Diagnostics for Experimental Thermonuclear Fusion Reactors

Diagnostics for Experimental Thermonuclear Fusion Reactors

Edited by

Peter E. Stott JET Joint Undertaking Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England

Giuseppe Gorini University of Milan Milan, Italy

and

Elio Sindoni University of Milan Milan, Italy

Plenum Press. New York and London

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

On file

Proceedings of the International Workshop on Diagnostics for ITER, held August 28 - Septemb~r 1, 1995, in Varenna, Italy

ISBN-13:978-1-4613-8020-7 e-ISBN-I3: 978-1-4613-0369-5

001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0369-5

© 1996 Plenum Press, New York

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996

A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N. Y. 10013

All rights reserved

10987654321

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

PREFACE

This book of proceedings collects the papers presented at the Workshop on Diagnostics for ITER, held at Villa Monastero, Varenna (Italy), from August 28 to September 1, 1995. The Workshop was organised by the International School of Plasma Physics "Piero Caldirola." Established in 1971, the ISPP has organised over fifty advanced courses and workshops on topics mainly related to plasma physics. In particular, courses and workshops on plasma diagnostics (previously held in 1975, 1978, 1982, 1986, and 1991) can be considered milestones in the history of this institution. Looking back at the proceedings of the previous meetings in Varenna, one can appreciate the rapid progress in the field of plasma diagnostics over the past 20 years. The 1995 workshop was co-organised by the Istituto di Fisica del Plasma of the National Research Council (CNR).

In contrast to previous Varenna meetings on diagnostics, which have covered diagnostics in present-day tokamaks and which have had a substantial tutorial component, the 1995 workshop concentrated specifically on the problems and challenges of ITER diagnostics. ITER (the International Thennonuclear Experimental Reactor, a joint venture of Europe, Japan, Russia, and the United States, presently under design) will need to measure a wide range of plasma parameters in order to reach and sustain high levels of fusion power. A list of the measurement requirements together with the parameter ranges, target measurement resolutions, and accuracies provides the starting point for selecting a list of candidate diagnostic systems. Several factors make the implementation of diagnostics much more difficult on ITER than on present experiments. It is also anticipated that diagnostics will be used much more extensively as input to control systems on ITER than on present fusion devices and this will require increased reliability and long-tenn stability.

The workshop opened with a series of papers on general issues concerning ITER diagnostics. Other oral sessions dealt with the application to ITER of magnetic diagnostics, reflectometry and ECE, interferometry and polarimetry, Thomson scattering, spectroscopy, fusion products and divertor diagnostics. The many excellent papers that were presented showed the strong interest in the ITER project by diagnosticians throughout the world fusion community. The workshop was attended by 82 participants from the ITER parties with strong participation from the United States, Japan, and Russia, as well as from Europe. There were 45 invited papers presented orally and 34 contributed papers presented in 2 poster sessions. A particular and very productive feature of the workshop was the extensive time allowed for discussion during the oral sessions.

In the interest of speed of publication, these proceedings have been reproduced directly from the camera-ready copy provided by the authors without refereeing or editing.

v

Thanks are due to the institutions that have contributed fmancially to the organisation of this workshop, in particular the Istituto di Fisica del Plasma of CNR, the Commission of the European Communities, the Department of Physics of the University of Milan, the Province of Como, the ENEA, the Camera di Commercio of Lecco, and the Gilardoni S.p.A.

P E Stott, G Gorini, E Sindoni

vi

CONTENTS

THE ITER PROJECT

The ITER Device ....................................................... . The ITER Joint Central Team and Home Teams and R.R. Parker

The ITER Diagnostic Programme .......................................... 13 K.M. Young, A.E. Costley, T. Matoba, D.V. Orlinski, and P.E. Stott

Requirements for ITER Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23 A.E. Costley, R. Bartiromo, L. de Kock, E. Marmar, T. Matoba, V. Mukhovatov,

K. Muraoka, A. Nagashima, D.V. Orlinski, M. Petrov, P.E. Stott, V. Strelkov, S. Yamamoto, and K.M. Young

ITER Plasma Diagnostics Generic Access ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39 C.I. Walker and L. de Kock

Radiation Hardening of Diagnostic Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51 D.V. Orlinski

Imitation of Fusion Reactor Environment Effects on the Inner Elements of Spectroscopical, mm and Sub-mm Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61

