQSXODXQWXNPHQDULNQ\DNHGDODPGLVNXUVXVGLDOHNWLNDNHEXGD\DDQ
2EMHNPDWHULDO\DQJGLMDGLNDQWLQMDXDQUHIOHNVLILOVDIDWLLQLDGDODKSXLVLSXLVL+DMULDQV\DK\DQJWHUGDSDWGDODPEXNX1XQ.RWDGL7DQDK5DZD VHODQMXWQ\D GLWXOLV1XQ 6HEXDK EXNX NXPSXODQ SXLVL+DMULDQV\DKEHUVDPDGXDSHQ\DLU.DOLPDQWDQ6HODWDQ.DOVHOODLQQ\D6DQGL)LUO\GDQ01DKGLDQV\DK$EGL%XNXLQLGLWHUELWNDQROHKSHQHUELW7DKXUD0HGLDSDGD-XQL
0LFN\+LGD\DW VHRUDQJSHQ\DLU WHUQDPD.DOVHO GDODP.DWD3HQJDQWDUEXNXLQLPHQ\DWDNDQEDKZDSXLVLSXLVL+DMULDQV\DKPHPLOLNLNHFHQGHUXQJDQXQWXNPHPSHUVRDONDQGXQLD\DQJNRQWUDGLNWLI1XQ
-
0DNDODK(NRORJL%DKDVDGDQ6DVWUD
'HPLNLDQ +DMULDQV\DKPHPDQJ VDQJDW NXNXK GDODPPHPSHUVRDONDQ IHQRPHQD NRQWUDGLNVL LWX NKXVXQ\D KXEXQJDQGLDOHNWLV DWDX EHQWXUDQEHQWXUDQ DQWDUD WUDGLVLRQDOLWDV GHQJDQPRGHUQLWDV3DGDPRGHUQLWDV NHUDSGLVLNDSLQ\D VHEDJDL IHQRPHQDEXGD\D\DQJVHODLQSXQ\DQLODLNRQWUDGLNWLIMXJDSHQXKDEVXUGLWDVQLODL7HPDGDQ VXDUDVXDUDPDFDP LQL EDQ\DNGLVXDUDNDQGDODPSXLVLSXLVLQ\D+DOWHUVHEXWQDPSDNQ\DEHUGLULGLDWDVNHEHUSLKDNDQVHUWDNH\DNLQDQQ\DSDGDNHNXDWDQ WUDGLVLPDV\DUDNDW ORNDO.HNXDWDQ LWXGLSDNDL+DMULDQV\DKXQWXN WHUXVPHQJULWLVL IHQRPHQDPRGHUQLWDVGDODPNRQWHNVGLQDPLNDNHEXGD\DDQPDV\DUDNDWORNDO%DQMDU+DOLQLVD\DSLNLUFXNXSPHQDULNXQWXNGLMDGLNDQGDVDUSHQXOLVDQPDNDODKLQL0DNDQ\DWXOLVDQLQLEHUXVDKDPHUHIOHNVLNDQVHFDUDILOVDIDWLSXLVLSXLVL+DMULDQV\DK \DQJ EHUPXDWDQ NULWLV GDODPNRQWHNV SUREOHPDWLNDOLQJNXQJDQDODPPDV\DUDNDW ORNDO.DOVHO VHUWD NDLWDQQ\DGHQJDQEHQWXUDQ DQWDUD WUDGLVLRQDOLWDV GHQJDQPRGHUQLWDV LWX VHEDJDLIHQRPHQDGLDOHNWLNDNHEXGD\DDQ
.HVDNVLDQ6XQJDLDWDV3HPEHODKDQ$ODPGDQ%XGD\D7HPDWHPDNULWLV SDGDSXLVLSXLVL+DMULDQV\DK VHEDJDLPDQD
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
%HUEDULQJODKGLVLQL'LVXQJDLGLPXDUDUDPDL
/LKDWODKGLVDQD'LNDSDONDSDOSHQXKVDQJVDL
1DLNNDQSHQJD\XKPX7HQJJHODPVDMDPHODUXWEDQ\X
-
6XPDVQR+DGL
/DOXNLWDVHODPLNHGDODPDQSHQXKEXD\D3HQXKLNDQWHQJJHODPNHUXPDKGDWXGDWX'DWXGDWXSHQMDJDXODNQ\DEDQ\X.DEDUNDQWHQWDQJPLQ\DNWHQWDQJEDWXEDWX.DEDUNDQNHVHGLKDQDQDNFXFX$QDNFXFXPHQJHODSUXSDUXSDWDPXWDPX0HQDLNLDQJLQFHSDWPHQJHMDUPLPSL0LPSLJXQXQJWHUEHODKUXPDKWHUEHODKGDGDWHUEHODK
