TRIBUTE

A metabolic disorder of

multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycaemiawith disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and proteinmetabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

SYMPTOMS ANS SIGNS

The diabetic syndrome is due to insulin deficiency combined with +ve actionsOf hormones antagonist to insulin ( Glucagon, GH, Adrenal glucocorticoids )

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by :•polyuria•Polydipsia•weight loss in spite of polyphagia (increased appetite)•Hyperglycemia•Glycosuria•Ketosis•Acidosis and •coma.

There are two general types of diabetes mellitus:

Type I diabetes OR insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) caused by lack of insulin secretion.

Type II diabetes OR non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) caused by decreased sensitivity of target tissues to the metabolic effect of insulin

This reduced sensitivity to insulin is often called insulin resistance

TYPE ①

Cause : lack of insulin due to

destruction of β cells surgical removal of pancreas congenital absence of pancreas genetical cause auto-immune disorder viral infections chemicals and drugs

Type 1 diabetes signs and symptoms can come on quickly and may include:

polydipsia polyphagia polyuria weight loss fatigue blurred vision

Treatment for type 1 diabetes is a lifelong commitment to:

Taking insulinExercising regularly and maintaining a healthy weightEating healthy foodsMonitoring blood sugar

TYPE ②

Cause :

GeneticsObesity – insulin resistance, Sedentary lifestyleAge – almost half of new cases are in people over the age of 55

Signs and symptoms :

polydipsia polyphagia polyuria fatigue blurred vision achanthosis nigricans – dark patches on skin slow healing of wounds

Treatment for type 2 diabetes requires a lifelong commitment to:

Blood sugar monitoringHealthy eatingRegular exercisePossibly, diabetes medication or insulin therapy

Insulin resistance is part of a cascade of disorders that is often called the "metabolic syndrome." Some of the features of the metabolic syndrome include:

(1) obesity, especially accumulation of abdominal fat; (2) insulin resistance; (3) fasting hyperglycaemia; (4) lipid abnormalities such as increased blood triglycerides and decreased blood high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; and (5) hypertension.

Causes of insulin resistance

The decrease in insulin sensitivity with menopause suggests that estrogen generally protects against insulin resistance in women.

loss of estrogen function, through changes in estrogen receptor, has been shown to cause insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in a male patient. 

Cell Biology of Insulin Response Normal Cell

Cell Biology of Insulin Response Type 1 Diabetes

Cell Biology of Insulin Response Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetic care

Gestational diabetes mellitusGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy

may be treated with insulin if necessary dangerous to mother and foetus if left untreated

Mitochondrial diabetes mellitus

Mitochondrial diabetes and deafness is a rare form of diabetes maternally transmitted

Insulin resistant diabetes mellitus

Rare insulin resistant states exist in which hundreds oreven thousands of units of insulin may be ineffective.They are often associated with lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and acanthosis nigricans.

BOTHSEVERE HYPERGLYCAEMIA

&SEVERE HYPOGLYCAEMIA

CAN CAUSE

DIABETIC COMA

FACTS :Diabetes is a silent epidemic and according to WHO there are246 million people in the world living with diabetes. This is almost 6% of the world's adult population.

Diabetes causes 6 deaths every minute and Diabetes is predicted to become the seventh leading cause of death in the world by the year 2030.

Diabetes is a leading cause of blindness, amputation and kidney failure.

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