V.S. Voitsenya, A.F. Bardamid, v.L. Berezhnyj, Yu.N. Borisenko, V.L Gritsyna, V.T. Gritsyna, V.G. Konovalov, v.L. Ocheretenko, D.V. Orlinski, R.O. Pavlichenko, L.v. Poperenko, v.v. Ruzhitskij, v.F. Rybalko, A.N. Shapoval, A.1. Skibenko, N.V. Vinnichenko, and K.L Yakimov

MAGNETIC DIAGNOSTICS

Overview of Magnetic Diagnostics Planned for ITER .......................... 71 L. de Kock, S. Ali-Arshad, V. Belyakov, S. Bender, A.E. Costley, O. Gruber,

A. Kellman, Yu.K. Kuznetsov, J. Leuer, T. Matoba, P. McCarthy, V. Mukhovatov, D.V. Orlinski, P.E. Stott, R.T. Snider, T. Todd, C. Windsor, LV. Yasin, and K.M. Young

Magnetic Equilibrium Reconstruction Techniques for Tokamak Reactors . . . . . . . . . .. 83 E. Lazzaro

Fast and Accurate Methods of Plasma Boundary Determination in ITER from External Magnetic Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 97

Yu.K. Kuznetsov and LV. Yasin

vii

A Hybrid Magnetic Probe for Steady State Magnetic Field Measurements .......... 103 J. Fujita, K. Kawahata, K. Matsuura, M. Sakata, S. Fujiwaka, and T. Matoba

REFLECTOMETRY AND ECE

Comparison of Different Reflectometry Techniques ............................ 107 C. Laviron

Reflectometry Applications to ITER ........................................ 117 E.J. Doyle, K.W. Kim, lH. Lee, w.A. Peebles, C.L. Rettig, T.L. Rhodes, and

R.T. Snider

Reflectometry for ITER Density Profiles ..................................... 133 M. Manso, D. Bartlett, L. Cupido, W. Kasparek, J. Sanchez, P.E. Stott, and

D. Wagner

Proposal of Reflectometry System for ITER .................................. 143 v.A. Vershkov

ICRF Physics Measurements by Reflectometry ................................ 153 A. Mase, H. Hojo, M. Kobayashi, N. Oyama, L.G. Bruskin, EJ. Doyle,

T. Tokuzawa, A. Itakura, M. Ichimura, and T. Tamano

ITER Relevant Reflectometry Developments on DIII-D ......................... 163 W.A. Peebles, E.l Doyle, K.W. Kim, J.H. Lee, G.R. Hanson, T.L. Rhodes, and

J.B. Wilgen

Status of the RTP Pulsed-Radar Reflectometer and Prospects for ITER ............. 167 S.H. Heijnen, C.A.J. Hugenholtz, H.J. van de Meiden, and A.lH. Donne

Millimeter-Wave Diagnostic Systems for ITER ................................ 171 N.C. Luhmann, Jr., C.w. Domier, R.P. Hsia, W.R. Geck, and B. Deng

Experimental Results of Amplitude Modulation Reflectometry on High Density Tokamak Plasmas ............................................... 175

M. Zerbini, P. Buratti, and P. Amadeo

Two Dimensional Effects of Turbulence on Density Profile Measurements by Reflectometry .................................................. 179

V. Zhuravlev, l Sanchez, and E. de la Luna

Physics Issues of ECE and ECA for ITER .................................... 183 D.V. Bartlett

ECE Diagnostic on ITER ................................................. 193 M. Bomatici and U. Ruffina

Instrumentation of ECE for ITER ........................................... 197 H.J. Hartfuss

Rotating Reflector Spectrometers for ECE Diagnostic in Large Fusion Devices ...... 207 P. Buratti and M. Zerbini

viii

Multimode Light Collection Systems for ECE Diagnostics ...................... 211 P. Buratti and M. Zerbini

INTERFEROMETRY, POLARIMETRY AND THOMSON SCATTERING

Advantages and Limitations of Microwave Diagnostics in ITER .................. 215 A.J.H. Donne and B.C. Schokker

Application oflnterferometry and Faraday Rotation Techniques for Density Measurements on ITER ........................................... 225

R.T. Snider, T.N. Carlstrom, C.H. Ma, and W.A. Peebles

Development of Dual CO2 Laser Interferometer for Large Tokamak ............... 235 A. Nagashima, Y. Kawano, T. Hatae, and S. Gunji

Infrared Laser Diagnostics for ITER ........................................ 245 D.P. Hutchinson, R.K. Richards, and C.H. Ma

A Thomson Scattering Scheme for Obtaining Te and ne Profiles of the ITER Core Plasma ........................................................ 249

