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Terminal Report FIT/507-CVI-70 CAPE VERDE

Development of Educational Radio

Project Findings and c

Recommendations

Serial No. FMR/CC/DCS/81/274 (FIT)

U nit e d N at i o'n s Ed u ca t i o n a I, Scientific and Cultural Organization

Paris, 1981

CAPE VERDE

lJEvELopMENT OF EDUCATIONAL RADIO

Project Findings and Recommendations

Report prepared'for the Government of Cape Verde by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Ntural Organization ( b e sco )

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United Nations Educational, Scientific and Ntural Organization

Unesco 1981 Printed in France '

(There will be a Portuguese ' version of this report)

I. INIXOD~ION

Historical

Cape Verde

TABLE OF czommrs 1

Background: Cape Verde before Independence 1

after Independence , 3

The Media Situation

Radio Transmission . .

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6 , . Style of Broadcasting

Television 6

Previous Teleccmmunication Studies 6

Background of the Project 7

11. PRWEKXACI'MTIES 9

Technical Inputs 9

Educational radio Production Training 15

Progranme Production and Transmission 27

Reception 30

Evaluation 32

111. a3NcLusIONS AND -TIONS

ANNEXES

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

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Proposed Table of Organisation List of Participating Ministries and Agencies Consultant Missions

List of Project Equipnent Schema of Installations at Monte Xota Block Diagram of Praia Circuit Diagram of Praia Block Diagram of Monte Xota Circuit Diagram of Monte Xota

List of Production Trainees b e '* D

ILLUSTRATIONS

1. Map of Cape Verde 2 2. Cape Verde Broadcasting Network . 14

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 .

Cova (C.A.A.) Foundation Bolting (J.H.F.) Tower Sections (J.H.F.) Monte Xota Tower (J.H.F.) Praia Studio (J.H.F.) Mindelo Studio (C.A.A.) Field Training (C.A.A) Praia Control Rack (C.A.A.) Field FWording (C.A.A) Village Coaperative (R.P.C)

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HISI'ORICAL BACKGROUND: CAPE VERDE BEFORE INDEPENDENCE2

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The Republic of Cape Verde is an archipelago s a w 600 kilaneters off the coast of West Africa and is divided into two groups: ilhas do Sotavento and ilhas do,.Barlavento. The Sotavento group comprises Brava, Maio, Fogo,*and Santiago; the Barlavento islands include Santo Antao, Sao Vicente, Santa Luzia (uninhabited), Sa0 Nicolau, Sal, and Boavista.

The population (approximately 300,000) is of mixed origin: European (mainly Portuguese), and several West African- ethnic tribes. While the official language is Portuguese, two forms of Creole are used (Portuguese mixed with a number of African words). More than half of the population lives on the island of Santiago, which is also the

I seat of Government. It is estimated that some 350,000 Capeverdians live abroad, mainly in the United States of Ainerica, Western Eurape, and other Portuguese speaking countries. Most Capeverdians nonetheless maintain active ties with their native country.

When the islands were discovered by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century, 'they were uninhabited. Because of its strategic location on the sea route between Europe and West Africa on the one hand, and Africa and Latin America on the other, the islands soon developed as a port of call for ships departing fran Africa for the new world. During that

* time, the 'islands were rich in fresh water resources and agricultural crops, and thus became a welcome verdant stopping point on transatlantic journeys. The increasing traffic of ships eventually led to the transfer of large numbers of West Africans who through intermarriage with the Portuguese formed over the centuries what is known today as the Capeverdian people.

There have always been cyclic droughts, periods of dryness, but during the last twenty years, the drought has been aggravated by dry Sahelian winds which have ripped off the topsoil of most of the land making it impossible to store even the meagre rainfall that occasionally does occur.

During the era of Portuguese rule lasting almost five centuries, several Capeverdians acceded to posts in the administration and in the church. Later, these islands were to becane a major source for public officials for other Portuguese administered territories such as Guine Bissau,Angola, and Mozam- bique. In the 1970's, Capeverdians were also in the forefront

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ILLUSTRATION 1: M?P OF CAPE vERI3E

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Santiago 7. .

