Chapter Twelve Venous Disease Coalition Prevention of VTE VTE Toolkit.
diagnosis and management of VTE.ppt [Read-Only]€¦ · Diagnosis and Management of VTE Disclosures...
Transcript of diagnosis and management of VTE.ppt [Read-Only]€¦ · Diagnosis and Management of VTE Disclosures...
1
Tracy Minichiello, M.D.Professor of Medicine
University of California, San FranciscoChief, SF VA Anticoagulation & Thrombosis Service
Diagnosis and Management of VTE
Disclosures
I have nothing to disclose
2
TOPICS Diagnostic algorithm for DVT/PE Risk stratification for PE Thrombolysis for submassive PE Thrombophilia work up Duration of anticoagulation for VTE
CASE #1
A 55 yo morbidly obese man presents with pain and swelling in his calf. Right calf is 4 cm greater than left. A proximal leg ultrasound is negative for DVT. You:
1) Send him home. DVT ruled out.2) Get a d-dimer 1st and if negative send him
home. DVT ruled out. 3) Send him home without d-dimer but have
him return for repeat ultrasound in 1 week
3
it
Repeat u/s in 1 week
Or if u/s non diagnostic
For patients with moderate pre test probability:If u/s of proximal veins only will need repeat u/s in one week UNLESS d-dimer negative For high pretestProb start with u/s.cannot use d-dimeralone
ACCP Guideline Imaging Whole leg ultrasound preferred if low
probability of returning for serial studies or severe symptoms c/w calf vein thrombosis
Follow up imagingIsolated calf vein thrombosis and no txMod/high pretest prob, + d-dimer, –
prox u/s: get repeat u/s in 1 weekExtensive swelling and positive d-dimer
or no d-dimer and u/s negative-look for iliac vein thrombus
4
Recurrent DVT diagnosis Use highly sensitive d-dimer over
moderately sensitive d-dimer If initial u/s is negative and d-dimer
is negative DVT ruled out. If initial u/s is negative and d-dimer
is positive or not done then get repeat u/s on day 7
If initial u/s is abnormal but not clearly positive get repeat u/s on day 2 and day 7
CASE #1
A 55 yo morbidly obese man presents with pain and swelling in his calf. Right calf is 4 cm greater than left. A proximal leg ultrasound is negative for DVT. You:
1) Send him home. DVT ruled out.2) Get a d-dimer 1st and if negative send him
home. DVT ruled out. 3) Send him home without d-dimer but have
him return for repeat ultrasound in 1 week
5
CASE #2
A 65 year-old man presents with pleuritic chest pain. His BP is 120/70, HR 95, RR is 18, and his O2 sat is 98%. His physical exam is unremarkable. You determine he is low probability for PE.
Case #2
You would consider PE ruled out in this gentleman if d-dimer is less than:1) 500 mcg/L 2) 650 mcg/L3) Hold please. I need to look this one up.
6
Determining Pretest Probability of PE
WELLS: modified-includes clinician judgment ;has been evaluated in small studies on inpatients 80-99% NPV if score ≤ 4
Geneva: simplified revised-outpatients only
Miniati/Charlotte Clinician’s gestalt
Posadas-Martinex. Thromb Reseach 2014.Bahi J Hosp Med 2011: Ceriani et al J Thromb Haemost. 2010 Penazola et al Ann Emerg Med 2013
7
Date of download: 10/9/2014Copyright © 2014 American Medical
Association. All rights reserved.
Righini et al ADJUST-PE study JAMA. 2014
Figure Legend:
Age Adjusted D-dimer in Low/Int Prob PE
Age (yrs)x 10 mcg/L
6 highly sensitive d-dimer assays used
Date of download: 10/9/2014
Righini et al ADJUST PE study JAMA. 2014
Age Adjusted D- Dimer to Rule Out PE
• 3 month failure rate of d-dimer between 500 and age adjusted cut off was 0.3%• pts> 75 yo - ↑% of pts in whom PE could be excluded from 6% to 30% • 1 in 3.4 would have PE ruled out with age adjusted vs 1 in 16 if not adjusted
8
Case #2
You would consider PE ruled out in this gentleman if highly sensitive d-dimer is less than:1) 500 mcg/L 2) 650 mcg/L3) I can never remember the cut off.