C. Gowers, P. Nielsen, F. Orsitto, F.J. Pijper, H. Salzmann, and B. Schunke

The Concept oflTER Divertor Plasma Diagnostics by Means ofLIDAR Technique .. 259 G.T. Razdobarin, A. Daavittila, v,K. Gusev, E.E. Mukhin, R. Salomaa, and

S.Yu. Tolstyakov

Thomson Scattering atthe Edge oflTER ..................................... 269 D.W. Johnson, T. Carlstrom, B. Grek, and R. Snider

SPECTROSCOPY

Active Spectroscopic Diagnostics for ITER Utilizing Neutral Beams .............. 281 E.S. Marmar

Spectroscopy for Impurity Control in ITER ................................... 291 N.J. Peacock, R. Bamsley, N.C. Hawkes, K.D. Lawson, and M.G. O'Mullane

Edge nT/nD by Two-Photon Induced Ly-a Fluorescence ......................... 307 K. Griitzmacher, M.l. de la Rosa, J. Seidel, A. Steiger, G. Fussmann,

W. Bohmeyer, and D. Voslamber

Development of Luminescent Detectors for Hot Plasmas ........................ 311 B. Zurro, A. Ibarra, A.U. Acuna, R. Sastre, and K.J. McCarthy

Multilayer Mirror Based Monitors for Impurity Controls in ITER ................. 315 S.P. Regan, M.J. May, V. Soukhanovskii, M. Finkenthal, and H.W. Moos

Feasibility of Quantitative Spectroscopy on ITER .............................. 321 M.G. von HeUermann, W.G.F. Core, A. Howman, C. Jupen, R.W.T. Konig,

M.F. Stamp, H.P. Summers, P.R. Thomas, and K-D. Zastrow

Laser-Induced Fluorescence ............................................... 331 K. Muraoka, K. Uchino, T. Kajiwara, S. Kuroda, T. Okada, and M. Maeda

ix

Concepts and Requirements for ITER X-Ray Diagnostics ....................... 341 K.W. Hill, M. Bitter, and S. von Goeler

Applications of X-Ray Spectroscopy to ITER ............................. , ... 353 R. Barnsley, R.M. Giannella, K.D. Lawson, and N.J. Peacock

Diamond Detector Based SXR Array for ITER ................................ 365 A.G. Alekseev, Y.N. Amosov, Y.S. Khrunov, AV. Krasilnikov, D.Y. PortnOY,

A. Yu. Tsoutskikh, and E.G. Utjugov

FUSION PRODUCTS

Fusion Product Measurements in D-T Plasmas in TFTR ......................... 369 L.C. Johnson, C.W. Barnes, RE. Bell, M. Bitter, RY. Budny, C.E. Bush,

D.S. Darrow, H.H. Duong, P.C. Efthimion, RK. Fisher, R.J. Fonck, H.W. Herrmann, D.L. Jassby, AV. Krasilnikov, G.R. McKee, S.S. Medley, M. Osakabe, M.P. Petrov, AL. Roquemore, M. Sasao, S. Sesnic, B.C. Stratton, E.J. Synakowski, S. von Goeler, and S.J. Zweben

DT Neutron Measurements and Experience on TFTR ........................... 379 C.W. Barnes, H.H. Duong, D.L. Jassby, L.C. Johnson, AR Larson,

G. LeMunyan, M.J.Loughlin, AL. Roquemore, S. Sesnic, J.D. Strachan, S. von Goeler, and G.A Wurden

A Neutron Camera for ITER: Conceptual Design .............................. 385 F.B. Marcus, J.M. Adams, P. Batistoni, T. Elevant, O.N. Jarvis, L.C. Johnson,

L. de Kock, G. Sadler, and P.E. Stott

Neutron Spectrometry for ITER ............................................ 397 J. Kallne and the NPF Collaboration

Advanced Neutron Camera with Spectrometer Functions ........................ 407 E. Traneus and the NPF Collaboration

The MPR Neutron Spectrometer Project ..................................... 413 G. Ericsson and the NPF Collaboration

The MPR Neutron Diagnostic at JET - An ITER Prototype Study ................. 417 J. Frenje and the NPF Collaboration

Detailed Ion Temperature Information from the Neutron Emission Spectrum ........ 421 G. Gorini and the NPF Collaboration

Neutron Spectrometers for ITER ........................................... 425 T. Nishitani, T. Iguchi, E. Takada, J. Kaneko, S. Kasai, and T. Matoba

Diamond Detector Based DT Neutron Spectrometer for ITER .................... 435 A V. Krasilnikov