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of liberation movements, notably the Partido African0 para a Independencia da Guine e Cab0 Verde (PAIGC). This Party was founded by the current President of Cape Verde, Aristides Pereira and the late Amilcar Cabral, half-brother of Luis Cabral, President of Guine Bissau until November 1980.

. CAPE VERDE AFTER INDEPENDENCE?,

On 5 July 1975 Cape Verde acceded to independence and became a republic. Guinea-Bissau won its independence two years earlier. The two countries were regarded as twin republics and were governed under the COrmTlDn administration of the PAICC until the end of 1980 when each decided to set up its

Since independence, the new leaders faced two major difficulties: running the entire country after the departure of the Portuguese and building the base of an efficient developnent progran-une responsive to the options available and the aspirations of the -le. As brought out during the visit of the Unesco Director General to Cape Verde fran 7 to 11 March 1979, the priority goal is agricultural developnent, particularly tapping of water resources and revitalisation and utilisation of I soil. The developnent plan also includes the progressive restructuring of the educational system with emphasis on the cmplementarity of formal and out of school education in a total process of integrated ccarrmuni ty developnt . In under taking these tasks, the national authorities planned on the systematic utilisation of radio.

.own administration.

MEDIA IN GENERAL

Shortly after Independence, the mass media in Cape Verde were extremely limited. There was only one weekly newspaper, Voz di Pwo, in Portuguese with a circulation of about 3,000. Each of the major urban centres had at least one cinema (Praia, Sta Catarina, Sal, and Sao Vicente), but there were no local facilities for making films.

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There has not yet been any major survey to determine the actual number and kind of radio receivers in operation. The .relatively high cost of receivers, 2000 Escudos, places obvious contraints on personal purchase. Radios are, however, carranonplace in the two major cities and they are usually large radios with all bands (FM, medium wave, and shortwave). It is speculated that many of these were brought in by visiting relatives caning fran Senegal, Portugal, or the United States of America. While the FM prcgrme is most popular, likely due to its clearer signal, it is noticed that several of the people also listen to shortwave, especially broadcasts of football games from Portugal.

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CDVA.,, The %uth of this-extinct volcano holds several small ,

,. villages within. .The, terrain is. typical of the other islands, _ .

, The 1eeward.side:of this island, S..Antao, is fertile and .. and shks the.difficulty of broadcasting clear radio signals. . , . L

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It should be noted, however, that since large areas of the country are not yet electrified and since batteries are not always available in isolated rural areas, these factors also restrict the use of radio to the two main cities.

Since in the north FM covered only the city of Mindelo, people of the Barlavento islands had been accustaned to tuning into shortwave radio, both that emanating fran Sao Vicente and fran abroad, mainly Portugal. In the Sotavento islands, listeners are accustad to hearing progrannnes on either FM or medium wave.

It is expected that the future 10 kilowatt shortwave station will cover the entire archipelago; broadcasting either the Praia or the Mindelo programme. Listeners wishing to have access to either programme will have to purchase and additional receiver or purchase a model with EM, medium wave, and shortwave bands.

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RADIO TRANSMISSION

There are radio stations in each of the two major cities, Praia and Mindelo. These were originally "amateur" radio clubs" organised by Portuguese and Capeverdian technicians, usually fran the teleconanunication department. Radio Voz di Povo began in Praia on 6 May 1958 with a 1956 Gates .FM 750 watt transmitter and a 5 kilowatt XA-AVT-228 shortwave transmitter located at Achadinha. Alsoson this site was a Rhode and Schwarz 250 navigation munications transmitter converted for broad- cast on medium wave. These latter two transmitters relayed the Praia FM progranme. In Sa0 Vicente, broadcasting was started in 1962 with a Cintronics 50 Watt FM transmitter at the radio studio in Mindelo and a 1 kilowatt shortwave transmitter at a site near the airport. Similarly, the FM prcgramne fran Mindelo was relayed on shortwave. But due to lack of spare parts and measuring instruments, broadcasts remained on relatively law power, were intermittent, and thus were heard regularly only in the immeaiate environs of Praia and Mindelo.

Also in Mindelo, a third radio station, Radio Barlavento, was in operation but ceased broadcasting some time before independence.