CASE #2a
His d-dimer returns. It is 2000 mcg/L. A CTa shows multiple pulmonary emboli. What is this patient's risk of early mortality related to PE?A) 1%B) 15%C) 30%
9
Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index
Risk Factor points Age age Male 10 Cancer 30 Heart failure 10 Chronic lung disease
10
HR > 110 20 SBP < 100 mmHG 20 RR >30 20 Temp < 36 20 Δ mental status 60 O2 sat <90% 20
Aujesky et al Eur Heart Journal 2006
class Points 30 day mortality
I 0-65 <1.7% II 66-85 <3.5% III 86-105 <7.1% IV 106-125 4-11% V >125 10-25%
Simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index
Risk Factor points Age 1 if > 80 Cancer 1
Heart failure lung disease
1
SBP < 100 mmHG 1
O2 sat <90% 1
Severity class Points 30 day mortality LOW 0 1% HIGH 1 or more 10%
Jimenez, D. et al. Arch Intern Med 2010
11
IDENTIFICATION OF HIGH RISK NORMOTENSIVE PATIENTS WITH PE
Jiménez D et al. Thorax 2011;66:75-81
Mortality1%
15-20%
Pulmonary embolism protocol
Ahmad N et al. Thorax 2011
12
CASE #2
What is this patient's risk of early mortality related to PE?A) 1%B) 15%C) 30%
65 yo male with PMHx, normal VS except HR 95PESI IISimplified PESI 0Hestia negative
Case #3
You decide toa) Admit the patient for
anticoagulation and monitoringb) Discharge patient to home with
LMWH/warfarin or rivaroxaban and arrange close follow up as outpatient
13
outcome OutN=171
InN=168
Differencein %age
p value
Recurrent VTE
1 0 0.6% 0.01
Major bleed*
3 0 1.8% 0.08
Mortality 1 1 0.6% 0.05
Outpatient Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism (OPTE)
Aujesky D. et al. Lancet. 2011 Jul 2;378
• Excluded: O2 sat < 90%, SBP<100, chest pain active or high riskbleeding, recent CVA GIB in past 2 weeks, plt<75K, crcl < 30, wt > 150 kg, anticoagulation failure, poor follow up
• If discharged called every day for one week• major bleeds-2 IM hematomas day 3/13; 1 DUB day 50• No difference in #hospital readmissions, ED visits, in 90 days• LOS 0.5 days vs 3.9 days
How Long is Long Enough?
Aujesky Arch Intern Med. 2008
14
PESI 48
Case #4a A 55 year old man presents with sudden onset chest pain and shortness of breath. A CT shows saddle PE. BP is 120/85 HR 115 O2 sat 92% on RA. ECG with right heart strain. Echo confirms right heart strain with RV dilation and loss of inspiratory collapse. Youa) Treat with heparinb) Treat with thrombolytics and heparin
16
PEITHO Trial
Meyer NEJM 2014
Major bleed11% v 2.4%> 75 highest risk
Date of download: 8/12/2014
Thrombolysis for Pulmonary Embolism and Risk of All-Cause Mortality, Major Bleeding, and Intracranial Hemorrhage: A Meta-analysis
• Mortality with lysis 2.17% vs 3.89% without; NNT 59
• Risk of recurrent PE 1.17% vs 3.04%
• Major bleed 9.24% vs 3.42% NNH 18 (not ↑ed if ≤65 yo)
• ICH 1.46% vs 0.19% NNH 78
:
Chaterjee JAMA 2014
17
MOPPET Trial
Case #4a A 55 year old man presents with sudden onset chest pain and shortness of breath. A CT shows saddle PE. BP is 120/85 HR 115 O2 sat 92% on RA. ECG with right heart strain. Echo confirms right heart strain with RV dilation and loss of inspiratory collapse. Youa)Treat with heparinb)Consider thrombolytics and heparin
Get troponin,? U/S LEConsider half dose esp if <65 kg
18
Case #4b
Should you send a thrombophilia work up on this gentleman?