'DQOLKDWODKODJLVXQJDLNHKXOXKXOX*XQXQJWHUEHODKUXPDKWHUEHODKGDGDWHUEHODK
*XQXQJJXQXQJKLWDPVHWRQJNDQJWRQJNDQJPHQ\HEHUDQJ%DWDQJEDWDQJFRNODWVHNRQWDLQHUNRQWDLQHUPHQ\HEHUDQJ/DOXDSD\DQJWHUVLVDGLKXOXKXOXNHFXDOLUXPDKPX3HUDKXPXWDNEHUND\XKWHUXVGLSDFXKLQJJDMHPX
'LMDODQSRV\DQJGLEDQJXQJHUJDVLVHEHODKPX(QJNDXGLEXUXGLEXUXPHQXMXKXOX6XQJDLVXQJDLPX
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
6DWXJDPEDUDQNHPLULVDQWHUVHEXWSHUQDKGLXQJNDSNDQROHK$ULI)L\DQWRVHRUDQJMXUX.DPSDQ\H,NOLPGDQ(QHUJLGL*UHHQSHDFH,QGRQHVLD 'DODPNXQMXQJDQGDQSDQWDXDQQ\DGL GDHUDK$VDP$VDP.DEXSDWHQ7DQDK/DXWSDGDWDKXQLDVDQJDWWHUSHUDQJDKDWDVXODKNRUSRUDVLSHUXVDKDDQ WDPEDQJEDWXEDUD\DQJPHUXVDN OLQJNXQJDQDODPGDQWDNPDXEHUWDQJJXQJMDZDE,DSXQPHOXNLVNDQQ\DGHPLNLDQ)L\DQWR'DULQJ
-
0DNDODK(NRORJL%DKDVDGDQ6DVWUD
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
7HPDSHUVHPEXQ\LDQ\DQJNHUDSGLVLUDWNDQ+DMULDQV\DKGDODPSXLVLSXLVLQ\D LQL NHWLNDGLUXQXW VXPEHUGHWHUPLQDQQ\DPHPDQJEHUDGDSDGDSURVHVGLDOHNWLNDNHEXGD\DDQ\DQJWLGDNVHKDWEDKNDQWLGDNDGLODQWDUDEXGD\DORNDOWUDGLVLRQDOLWDVGHQJDQEXGD\DJOREDOPRGHUQLWDV0DNDNHVDQ+DMULDQV\DK\DQJJHOLVDKPHUDVDNDQVLQ\DOVLQ\DOSHPEHODKDQEXGD\DPHODOXLSHPEHODKDQNHKDQFXUDQOLQJNXQJDQDODPLWXPHQMDGLGDSDWGLSDKDPL$NDQKDO LQL0LFN\+LGD\DW1XQ PHOLKDW SXLVLSXLVL +DMULDQV\DK \DQJ FHQGHUXQJPHQHQJRNSDGD DNDU PDV\DUDNDW WUDGLVL DGDODKSHQMHODVDQGDULNHWLGDNEHUGD\DDQVDQJSHQ\DLUGDQEHEHUDSDSHQ\DLU.DOVHOODLQQ\DGDODPSURVHV LQWHUQDOLVDVLGLULQ\D WHUKDGDS IHQRPHQDPRGHUQLWDV1DPXQGHPLNLDQSDGDDVDVQ\DVD\DELVDPHOLKDWQ\DVHEDJDLVHEXDKNHMXMXUDQ EXGD\D
-
6XPDVQR+DGL
WHODKNDODKGDQKDQ\DELVDPHPDQGDQJSURVHVSHPEHODKDQEXGD\D\DQJWHUXVEHUODQJVXQJ3DGDSXLVLEHUMXGXO :DQWLODQ1XQEHULNXWLQLPHQ\LUDWNDQSDQGDQJDQPDNQDLWX
%DWDQJEDWDQJ\DQJGLJXOLQJNDQQDLNNHSXQJJXQJPXGDULVXQJDLVXQJDL\DQJMDXK0HOHSDVNXOLWPHQXPSXNGDNLPHQ\LULQJVXQJDL