After Independence, the two stations were subsumed under the office of the Prime Minister. While Radio Voz de Sao Vicente retained its original name, Radio Voz di Povo was changed to Ehissora Oficial da Republica de Cab0 Verde. Later in 1979, a group of technicians on the island of Sal also set up a radio club, Retransmisora do Sal, building fran spare parts a 10 watt FM transmitter and a 750 watt medium wave transmitter. While much of the programming of the Sal radio club was music and local announcements, its chief purpose, as its name implies, was to relay the progrmes of Praia or Mindelo.

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Just after Independence, production facilities were barely adequate to provide the minimal number of prcgranmes re- quired for the two stations. In Praia a simple studio/control room suite contained 2 Thorens turntables, 2 Revox taperecorders, 2 Sony taperecorders, 1 Gates console (rotating potentimeters), 1 Trio receiver (for monitoring), 4 microphones. As there was only one studio, no rehearsals or production could be done during live transmission time. In Mindelo, the studio had more ample work space, but limited production equipnent: 1 Gates console, 2 Lena turntables, 2 Teac taperecorders, 1 Sony cassette recorder (used for taping mnitored news on shortwave), 1 tube type receiver, 4 .)

microphones. Similarly 'the single studio imposed great restraints on production flexibility.

There were a number of pieces of other equipnent in the Praia laboratory, but not in use: a Rhode and Schwarz r m t e transmitter switching control, several Teac tape recorders, 2 Nagra tape recorders, 1 portable mixer of Dutch origin, and a set of Heathkit transceiving equipment.

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THE SryLE OF BFUWXYSTING

Under the new .administration, radio maintained many of the traditions and styles of the pre-independence era. Prograrrnnes were produced mainly ;in Portuguese, following the usual urban style *of I Portuguese radio. A few members of the radio staff were able to train abroad, mainly in Portugal (especially journalists) . and in a France. While such training greatly helped improve the technical and professional competence of the trainees, it was not always possible to apply one's complete learning to the Cape Verde situation.

<%" . TELEVISION

Concerning television, there has not yet been any major government decision. on the establishment or the utilisation of this medium. There have been, however, a numter of experiments. In Praia, followinga.the d e l of the earlier radio clubs, a number of private individuals installed a lm-pawer TV trans- mitter on Write Xota; similarly, under the French project, a law-pawer Philips transmitter was installed on Monte Verde. Both transmitters relay on SECAM the p r c g r m s emanating from Dakar. There are an estimated 300 sets in Praia and Mindelo.

PREVIOUS TEWDMUNICATION STUDIES

In 1976, two major telecommunication studies were under- taken. The first, under the auspices of the m i t e Permanent de Lutte Contre la Skcheresse dans le Sahel (CILSS), discussed in broad terms the telecmunication situation in the eight Sa- helian countries (with a separate report on Cape Verde) and pro- vided general framework for development.

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The second study was undertaken by the International Telecommunication Union and covered the same eight countries. The re_mrt on Cape Verde contained a ccanprehensive developnent plan for telecommunication, telephone, micrmave links, radio, and television. Following this report prepared by a telecommuni- cation engineer, Mr Sunuhi Cav,>the Government of Cape Verde signed an agreement with the Technical Cooperation Mission of France fcr the developnent of radio.

In brief,. the plan called for:.

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re-construction of the Contel 10 kilowatt shortwave transmitter in Mindelo;

laying 'of ground conductors and construction of aerials for transmission on two separate frequencies;

installation of technical laboratories in Mindelo and Praia;

renovation and equipping of production studios Mindelo and Praia;

installation of a complete FM network in Praia and Mindelo including re,peater transmitters on selected islands to ensure total national coverage;

training of producers and technicians.

November 1975, shortly after Independence, Unesco at the request of the Government of Cape Verde, sent an intersectoral mission to prepare a number $of projects for inmediate and long-term execution within the domains of Unesco specialisations, particularly education, culture, and corrnnunication. Although eight projects were sukmitted by the mission, because of the financial difficulties of 1975-1976, only one of these projects was approved for UNDP assistance, namely that for teacher training. The single cmnunication project on the develo,mnt oE educational radio was held in abeyance until 1978 when the Federal Republic of Germany announced its intention to Unesco to Eund the project up to a maximum of US$ 280,265.

