Data Mining Cluster Analysis: Basic Concepts and Algorithms ...
Development of Scandinavian Mining Cluster · Development of Scandinavian Mining Cluster ... Early...
Transcript of Development of Scandinavian Mining Cluster · Development of Scandinavian Mining Cluster ... Early...
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Development of Scandinavian Mining Cluster
Innovación para crecimiento y sustentabilidad – éxitos de Finlandia y Chile
Organized by VTT – SOFOFA – Embajada de FinlandiaSalón Auditorio de SOFOFA, Santiago, 3 November 2009
by Pentti Noras, Director International Relations Geological Survey of Finland (GTK)
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Crises and survival are #1 to encourage inventions : “scrapping the oil dependency”
Source: The Finnish Defence Forces 1940
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The driver #2: to grow and succeed in international competition
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Lessons learned in arctic can be ”tropicalizados”!
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17th Century
Early world- scalemining knowledge
from Potosí, Bolivia by Padre
Barba
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Early value chain cluster in the Kingdom of Sweden-Finland in 16th and 17th centuries
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Wealth creation through natural resourcestransforming of natural resources to physical and human capitals
Natural Resources Capital
Physical Capital
Human Capital
SUSTAINABLE
NON-SUSTAINABLE
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MINERALS PROCESS IND Value addedproducts
SIDESTREAM
Minerals process industry and minerals cluster witheconomic linkages
Replication capacity
NON-MINERALS IND
Generic governance & institutional capacities
Generic production technology & system capacities
Socio-economic benefits
DIFFUSION
Standard suppliersUPSTREAM
Innovative suppliers DOWN-
STREAM
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Why clusters matter?
• A cluster is a geographic concentration of companies, in a particular business sector. Related industries, institutions and their customers compete but at the same time cooperate. All contributors are related by activities.
• provides improved access to specialized inputs and employees, public goods, and knowledge.
• exploited to reduce cost of operations and to develop new products and services (SYNERGY!).
• increased communication and competition from local rivals enhance firms’ability and incentive to innovate.
• strong and numerous linkages across and within clusters allows for faster innovation processes.
INCREASED INNOVATION, PRODUCTIVITY AND LOCAL BENEFITS AND WEALTH
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Natural resources clustervehicle to orchestrate sustainability & wealth creating factors
PRIMARY FACTORS
-geography-culture-innovative capacity-stability-maturity of institutionalstructures
SECONDARY FACTORS
-public education & awareness-corporate social responsibility-developmental / promotional agency success-informed leadership-local benefits scheme
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Baltic
BarentsBothnian
Possible extension of Bothian mining cluster in Northern Europe
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Bothnian mining cluster
• Oldest in the world (merchantilism based, ”non-Porterian” origins)• Existed long before the forestry industry kick off• Fundaments in hard, crystalline bedrock• Fits small country / limited resources conditions• Survived, even strengthened, through radical historic crises• Mature, international, even virtual• Inclusion of extension sectors, eg., aggregates & natural stones and
infrastructure building• Based (also) on
– Non-enabling, harsh production conditions– Tradition of education and training– Social inclusion/capital, straightforward communication, …– Shared values of people (relatively) – Wide concensus on means and objectives– Incremental changes approach (workers/operators initiativeness)
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NW Russian Ni &Fe and phosphate mining cluster
Aluminum mining and metal working cluster
Northwest Russian minerals and metals industry sector
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Bothnian mining cluster: operating mines & projects in Finland and Sweden
• LKAB (Fe)• Boliden (Zn, Cu, Pb, Au, Ag)• Lundin (Zn, Cu, Pb, Au, Ag)• Dragon Mining (Au)• Minmet (Au)• Lovisagruvan (Zn, Pb, Cu)
• Projects15 companies35 projects
• Outokumpu (FeCr, Ni)• Talvivaara Mining (Ni-Co-Cu)• Pyhäsalmi Mines (Zn-Cu)• Agnico Eagle (Au)• First Quantum (Ni-PGM)• Gold Fields (PGM, Ni)• Lapland Gold (Au)• Endomines (Au, Li)• Polar• Mondo (talc)• Yara Finland (apatite)Projects 2007
43 companies1943 claims
SWEDEN (in 2006) FINLAND (in 2008)
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Research & education
Research & education
ExplorationExploration
DrillingDrillingBlastingBlasting
LoadingLoadingHaulingHauling
Mine structuresMine structures
Bothnian mining suppliers
SWEDISHSWEDISHRMGSGU
universities HagbyCraeliusFlexit
ABBAlimakIndauJama
WassaraAtlas Copco
Tamrock
ToroVolvo
FINNISHFINNISH
universitiesGTK
SMOYKati
WärtsiläAhlström
RobitKonegranes Normet
Kemira
Dyno NobelKimitSandvik
Sandvik
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Bothnian mining cluster: suppliers for processing
Mineral preparationPhysical separations
Chemical separationsMetsoOutotecMetso(Larox)
OutotecKemira Mining Water
ITT FlygtGrindexAlvenius
Tamfelt
SWEDISH
FINNISH
Sandvik
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SAG
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Bothnian mining cluster: approximate world market shares
0 50 100
MiningExplorationSmeltingFlash smeltersDrill unitsSAG mills
%
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Most voluminous tank cell installation in Australia (2009)
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Source: Nordic Lights
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Novel GTK services for exploration industry: high-resolution seismicreflection surveys on ore desposit sitesVMS, IOCG, orogenic Au and layered intrusions
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Finnish industrial clusters 1990>2000>2010?