3HUDKXSHUDKX\DQJPHQJJDQGHQJPHQDOLNORWRN%HUVXVXQVXVXQPHODMXPHQMHMDNLRPEDN
1XQGLVDQDDVDSPHPEXPEXQJ0HQJDQWDUJHORQGRQJJHORQGRQJGLWDULNFUDQHGLDQWDUVDPSDLMDXK
-
0DNDODK(NRORJL%DKDVDGDQ6DVWUD
'DQOLKDWODKGLVDQDJHUJDVLEHUEDMXEDMDPHPEDZDJHORPEDQJPHQJDQFDPUXPDKNLWD
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
/HQWLNMHPDULPX\DQJPHQDULGLKHPEXVLDQJLQ'LLULQJLJDPHODQEDEXQNHQRQJGDQVDUXQ'HGDXQKLMDXEHUJR\DQJJR\DQJ6HLUDPDKLGXS\DQJWDNNDODKELPEDQJ
'DULXMXQJNHXMXQJKLGXSPXEHULULQJELPEDQJ0HQ\DUXKLGXS\DQJODLQWDNNDODKELQJXQJ
-
6XPDVQR+DGL
*HPHWDUNDFDMHQGHODEHUJHVHNDQJLQ*HPHOHWDUKLGXSPXPHQDKDQDQJLQ
+XPDKXPDUDZDNHULQJ1\DPXNGDQGLQJLQ6DDWKXMDQWXUXQWDNNHQDOPXVLP$WDXNDKSHUJHVHUDQPXVLPWDNODJLGLNHQDOQXVLD
'LVLVLJDPHODQVLSHPLPSLGXGXNVHQGLUL%HUKDUDSJHORPEDQJEXQ\LPHQDULNQ\DPDEXNGDQWHUKHPSDVNHGDUDWDQVHPSXUQD'DQGLVLVLVHQMDPLPSLPLPSLODOXOLQGDS.HDUDKMLQJJD\DQJWDNELVDGLKDUDS
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
.RQVHS.HEXGD\DDQ-LNDNHEXGD\DDQLWXGLDQGDLNDQVHEDJDLVHNRODKXPDWPDQXVLD
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
-
0DNDODK(NRORJL%DKDVDGDQ6DVWUD
EHUQDSDVNDQ KXPDQLVPH DWDX EDKNDQ HNVLVWHQVLDOLVPH
-
6XPDVQR+DGL
ROHK%DNNHU GLMHODVNDQQ\DNHGDODPWXMXKSHQJHUWLDQGHQJDQPHQJJXQDNDQEDVLVGLVLSOLQNHLOPXDQVHSHUWLEHULNXW 6RVLRORJPHPDNQDLNHEXGD\DDQVHEDJDLNHVHOXUXKDQNHFDNDSDQ\DQJPHOLSXWLDGDWDNKODNNHVHQLDQ LOPXGDQ ODLQODLQ\DQJGLPLOLNLPDQXVLDVHEDJDLVXEMHNPDV\DUDNDW
6HMDUDZDQ PHQHNDQNDQ SHUWXPEXKDQ NHEXGD\DDQ GDQPHQGHILQLVLNDQNHEXGD\DDQVHEDJDLZDULVDQVRVLDO\DQJPHQMDGLWUDGLVL
)LOVXIPHQHNDQNDQDVSHNQRUPDWLI NDLGDKNHEXGD\DDQ GDQSHPELQDDQQLODLVHUWDUHDOLVDVLFLWDFLWD
$QWURSRORJPHOLKDWNHEXGD\DDQVHEDJDLWDWDKLGXSZD\RI OLIHGDQNHODNXDQ
3VLNRORJPHQGHNDWLNHEXGD\DDQGDULVHJLSHQ\HVXDLDQPDQXVLDNHSDGDDODPVHNHOLOLQJQ\DNHSDGDV\DUDWV\DUDWKLGXS6HMXPODKDKOL SVLNRORJLPHQJXUDLNDQEDZDK VDGDUNHEXGD\DDQ VHFDUDSVLNRDQDOLVLV6WUXNWXUDOLVGLDQWDUDPHUHNDPHQ\RURWLIHQRPHQSRODGDQRUJDQLVDVL