Since m e time had elapsed since the first intersectoral mission took place in 1975 and the approval of funds in 1978, Unesco sent a second mission in September 1978 to assess the the changed situation and revise t'ne project document accordingly. The mission was composed of a member of the Secretariat and a broadcast engineer.

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. Am3ng the initial difficulties encountered at that time were the lack- of topographical maps for judging terrain and distances; the lack o€ accurate information' on field strength measurements of the various broadcast transmissions, awing to the lack of any scientific measuring instruments; and the inherent complexity of a project ,which necessarily involves three major ministries: Education, Information, and Teleamnnunication.

Even at this early stage of the project, the' Education and Information authorities were sharply aware of the inade- quacies of the present radio coverage, insisting. that it was essential to ensure first ' a %mnplete radio coverage of the entire archipelago before attempting to organise anything as complicated as educational radio. At the same time, it was also recognized that delays in preparing the groundwork for educatio- nal radio would mean even greater delays later ,in implementing developnent plans. Any project design would have to foresee tackling both the problem of radio coverage ..and the need for preparing the groundwork for educational radio at the same time.

As a result of the. mission, . 'a twofold. strategy was - . designed : I - I

1) To set. up 1 the'backbone .of - an - FM radio .' network using lcw-pwer transmitters ' whose. p e r ,I . could 1ater:be boosted Ifor larger coverage 'when. funds and the need for higher p e r arose; ..:. ...'

principles to the prospective producers and begin by practicing on simple-law cost production equip ment . 1 _. .

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2) To;start .the introduction of educational radio . . ,

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: 'The revised .: project. d&nt reflected .-. this twofold strategy. and .contained-a detailed plan for the installation of basic ;transmission equipnt, emphasising the use of ,' measuring instruments and: : maintenance : .' equiprent. ., The revised' project :

document was signed on 8 December 1978 by'the Secretary of State ': for.'. Planning and Cooperation. -Equipment was. purchased and the . .

consultant teamL..was identified and scheduled. " I

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11. PFOlECI' ACTIVITIES

This section of the report is divided into five main , :

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. . technical inputs , ,

educational radio production training '

prcgranune production and transmission

reception . . '

evaluation.

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TECHNICAL INPm

It should be noted at the outset that simultaneous. with the Unesco funds in trust project, the French Ministry of Tech- cal Cooperation also signed an agreement with the Cape Verde Government for the mnplete installation of a radio network in the archipelago. The French project, however, concentrated on the re-construction of a Brazilian made Contel 10 kilowatt shortwave transmitter with two sets of antenna radials to pro- vide transmission on two different frequencies. This was admit- tedly a long and arduous work, but it was felt necessary to complete the transmitter which was a gift of Capeverdians living abroad. As an adjunct to the transmitter work, a canplete technical laboratory was installed by the French Cooperation at '

Chnmandante Navale in the city of Mindelo,(ilhas de Barlavento) Meanwhile, urgent work to install the basic FM backbone was waiting.

IQ view of the work begun by the French, Unesco was particularly requested to .concentrate on the principal FM transmitters on the island of Santiago, as this was the seat of the Government, the main agricultural area, and the residence of m r e than one half the population. This work was all the m r e important as at the time the project began there was no means of cmnunicating by radio to the entire island of Santiago, let alone to Sao Vicente or the other outlying islands. Nor was there any way for those in Santiago to listen to. p r o g r m s emanating fran Mindelo.

. To ensure competent engineering expertise, rapid delivery, a system design which would be compatible with existing and future quiprent, and pinpointed responsibility for delivery and installation, it was decided to subcontract the technical requirements to the Technical Department of the Swedish Teleccmnunication Administration (SWEMZL).

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FOUNDATION BOLTING. . The foundation plates ‘were re-drilled to ensure correct orientation.,of’the tower. and antknna.radiators: Several tons of rock fill were dumpd at the base.