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MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGYmining machinery andequipmentenriching equipmentmaterial technology
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY sensors, measuring andcontrolcomputational intelligence,simulation and machinevisionmultimedia and tele-communication
METALLURGICAL TECHNOLOGYprocesses with few stages(flash smelting, verticalcasting..)
process automationengineering
PLANT DELIVERIES
CONSTRUCTIONTECHNOLOGY
steel construction
MARKETSquality competitivenessprice competitivenesslogistical expertiseenvironmental expertise
BIOTECHNOLOGYbioenrichmentwastewatertreatment
CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGYmineral technologyhydrometallurgycorrosion prevention
Base Metal IndustryMultidisciplinarity can secure its competitiveness
mining
steel and metal industry
technologic solutions
B services (KIBS)
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Future: Where the Finnish metal/mining cluster may best meet the global market demand?
Knowledge-intensiveservice business
Knowledge-intensiveservice business
Machines, equipmentand servicesMachines, equipmentand services
System suppliersSystem suppliers
Renewing metalRenewing metalLogistic solutionsLogistic solutions
DM 12986305-2005 Copyright © Tekes
Finnish businessgrowth potential
HighLow
Globalmarketgrowth
Slow
Rapid
Low grade ores& critical metals
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Future challenges of Finland and Sweden to improve economicperformance
• Ageing population (weakening dependency ratio), welfare state.
• Employment rate (eg. Finland 67% vs. Denmark 75%).
• Entrepreneurship.
• Attracting laborious and talented individuals (immigration policy).
• Inward FDI and local DI.
• Entirely new niche strategies.
• Not only ICT manufacturing, but more application and allocation of information resources.
• Not only technological, but also productional, organizational, social and, in particular, serviceinnovations.
• Commercializing of innovations and marketing.
• Ability to adopt bio-society and then possibly ”fusion” society.
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GROWTH
PRODUCTIVITY
ITCEnvironmentalperformance
Energy saving
Low-grade/large-Deposit/critical metals capability
Mining sector priorities in 2010s
LOCAL WELFARE
Intelligent exploration
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GROWTH
PRODUCTIVITY
ITCEnvironmentalperformance
Energy saving
Low-grade/large-Deposit/critical mertals capability
Mining cluster priorities in 2010s
LOCAL WELFARE
Cross-sector applications
B-B services
Novel processes
Functional excellence
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/wEPDwU
•HOME•SUMMARY
•EXECUTIVE SUMMARY•KEY FINDINGS
•THE RANKINGS•COUNTRIES
•COUNTRY PROFILES•COMPARE COUNTRIES
•THE REPORT•MEDIA CENTRE
•NEWS & MEDIA•FAQs
Select countriesSelect the countries you'd like to compare.
AustraliaChileFinlandFranceCompareanothercountryProsperity factorsSelect factor from the list below. Hover over the options for more information.
#1 FINLAND
#6 AUSTRALIA
The Legatum Institute´s Prosperity Index 2009
#17 FRANCE
# 36 CHILE
Source: Legatum 2009
Just as a screwdriver (physical capital) or a college education (human capital)can increase productivity (both individualand collective), so do social contacts affectthe productivity of individuals and groups".
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Strategía de transformaciones progresivas: sincronizacióncuatro procesos simultáneo-esenciales:
1) profundicación democrática2) crecimiento sustentable3) inclusión social4) apertura cultural
Rol de las empresas P&M en la construcción de una equidadsocial: ”para ser eficaz, el progresismo debe combatir losprejuisios y a una posición reduccionista, que ve los empresarioscomo antagónicos al la equidad”
Mr Sergio Bitar, Ministro de Obras Publicas:”Chile Más Allá del Bicentenario: Chile-2010”
emisión en 6 de noviembre de 2009
Source: La Tercera 1/11/09 p.10)
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The Nordic mining cluster: What may be replicable in a/o transferable to Chile?
• both national and international scale, even virtual (further to local),• informal links btw individuals and groups; significance of trade
unions, industry associations and NGOs,• atmospehere for innovations: process, organization and
commercializing, • emphasis on all value chain, vertical and horizontal• 3-bottom line sustainable development objectives, • R & D projects in cooperation with technology leaders (countries,
companies) and demanding users, • link with energy and water savings• progress by filling crucials gaps through gradual, small improvements