,OPXEDQJVDEDQJVDJD\D ODPD GDQSHWXJDVPXVHXPPHQDNVLUNHEXGD\DDQDWDVKDVLODUWHIDNGDQNHVHQLDQ
3HQGHILQLVLDQ LVWLPHZDVHEDJDLGLDOHFWLF RI FKDOOHQJHGDQ UHVSRQVH7R\QEHH VXSHUVWUXNWXU LGHRORJLV \DQJPHQFHUPLQNDQSHUWHQWDQJDQNHODV 0DU[JD\DKLGXS IHRGDODULVWRNUDWLV DO)DUDELNHEXGD\DDQVHEDJDLFRPIRUW0RQWDJX.HWLNDPHQLQMDXNRQVHSNHEXGD\DDQPHODOXLUDJDPGHILQLWLIQ\D
VHFDUDSUHVNULSWLIQRUPDWLIPHQXUXWVD\DPHPDQJKDUXVGLWXMXNDQSDUDGLPHQVL\DQJHVHQVLDO\DQJSDOLQJPHQGDVDU-DGLEHWDSDSXQOXDVGDQWHUDQJQ\DGHILQLVL \DQJDGD WDSL WDNDGD\DQJELVDPHQJJDQWL VLVLNHGDODPDQSHPDNQDDQPHQJHQDL DSD LWXNHEXGD\DDQ VHODLQSDGDPDNQDKDNLNDWILOVDIDWNHEXGD\DDQLWXVHQGLUL
'DULWLQMDXDQWHRULWLNGHVNULSWLISDGDNDWHJRULGHILQLVLGDQNRQVHSNHEXGD\DDQGLDWDVVD\DPHQJLNXWLPDNQDKDNLNDWNHEXGD\DDQGDUL%DNNHU %DKZD WHODK LDPHQJJDULVEDZDKL VDDWPHPELFDUDNDQNHEXGD\DDQVHEHQDUQ\D OHELKNHSDGDXVDKDPHQJDMXNDQSHUVRDODQSHUVRDODQ WHQWDQJSHQFLSWDDQSHQJRODKDQ GDQSHQHUWLEDQ QLODLQLODLNHPDQXVLDDQLQVDQL%DNNHU'DULVLQLWHUOLKDWMHODVEDKZD\DQJPHQMDGL VXEMHN NHEXGD\DDQ WLDGD ODLQ DGDODK QLODLQLODLNHPDQXVLDDQ,QLVHSHUWLKDOQ\DSHPLNLUDQ$OLV\DKEDQD\DQJPHOLKDW
-
0DNDODK(NRORJL%DKDVDGDQ6DVWUD
LQWLDWDXNHXWDPDDQNHEXGD\DDQEHUDGDSDGDKXEXQJDQDQWDUDHWLNDGHQJDQVLVWHPQLODL+DGLVHEDJDLUDQDKNHPDQXVLDDQ$UWLQ\DVHFDUDUHIOHNWLINRQVHSNHEXGD\DDQPHUXSDNDQGLDOHNWLNDQLODLQLODLNHPDQXVLDDQLQVDQLDWDXKXEXQJDQDQWDUD\DQJLGHDOGDQ\DQJIRUPDO
'LDOHNWLNDGDODP7LQMDXDQ)LOVDIDW'LGDODPGLVLSOLQLOPXILOVDIDWSDGDDZDOQ\DGLDOHNWLND
-
6XPDVQR+DGL
NRPSOHPHQWHUEXNDQNRQWUDGLNWLIDWDXSHUWHQWDQJDQ
-
0DNDODK(NRORJL%DKDVDGDQ6DVWUD
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
0HQJDPELO FRQWRK GL DWDV GDSDWODK GLVLPSXONDQ EDKZDNRQWUDGLNVL WLGDNODKPXQFXOGDUL OXDU WHVLVPHODLQNDQ MXVWUXGDULGDODPQ\D$UWLQ\DDQWLWHVLVVXGDKVHODOXWHUNDQGXQJVHUWDPHUWDGLGDODP WHVLV /DQMXWDQ ORJLVQ\D VLQWHVLV VXGDK VHODOX WHUNDQGXQJGLGDODPWHVLVGDQDQWLWHVLV\DQJVDOLQJEHUQHJDVL+DOLQLGDODPSHPLNLUDQEDKDVDORJLNDPHWDILVLND+HJHOGLXQJNDSNDQEDKZDGLGDODP DGDGDQNHWLDGDDQVXGDKVHODOXWHUNDQGXQJPHQMDGL0DNDGDVDUPHWRGHGLDOHNWLND LGHODLV+HJHO LQL EHUDGDSDGD VHEXDKSURVHV 3URVHV LQL