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As a first measure, two engineers (Jan Harry Forsman and Eo Tidesten) visited the islands in the mnth of October 1979 to install the barest minimum of equiprent in order to enable regular, clear broadcast signals to emanate from the capital. ~n the radio studio in Praia, a new Telefunken 100 watt FM transmitter was installed and cabled to the former di-ring antenna. Although one of the rings was broken and the total height of the antenna was only some six to eight meters above the roof of-the studio, the improved strength and signal quality was such that the signal could be heard within some 20 to 30 kilaneters around the city of Praia and was m r e than adequate to rrodulate thebrelay transmitter to ’be installed on Monte Xota.

At.the telecommunication site on Monte Xota, a similar transmitter was installed in the generator building. A temporary di-pole antenna was hoisted on a 12-meter pole behind the building. A Technics quartz-controlled FM receiver fed the Praia signal to the relay transmitter which, because of the height of Monte Xota,covered a h s t the entire island of Santiago with the exception of a few shadaw zones notably in the area of Tarrafal. At some later stage, either the relay transmitter could be boosted to as much as 2.5 kilawatts or a low power (10-50 watts) transmitter could be used as a repeater on the hill just overlooking Tarrafal.

This engineering mission also inspected various sites for future masts and antennas and proposed that the projectb include an 18-meter mast with cmmi-dirktional antenna for Praia and a 36-meter mast with an array of panel radiator antennas for Pbnte Xota. While the first transmitter installations would provide the basic backbone of the new network, the additional masts and antennas would boost the power and also provide modulating signals for Mindelo and Sal, as well as for any ‘future repeaters that m y he provided under the French project.

’ A suitable place for the new mast on Pbnte Xota was selected in agreement with the Ministry of Ccmmunication and Transport and calculations were made to determine the signal strength of the antenna system (see Annex 6).

A second mission was sent in May 1980 to finalise the pre,parations of the site for the new mast: digging of foun- dations, laying of cement filler, fitting of templates, provi- sion of semi-skilled labour and transportation. The tower sec- tions were released Erom the Customs warehouse and delivered by truck to Write Xota; the shorter tower sections were stored at the radio station in Praia. The detailed map of the site marking the location and orientation of the tower base was left with the Ministry of Public Works and the Technical Department of the Ministry of Transport and Cmnunication.

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a helpmast and a manua1,winch. provided by the Ministry of Public Works.'.

Riggers and assistants were , ' ,'

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TOWER SECTIONS. The tower was raised section by section using

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In October, one of the engineers (J. Forsman) again visited the islands to ascertain the preparation of the foundation and its orientation as this would aEfect the position of the tower sections and eventually the directions of the panel radiators. Despite the fact that the original drawings were lost at some point, it was discovered that the foundation was only 0.54 centimetres off the desired orientation. To rectify, this muld require redrilling the holes in the base sections to allow for a slight rotation. Otherwise the foundations were ready for mounting the tower sections.

Also during this mission, the engineer prepared the foundation of the 18-metre tower which was to be installed on the roof of the washrocm in the Praia studio. At this time also, the link equipnent arrived. This consisted of two 10 watt E'M .

transmitters, two high-sensitivity FM receivers, two sets of transmitting and receiving antennas, and, accessories provided under the Unesco Participation P r c g r m .

. In March 1981, the transmission engineer and a tower engineer made a final visit to the islands to ccanplete the ins- tallation of the 18-metre tower in Praia and cable the 100 watt' E'M transmitter to it. Crystals were prepared for the 10 watt transmitter to act as a standby in case of breakdown. This transmitter is stored in the laboratory and ready to be moved in place when required. The p r c g r m input rack was also installed containing: 100 watt FM transmitter, audio amplifier and speaker, 2 FM quartz-controlled receivers (to mnitor both Praia and Monte Xota transmissions), 2 AM/shortwave receivers (to mnitor Sao Vicente and foreign broadcasts, or the AM transmitter at Achadinha), 1 cassette recorder to dub off-air (see Annex 5 for list of project equipment).