a) Yesb) No
Impact of Thrombophilia on Recurrence Risk
Patient group Recurrence of VTE per Yeartotal 2.6%1 thrombophilia defect 2.5%Iniitial VTE provoked 1.8%Initial VTE unprovoked 3.3%Unprovoked with thrombophilia 3.4%Unprovoked without thrombophilia
3.2%
Christiansen JAMA 2005
Shulman Amer j Med 1998
19
Impact of Acute Thrombosis & Anticoagulation on Thrombophilia Testing
increasedFactor VIII level
decreasedAntithrombinlevel
decreasedNo effectdecreasedProtein C, S
prolongedprolongedLupus anticoagulant
Anticardiolipinantibodies
WarfarinHeparinAcute VTEtest
no effectno effectincreasedFactor VIII level
increaseddecreaseddecreasedAntithrombinlevel
decreasedNo effectdecreasedProtein C, S
prolongedprolongedMay be prolonged
Lupusanticoagulant
no effectno effectMay beelevated
Anticardiolipinantibodies
WarfarinHeparinAcute VTEtest
TSOAC and Thrombophilia Testing
Mani et al White Paper Siemans 2013
20
Work up for Laboratory Thrombophilia
Women of childbearing years Patients with suspicion for APLS Strong family history of VTE Patients with recurrent VTE Thrombosis in “weird places” Results will influence therapy If done prefer to do when out of
acute phase (after 3 months/except when high suspicion for APLS)
Case #5a:How long will you recommend this patient stay on
anticoagulation? 55 yo man with unprovoked PE?
a) 3 monthsb) 6 monthsc) 12 monthsd) Indefinitely
21
Case #5b:How long will you recommend this patient stay on
anticoagulation? 68 yo woman with provoked PE ?
a) 3 monthsb) 6 monthsc) 12 monthsd) Indefinitely
Risk of VTE Recurrence After Cessation of VTE
Risk factor 1st yr Next 5 yrs
Distal DVT 3% (6%) <10%
Major-transient
3% 10%
Minor-transient
5-6% 15%
Unprovoked At least 10% 30%
Recurrent > 10% > 30%
Kearon, Blood 2005
22
Guidelines for Duration of Anticoagulation for VTE
Indication
8th ACCP guidelines
2012AHA 2010
British Hematology2011
First episode of VTE secondary to a transient risk factor
3 months (Grade 1B).
3 months (Class I Level A) 3 months
First episode of idiopathic (unprovoked) VTE
At least 3 months, prefer long-term treatment if risk/benefit ratio ok (Grade 2B).
At least 6 months, consider indefinite(Class I Level A)
At leastmonths;considerlong term if risk
benefit favors (2B)
Recurrent VTE Long term(Grade 1B).
IndefiniteClass I Level A).
Clinical presentation predicts likelihood and type
of recurrence Distal (calf vein thrombosis)
Low risk of recurrence/PE Proximal- nearly 5 fold increased
recurrence risk over distal PE vs. DVT
Patients presenting with PE are 3x more likely to suffer recurrent PE than those presenting with DVT
Baglin T et al J Thromb Haemost. 2010
23
Individual Bleeding Risk on Anticoagulation
Bleeding Risk Factors Age > 75 Previous GI bleed
with no reversible cause
Previous bleed on warfarin
Renal/hepatic failure Antiplatelet therapy Cancer
Case fatality rate VTE Case fatality rate of
recurrent VTE highest in 1st 3-6 months-11%
Case fatality rate of recurrent VTE decreases after 3-6 months to 3.6%
Carrier Ann Intern Med 2010
Case #5a/b:How long will you recommend these patients stay on
anticoagulation? 55 yo man with unprovoked PE?
a) 3 monthsb) 6 monthsc) 12 monthsd) Consider Indefinitely
68 yo woman with provoked PE ?
a) 3 monthsb) 6 monthsc) 12 monthsd) Indefinitely
24
Take Home Points When assessing for DVT use clinical
probability and d-dimer (especially if not doing whole leg ultrasound)
Order follow up ultrasound in appropriate high risk patients
Consider age adjusted d-dimer in low/int probability PE patients over 50
Risk stratify all PE patients to determine disposition, triage and treatment
Take Home Points Consider PESI48 to identify intermediate
risk patients for abbreviated hospital stay In general, avoid expense of
comprehensive testing for laboratory thrombophilia given limited role in determining duration of anticoagulation in VTE (except where it will impact recommendations/management)
25
Take Home Points
Decision to use thrombolytics for submassive PE should be made on a case by case basis
Duration of therapy for VTE event dictated by presence or absence of transient removable risk factor , individual bleeding risk and patient preference. Minimum effective duration for all scenarios is 3 months
WORKSHOP
Catheter related thrombosis Calf vein thrombosis Duration of anticoagulation for VTE Management of recurrent VTE Management of subsegmental PE When to restart anticoagulation after
warfarin associated GI bleed IVC filters