-
6XPDVQR+DGL
PHPRVLVLNDQVHOXUXKWDKDSDQVHEDJDLHQWLWDVGDQUHDOLWDV\DQJEHUQLODL'DODPKDOLQLQLODLNHEHQDUDQEHUDGDSDGDNHVHOXUXKDQ$UWLQ\DKDNLNDWNHVHOXUXKDQLWXEHUDGDSDGDSHUNHPEDQJDQQ\D\DQJWHUXVPHQMDGL+HJHO
'HPLNLDQEHUGDVDUNDQ WLQMDXDQ ILOVDIDWLSDGDGLDOHNWLND LGHDOLV+HJHOLQLVHEHQDUQ\DQLODLUHIOHNVLI\DQJELVDGLSHWLNDGDODKPHQJHQDLDMDUDQXQWXNVHODOXPHOLKDWUHDOLWDVNHEXGD\DDQVHEDJDLVXDWXSURVHV\DQJPHQMDGL'DQPDQXVLD\DQJPHQXUXW+HJHODNDQPHQMDGLDNWXDODWDXQ\DWDVHMDXKNXDOLWDVSHQHPSDWDQSHUXEDKDQGLULQ\D VHFDUDNRVPRORJLV WDNELVDPHQJKLQGDUGDULSRVLVL VHEDJDLEDJLDQGDULHNRORJLQ\D.HWLNDLDPDQXVLDWDNPDPSXEHUGLDOHNWLNDGHQJDQDODPQ\DPDNDVHEHQDUQ\DLDEXNDQODKPDQXVLD\DQJDNWXDO
5HIOHNVL.ULWLV3DGDGLVNXUVXVILOVDIDWGLDOHNWLNDLGHDOLV+HJHOGLSDKDPLEDKZD
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
.HPEDOLSDGDNRQWHNVNULWLVLVPHSXLVLSXLVL+DMULDQV\DKKDELWDWPDV\DUDNDW WUDGLVLORNDO WUDGLVLRQDOLWDV \DQJ WHODKPHPLOLNLQLODLNHPDSDQDQNHEHQDUDQVRVLDOWHUWHQWXGDODPNDMLDQLQLGLLGHQWLILNDVLVHEDJDL WHVLV.RQVHNXHQVL ORJLNDGLDOHNWLND LGHDOLVQ\DDGDODKSDGDWUDGLVLRQDOLWDVLWXVHQGLULWHODKPHQ\LPSDQWXQWXWDQQHJDVLGDQEDKNDQNRQWUDGLNVLQ\D%DKZDQHJDWLYLWDVGDODPEHQWXNIHQRPHQDPRGHUQLWDVGHQJDQVHJDODSHQJHWDKXDQVDLQWLILNGDQ WHNQRORJL LQGXVWUL DGDODK
-
0DNDODK(NRORJL%DKDVDGDQ6DVWUD
MDZDEDQ NRQVHSWXDO NRQWUDGLNVL WUDGLVLRQDOLWDV VHEDJDL NRQVHSNHEXGD\DDQPDV\DUDNDWSUDPRGHUQGHQJDQ VHJDODNHNXUDQJDQQ\D/DQWDVSDGDPRGHUQLWDVLWXVHQGLULDOLKDOLKQHJDVLGDULWUDGLVLRQDOLWDV\DQJPDXPHULQJDQNDQGDQPHQJHIHNWLINDQKLGXSPDQXVLDPDODKDQPHQJKDQFXUNDQVLVLNHPDQXVLDDQQ\D.HUXVDNDQHNRORJLPDV\DUDNDW.DOVHO DNLEDW XODKNRUSRUDVL WDPEDQJEDWXEDUD DGDODKSHQMHODVDQVHGHUKDQDDWDVLPSOHPHQWDVLPRGHUQLVDVL\DQJNRQWUDGLNWLI
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
-
6XPDVQR+DGL
SHQMHODVDQ ODLQ GDUL VXDWX NHFHPDVDQ \DQJ DGD GDODPSXLVLSXLVL+DMULDQV\DKVHSHUWL\DQJGLVHEXW0LFN\+LGD\DWGDODP.DWD3HQJDQWDU1XQ