' On Write XOta, the engineers had to re-drill the holes in *the tower base to fit the slightly re-oriented foundation. This was done at a machine shop near Monte Xota itself. The base, was then erected, followed by the other sektions until the entire tower of 36 meters was installed to satisfaction. As one of five panel radiators was damaged in shipping, it had to be rehammered back into shape before installation. When the panel antenna was completely installed and tested using the 100 'watt M transmitter, the engineer gave assurances that the slightly bent panel would affect only minimally the radiation in that direction. The extra 10 watt Caldwell link transmitter was cabled to the tewrary di-pole antenna to transmit the p r c g r m from Mindelo (via Monte Verde) , using the Maairtin receiver. The programme rack at Monte Xota thus comprised the following cmponents: 100 watt FM transmitter, 10 watt FM transmitter, Mautr tin Receiver, quartz-controlled Technics receiver, audio amplifier and speaker (see Annex 5 for list of project equipnt).

After all the installations were completed, the winch and assembling equipment were stored at the site for possible future use.

the

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The two installations, Praia and Monte Xota, now pro- vide for E'M reception of the Praia programme fran either Praia or Monte Xota and of the FlY programne from Mindelo relayed frcm Monte Xota. The p r o g r m racks provide complete flexibility for mnitoring any of the programme sources, including the short-

The Praia M transmitter was set to operate at 50 watts to ensure cooler running. With antenna gain and feeder losses of approximately -3 dB, the effective radiated pawer(ERP) is about 25 watts, regarded as optimum p e r for Praia. The ERP

I of the Monte Xota FM station is about 400 watts or an increase of 12 dB. The EM transmitter is set at 100 watts because of the cooler temperatures at this altitude. Space at the top of the Monte Xota tower was provided for future television antennas.

Meanwhile! the installations on Sao Vicente under the French project will provide: shortwave transmission and FM fran Mindelo and an EN relay of the Mindelo p r o g r m fran Monte Verde. It was also agreed that for purposes of training and maintenance, the same type transmitters would be ,used, namely Telefunken 100 watt FM. The frequencies currently in use are as follaws:

nun wave stations at either Achadinha or Sa0 Vicente.

Praia 98.1

Monte Xota 92.1

Mindelo 95.1

Monte Verde 89.1

Ilha do Sal 90.6

In sum, the technical installations under the project cost approximately US$ 131,000, including some three m n mnths of high-level engineering expertise and technical

' backstopping by Swedtel. Intended as a first step in building the eventual FM radio network, the present system now ensures EM coverage of all of Santiago plus the possibility to relay to and receive p r o g r m s from Mindelo. The system was designed to accmmdate future power needs and a number of repeater stations

' as necessary (see Annex 5 for complete lists of project equipment on Monte Xota and in Praia).

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EDUCATIONAL RADIO PRCIIXJCI'ION TRAINING

Problems and Strategies

At the start of the project, there were a number of problems facing the organisation of a new educational radio unit: 1) lack of trained personnel in almost all the ministries; 2) no prior experience of educational radio on the part of the partici,oating ministries as well as within the radio stations; 3) lack of expsiire to new formats and methds of

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MXrE XOTA TCMER. the panel radiator antennas.for EM broadcasting. The top section is reserved for future television antennas. The temporary F?! mast can be seen behind.

The 36-metre self-standing tawer holds

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using radio for education or other developnt activities; 4) extremely limited facilities, such as wOrkrOOmS, vehicles, and simple office equipment; 5) lack of set structures for cooperation between ministries and agencies, 6) no regular working budget for the pro,oosed educational radio unit; 7) dispersal of the islands.

- . '- For these reasons, I the- project was organised along- the . L

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" centres, one in Praia to. serve Santiago , I. and the. Sotavento . islands; the other in

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' : accorded airtime by.agre&nt between the

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various ministries 'and agencies, at: least . . part time- for a start, and in this ,way . *, .'

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. - coordinator would' work closely with the regional educational office, with-' '

the, radio statim,' and with' the producers

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' experience.' of radio.production for the new '. ~

. . producers; '.robust semi-professiona1:equip ..

ment was selected for the- .; project, with

field work. For this reason, it was also ' not . thOlJght essenti+. , to construct

. gauge professional equipment at .this stage. 1

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the new team to the sinplest broadcast

them to a range of possible radio formats which muld ke applied to education and

production equipment, expsing them , .

18

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. mats and sugar sacks' to absorb'sound.' Portable .equipment . was set up for basicmixing and editing of progrmes. -

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other fields, and making the best use of the already existing oral style and tradition of the -le. Thus, the producers would be specialists in their field of specialisation who utilise radio, rather than radio experts.

