Diagrams Preso
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Transcript of Diagrams Preso
Why Diagrams are Worth a Thousand Words
Clark Quinn, Ph.D.
• ...DesignWare…...DesignWare…
• ...UCSD......UCSD...
• ...UNSW......UNSW...
• ......QuinnovationQuinnovation
Independent ConsultancyIndependent Consultancy
Making organizations smarterMaking organizations smarter
Why do we use diagrams?
Diagrams
Map conceptual relationships to spatial relationships (using our robust visual processing system to support comprehension)
Communication Roles of Media
Aside: the importance of models•Mental Models•Conceptual Models•Conceptual Relationships
How do diagrams work?
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Diagrams work...“In the representations we call diagrammatic, information is organized by location, and often much of the information needed to make an inference is present and explicit at a single location. In addition, cues to the next logical step in the problem may be present at an adjacent location. Therefore problem solving can proceed through a smooth traversal of the diagram, and may require very little search or computation of elements that had been implicit.”
- Larkin, J.H., & Simon, H.A. Why a Diagram is (Sometimes) Worth Ten Thousand Words. Cognitive Science, 11, 1.
Diagrams work...
• information is organized by location
• much of the information needed to make an inference is present and explicit at a single location
• cues to the next logical step in the problem may be present at an adjacent location
• require very little search or computation of elements
Location & Flow
Three Types:
• Spatial
• Conceptual
• Graphs & Charts
Conceptual
“these take a collection of items and relationships between them, and express them by giving each item a 2D position, while the relationships are expressed as connections between the items or overlaps between the items” - Wikipedia
Graphs/Charts
“which display a relationship between two variables that take either discrete or a continuous ranges of values” - Wikipedia
Diagrams
Map conceptual relationships to spatial relationships (using our robust visual processing system to support comprehension)
Conceptual Elements
Human Information Processing
•Sensory Store
•Short Term Memory (STM)
•Long Term Memory (LTM)
•Motor System
HIP Stores
And their relationships
Information Processing
•Attention
•Rehearsal
•Elaboration
•Recall
•Recognition
•Action
HIP System
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Principles
Cognitive Analysis
• Appropriateness - minimalism
• Naturalness - model/rep match
• Matching - to task
• Congruence - visual/mental match
• Apprehension - quick perception
“A designer knows he has achieved perfectionnot when there is nothing left to add,
but when there is nothing left to take away.” - Antoine de Saint-Exupery
Cognitive Load
Cognitive Load
Cognitive Load
External Representation
• Computational offloading
• Re-representation
• Graphic constraining
Computational offloadingThey found that while subjects would rate the analogies, from best to worst, as literally similar, true analogy, mere appearance, and false analogy, their recall for stories, from best to worst, was literally similar, mere appearance, true analogy, and false analogy.
Re-representation
Graphic Constraints
Semiotics
•Icon•Index•Symbol
Scanning
Attention
TopDown & BottomUp
Processing
Additional Dimensions
“Tuning is nine-tenths of the effort”
Will Wright
Evolution
Re-Representation
Designing a Diagram?
Designing a Diagram?1.Identify Task/Goal
2.Choose Model
3.Choose Components
a.Identify Elements
b.Identify Relationships
c.Choose Additional Dimensions
4.Choose Representation
a.Choose Element Representation
1.Choose Relationship Representation
2.Choose Dimension Coding
5.Place Elements
a.Add Relationships
b.Layer Additional Dimensions
c.Tune
1.(Graphic Design)
Designing a Diagram?
Diagrams
Map conceptual relationships to spatial relationships (using our robust visual processing system to support comprehension)
Action!
•Use Models•Design DiagramsAccelerate Learning & Performance!
[email protected]+1-925-200-0881+1-925-200-0881site: quinnovation.comsite: quinnovation.comblog: learnlets.comblog: learnlets.combook: engaginglearning.combook: engaginglearning.comtwitter: @quinnovatortwitter: @quinnovator
Diagrams can be worth 1000 words!