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
3HQXWXS%DUDQJNDOL VHFDUD ILOVDIDWLEHUNDFDGLUL PDZDVGLUL LQLDGDODK
VLQWHVLVGLQLGDULSURVHVWHJDQJDQWHJDQJDQEXGD\D\DQJPHOHODKNDQLWX%HUNDLWGHQJDQKDOLWXVD\DLQJLQPHQJDMXNDQVHEXDKWHUPDVHEDJDLNRQVHSVLQWHVLVPDZDVGLULLWX\DNQLNHVDGDUDQLQWHOHNWXDO.RQVHSLQLPDX PHQJLPSOHPHQWDVLNDQ QLODL NHEHEDVDQ VHEDJDL ZXMXG
-
0DNDODK(NRORJL%DKDVDGDQ6DVWUD
NHVDGDUDQ\DQJPHQMDGLSRNRNVHMDUDKXQLYHUVDOGDODPSHPLNLUDQILOVDIDWVHMDUDK+HJHO.HVDGDUDQLQLGLPDNVXGNDQVHEDJDLEHQWXN NHFHUGDVDQ GDQ NHSHNDDQ UHIOHNWLI WHUKDGDS GXD SRWHQVLGLQDPLND NHEXGD\DDQ WUDGLVLRQDOLWDV GDQPRGHUQLWDV 6HFDUDLQWHOHNWXDOPDQXVLDVHEDJDLVXEMHNNHEXGD\DDQKDUXVUDVLRQDOGDODPPHQ\LNDSLWUDGLVLQ\D\DQJPHQ\HMDUDK3XQGDODPJHUDNVHMDUDK LDKDUXV VHODOXNULWLVGDODPPHQ\LNDSL VHJDODPDFDPNHPXGDKDQGDQNHQLNPDWDQZXMXGPRGHUQLWDV'DQNHVDGDUDQPDFDPLWXWLGDNEROHKSDULSXUQD DWDX VHOHVDL 6HEDJDLPDQDGLDOHNWLND LGHDOLV+HJHO \DQJPHPRVLVLNDQNHEHQDUDQDEVROXW VHEDJDL VLQWHVLV LWXEHUDGDSDGDWDWDUDQ\DQJGLQDPLVWHUXVEHUJHUDNDWDXEHUSURVHV$UWLQ\DGLDOHNWLNDNHEXGD\DDQDGDODKDUXVSDQMDQJGDULWHJDQJDQNRQIOLNNULWLNPDXSXQSHQ\DQJNDODQEHUGDVDUNDQ VLVLVLVLNHPDQXVLDDQ\DQJNHVHPXDQ\DEHUDGDSDGDSHQJHUWLDQXQWXNVDOLQJPHPDMXNDQNXDOLWDVVHMDUDK3DGDWLWLNLQLKDNLNDWNHEXGD\DDQ\DQJPHQXQMXNPDQXVLDVHEDJDLPDNKOXNEHUNHPXQJNLQDQ XQWXNPHQFLSWDPHQJRODK GDQPHQHUWLENDQOLQJNXQJDQDODPQ\DPHQXQWXWXQWXNGLDNWXDOLVDVLNDQVHFDUDVWUDWHJLV6HEHOXP NHNXDWDQ DODP LWX VHQGLUL \DQJ DNDQ PHQHUWLENDQPDQXVLDQ\D
$NKLUQ\D XQWXNPHQXWXSPDNDODK LQLPHVNLSXQSHQXOLVDQPDNDODKLQLEXNDQSDGDEXODQ$SULOWDSL)HEUXDULVD\DPDXPHQJXWLSVHSHQJJDO SXLVL+DMULDQV\DK \DQJ EHUMXGXO 5XPSXW%XODQ$SULO.HQDQJDQ1XQKDO0HQXUXWVD\DLQLUHOHYDQGHQJDQWHJDQJDQDQWDUDWUDGLVLRQDOLWDVGHQJDQPRGHUQLWDVVHEDJDLWHPDUHIOHNVL .LWDEHUGXDVDOLQJEHUKDGDSDQWDSLWDNVDOLQJEHUSDQGDQJDQ
-
6XPDVQR+DGL
+HJHO*:) )LOVDIDW 6HMDUDK &HWDNDQ.H7HUMHPDKDQ&XN$QDQWD:LMD\DGDUL7KH3KLORVRSK\RI+LVWRU\'RYHU3XEOLFDWLRQ,QF3XVWDND3HODMDU