Since m s t programmes focussed on rural audiences and dispersed ppulation areas, it was also decided to develop a particularly rural style and use Creole rather than Portuguese as the main vehicular language.

In the early stages there was no attempt to ,permanise any of the structures or progrme formats, but rather the team would develop slowly its working methods, liaison with the participating agencies, and production styles.

Because of limited project funds and difficulties in assuring local accammo- dations, it was decided not to have long term experts, but rather to schedule a continuous series of short-term consul- tants.

Preparing the Groundwork

In October-December 1979, Unesco sent a consultant (J. Soifer) to Cape Verde to meet with officials of the Ministry of Zducation and Lhe two radio stations to begin the organisation of a pilot educational radio unit and start introductory training.

After introducing the basic concepts of educational radio and its implications in the various ministries and partici,pating agencies, a tentative organisational plan was prepared. The project would be under the prime responsibility of the Secretary General of the Ministry of Education, Dr Joao Quirino Spencer. For the Barlavento islands, the Regional Director of mucation, Dr August0 Costa would be the responsible authority. Praia and Mindelo would each have a head producer/coordinator, respectively Mrs Herminia Ferreira and Mrs Bernardina Salustio. Each production team had members proposed by the Ministries of FAucation, Health and Social Affairs, and Rural Development (see Annex 4 for List of Pro- duction Trainees ancl Annex 1 for Praposed Table of Organisation).

For production work, the Praia team was provided space at the radio studio, though there was no possibility of reno- vating any of the space for sound recording. m e Sao Vicente team was given an unoccupied room in an annex at Radio Voz de Sao Vicente. While it was acoustically panelled, there was no separation between the mntrol room ancl the studio.

20

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" . MINDEIX) STUDIO. !. Radio Voz: de S. .Vicente was able :to-lease , , , ;

for temporary use prior to transfer-to the new studios at ' . . . " ,

Camandante Navale. " I

. * , a rocm for a temporary studio which unfortunately did not .! ._. . <

have a separate:control cabin.' F q i p n t was installed I ' I %

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Training Activities

Trainees were selected from the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Rural Developnent, Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, Institute of &operatives, Institute of Solidarity, the Fishermen's Marketing Association, the Juventude Africana Amilcar Cabral, and the radio stations (see Annex 2 for complete list). Separate training courses were organised in Praia and .Mindelo. These emphasized the introduction to educational radio and simple techniques of interviewing and recording. ' %

After the introductory training in Praia in m e m b e r 1979, the 19 trainees were formed into four groups to practice interviews, basic recording, and some progranme production in the areas of pedagogical methods for primary school teachers, cooperatives, agriculture and health.

In Mindelo, in December 1979, 18 trainees underwent the same course and were later subdivided into five sub-groups in the areas of pedagogical methods for primary schml teachers, social studies for high school students, drying and salting techniques for fishermen, nutrition and hygiene for mthers. The Mindelo team was able to ccPnplete five pilot programnes.

As a result of this first training mission, the new pro- ducers were given basic training in sound production, preparations were made for a temporary studio at the RadioVoz de Sa0 Vicente, a plan was made for a provisional studio at Emissora Oficial da Republica de Cab0 Verde, and a general workplan was made for the first mnths of 1980.

%en at this early stage in the training, the difficulty of part-time producers was already beginning to be felt. While the project originally foresaw a heavy emphasis on fieldwork and editing/asscmbling in the field, the need for a permanent studio and a spacious work base also arose. While two mtorcycles were provided by the project, many of the wanen producers hesitated to use them.

A second training mission' was scheduled for February 1980, but upon arrival of the consultant, J. Soifer, it was discovered that the Praia studio was not yet available, oquipnent was still in its packing at the radio station, a number of producers were in the meantime appointed to other tasks, and pilot production for all practical purposes had

" I

S W .

In Mindelo, a few p r o g r m s in hygiene and pedagogy had been prepared. The consultant continued production work with a view to beginning broadcast of p r o g r m s frcm the Barlavento islands .