Ion Temperature Profile Measurements by Means of Neutron Spectroscopy ......... 445 T. Elevant, H. Brelen, P. Linden, and J. Scheffel

x

Scintillating Fibre Neutron Spectrometer ..................................... 451 T. Elevant, R. Chakarova, and J. Karlsson

Neutron Image System to Measure Neutron Profile ofITER Plasma ............... 455 S.V. Trusillo and VA. Agureev

ITER Plasma Position and Power Determination from Neutron Measurements ...... 459 A.P. Navarro, R. Carrasco, I. Labrador, M.A. Ochando, and A.L. Romero

ITER Gamma Diagnostics: 2-D Neutron and Gamma Camera .................... 463 V.G. Kiptily, LA. Polunovskii, VO. Naidenov, I.N. Chugunov, VS. Zaverjaev,

S.V Popovichev, A.V Khramenkov, S.N. Abramovich, A.G. Zvenigorodskii, and M.V Savin

Alpha-Physics and Measurement Requirements for ITER ....................... 467 S.J. Zweben, S. Putvinski, M.P. Petrov, G. Sadler, K. Tobita, and K.M. Young

Initial Operation of an ITER Compatible Lost Alpha Detector at JET .............. 477 M.J. Loughlin, F.E. Cecil, M. Hone, O.N. Jarvis, G.J. Sadler, P. van Belle, and

G. Whitfield

ITER Alpha Particle Diagnostics Using Knock-on Ion Tails ...................... 485 R.K. Fisher, C.W. Barnes, A. Gondhalekar, P.B. Parks, J.M. McChesney,

A.L. Roquemore, and M.N. Rosenbluth

Charge-Exchange (C-X) Diagnostics of Fast Confined Alphas: Present Situation and Prospects for ITER .............................................. 495

M.P. Petrov and R.K. Fisher

A Diagnostic Heo Beam for ITER and LHD .................................. 505 M. Sasao, A. Taniike, and M. Wada

Alpha Slowdown Measurement for ITER .................................... 509 A. Fubini, E. Bittoni, M. Haegi, and S. Rollet

Collective Thomson Scattering Diagnostic of Confined Alpha Particle Distributions in ITER ....................................................... 513

U. Tartari

Review of Possibilities for a Collective Thomson Scattering System on ITER ....... 527 F. Orsitto

DIVERTOR DIAGNOSTICS

Divertor Diagnostics for JET .............................................. 531 P.R. Thomas, JET Experimental Divisions I and II, and

the JET Diagnostic Engineering Group

Spectroscopy of Divertor Plasmas .......................................... 541 R.C. Isler

Bolometry for Divertor Characterization and Control ........................... 549 A.W. Leonard, J. Goetz, C. Fuchs, M. Marashek, K.F. Mast, and R. Reichle

xi

Bolometer for ITER ..................................................... 559 R. Reichle, J.C. Fuchs, R.M. Giannella, N.A.C. Gottardi, H.J. Jiickel,

K.F. Mast, P.R. Thomas, and P. Van Belle

Neutral Gas Diagnostic for ITER ........................................... 571 G. Haas, H.-S. Bosch, and L. de Kock

Optical Surface Temperature Measurement ................................... 581 A. Herrmann

Langmuir Probes and Optical Diagnostics for the ITER Divertor ................. 591 L. de Kock, T. Ando, A Antipenkov, G. Janeschitz, E. Martin, G. Matthews,

andR. Monk

Laser Diagnostics of Hydrogen and Helium Atoms in a Divertor Region ........... 595 K. Uchino, S. Kuroda, T. Kajiwara. K. Muraoka, T. Okada, and M. Maeda

Thermal Helium Beam for Diagnostic of Electron Density and Temperature ........ 599 P. Komejew, W. Bohmeyer, and G. Fussmann

A Rad-Hard, Steady-State, Digital Imaging Bolometer System for ITER ........... 603 G.A Wurden

DIAGNOSTICS OF OTHER FUSION EXPERIMENTS

Overview ofW7-X Diagnostics ............................................ 607 J.V. Hofmann, H.J. Hartfuss, H. Ringler, P. Grigull, and W7-AS / W7-X Teams

Diagnostics for LHD ..................................................... 61 7 J. Fujita and the LHD Diagnostics Group

The T-15 Fusion Products Study: Plans and Diagnostics ......................... 625 V.S. Zaveriaev, Y.D. Maisyukov, AV. Khramenkov, V.G. Merezhkin,

S.Y. Popovichev, and S.Y. Trusillo

Index ................................................................. 635

xii

Diagnostics for Experimental Thermonuclear Fusion Reactors