• Created By:• Khaled Alkhodari

• Sadeq Elmezaini

• Yousef Shurrab

• Professor: Dr. Khamis Elessi

• Due Date: November 26th, 2013

Today’s Topics What is Diabetes?

It’s Symptoms

It’s Effects

Types of Diabetes

Prediabetes

Management of Diabetes

Some Tips to Stop Diabetes

What is it? It is the defect of insulin production, or action that

results in high levels of blood glucose.

Insulin is a hormone that reacts with cells to allow glucose intake.

A metabolic disorder characterized

by chronic hyperglycaemia with

disturbances of carbohydrate, fat

and protein metabolism.

What are it’s symptoms ? Thirst, excessive urination, blurring of vision, and

weight loss.

In its most severe forms, blood acidity levels may increase and lead to unconsciousness, coma and, in absence of effective treatment, death.

Symptoms take a while to appear, so it may take a long time before the diagnosis is made.

What are it’s Effects ?

Blindness

Foot ulcers

Amputation

Autonomic dysfunction, e.g. sexual dysfunction.

Increased risk of peripheral vascular, cardiovascular

and cerebrovascular disease.

Types of Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Gestational Diabetes

Other types:

LADA ( Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults)

MODY ( Maturity-Onset Diabetes of Youth)

Secondary Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 Diabetes Previously called insulin-dependent diabetes

mellitus (IDDM).

Develops when the body’s immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells.

Usually strikes children and young adults, although disease onset can occur at any age.

Accounts for 5% to 10% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes.

Risk factors for type 1 diabetes may include autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors.

Type 2 diabetes Previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes

mellitus (NIDDM).

Begins as insulin resistance. As the need for insulin rises, the pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce insulin.

Associated with older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity.

Account for about 90% to 95% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes.

Gestational diabetes Diagnosed in some women

during pregnancy.

It is common among obese

women and women with a

family history of diabetes.

After pregnancy, 5% to 10% of women with gestational diabetes are found to have type 2 diabetes.

Prediabetes People with prediabetes may have impaired fasting

glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or both.

IFG is a condition in which the fasting blood glucose level is elevated after an overnight fast but is not high enough to be classified as diabetes.

IGT is a condition in which the blood glucose level is elevated, but is not high enough to be classified as diabetes.

Prediabetes Cont’d Progression to diabetes is not inevitable.

Weight loss and increased physical activity may prevent or delay diabetes and may return blood glucose levels to normal.

People with prediabetes are already at increased risk for other adverse health outcomes such as heart disease and stroke.

Management of Diabetes Mellitus

How can it be Managed ? The major components of the treatment of diabetes

are:

• Diet and ExerciseA

• Oral Anti-Diabetic AgentsB

• Insulin TherapyC

A. Diet Diet is a basic part of management in every case.

Treatment cannot be effective unless suitable attention is given to ensuring appropriate nutrition.

Dietary treatment should aim at:

● ensuring weight control.

● providing nutritional requirements.

● allowing good blood glucose level control

A. Exercise Encourages weight reduction

and improves insulin

sensitivity, thus lowering

blood glucose levels.

A program of regular physical activity and exercise should be accommodate to the individual’s health status and fitness.

B. Oral Anti-Diabetic Agents There are currently five classes of oral anti-diabetic

agents:

Biguanides

Sulfonylureas

Meglitinides

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Oral Hypoglycaemic Medications

C. Insulin TherapyShort-term use:

Acute illness, surgery, stress and emergencies

Pregnancy

Breast-feeding

Insulin may be used as initial therapy in type 2 diabetes

Severe metabolic decompensation

Long-term use:

Multi-dose insulin therapy

Insulin sensitizers can be used

3 tips to

Self-Care

Patients should be educated to practice self-care. Self-care should include:

• Blood glucose monitoring• Body weight monitoring• Foot-care• Personal hygiene• Healthy lifestyle • Identify targets for control• Stopping smoking

Get more physical activity

There are many benefits to regular physical activity. Exercise can help you:

• Lose weight

• Lower your blood sugar

• Boost your sensitivity to insulin — which helps keep

your blood sugar within a normal range

Get plenty of fiberIt's tough — and it may help you:

• Reduce your risk of diabetes by improving your blood sugar control

• Lower your risk of heart disease

• Promote weight loss by helping you feel full

Foods high in fiber include fruits, vegetables, beans, whole grains.

Recap What is Diabetes?

It’s Symptoms

It’s Effects

Types of Diabetes

Prediabetes

Management of Diabetes

Some Tips to Stop Diabetes