22

the Mindelo radio producers practice interviewing techniques. . ' Simple, robust, but reliable equipnent is -used,

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23

In March 1980, a third mission (R. P. da Cruz), was sent. The Mindelo team was prepared to launch a regular series of p r o g r m s to begin at the end of the month. The team first mnitored- and evaluated the form and content of the prcgramnes already recorded. It was found, however, that the programnes generally followed a traditional style based on a written script. Little attempt was made to utilise interviews, sound

or music, or to incorporate an oral.style. It was then decided to. make only minor improvements in the recorded. prcgrmes and schedule'an advanced training course in specific

As m s t of the production work in Praia had stopped since November 1979, since a number of producers were transferred to other islands or other assignments, the remaining producers and some new trainees expressed the desire to start training again and eventually produce a series for transmission. In April 1980, a new training course began with ten participants. The training emphasised developing a rural style of radio and the use of oral traditions, interview techniques, live recordings, and the Creole language. production teams were formed in Praia, one for education, the other for rural development.

As the studio in Praia had still not yet been completed, the consultant assembled cork panels, leftover acoustical boards, m e n mats, and other local materials to provide sound panelling for a makeshift studio. Equiprent was temporarily installed and a modest production facility was thus provided. While not perfect, at least basic recording, dubbing, and editing could be done.

Unlike in Mindelo, where a part time' technician was made available the team by the radio station, the Praia team had no such expertise. At first, producers found it difficult hand- ling the technical production of the prcgrmes, in addition to

L the demands imposed by the educational content and scripting. The production team was obliged to share technical tasks as well as .scripting and production work and organised themselves into smaller work groups for planning and scheduling of production, equipment checks, and technical production. The team also tackled two importantprogrannne areas not yet covered by the Barlavento team, namely literacy and rural developnt support. At the end of this training stint, the team was prepard to handle fuller production and broadcasting activities scheduled for Autumn of 1980.

, effects,

. production techniques in June.

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In August 1980, a fourth mission (R. P. da Cruz) was sent to Cape Verde to continue training and organisational activities. This mission was beset with a number of circumstantial problems, as several prcducers were assigned to '

other islands, some were sent abrcad for training, and one of the coordinators left the project for other work. Meetings

24

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. . I, . PFWA ClXITbL RACK. A Capeverdian.t&hnician.adjusts the. :. ' . . '. . ,:

shortwave' ,receiver 'for mnitoring news ' broadcas.ts. .The. rack I - also contains the 100 watt FM transmitter and a.cassette ': ' '

recorder. for taping of f-air . . . . .

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were held with the Praia team and with Dr Joao Quirino Spencer to re-schedule the training and production for transmission in October. The consultant met with heads of the Ministerial departments participating in the project, to confirm the availa- bility of their producers on a part-time basis. Preparations were also made towards the organisation of reception groups to be in operation by October. < c , >

.

At the initiative of Dr Spencer, a meeting was held with Directors4eneral from the Ministries of Rural Developnent, Health and Social Affairs, and fran the Institute of Cooperatives, the Institute of solidarity, and the Juventude Africana Amilcar Cabral. General agreements were made on the necessary liaison between the Ministry of Education and the participating depa'rtments and agencies.

After this, training in Praia continued, leading to the production of a limited number of prcgrmes. During this work, .

the new producers were introduced to the basic techniques and system of production.

In Mindelo, the production team had already succeeded in I

producing four series of educational progrmes fran April to June and therefore during this mission they were ready to to advance to other formats. Thus, the mission focussed on a two- .week training period on advanced production techniques, and especially on the organisation and systematisation of production work. Since sane members of the team were about to leave for other assignments, it was decided to reduce the workload and concentrate on only two series of programnes, pedagogical techniques for primary school teachers and health and nu- trition.

At the request of the Secretary General of Education, the consultant made a short visit to the island of Sal to survey the potential for educational radio production and the possibi- lities for relaying Praia or Mindelo progrmes, or supporting their production work. As a result of this visit, one of the Sal radio staff joined the training course in Mindelo.

In conclusion, two centres for educational radio produc- tion were organised in Praia and Mindelo. Temporary studios were installed, using the portable and semi-professional equipnent provided by the project. Production courses were organised in each of the centres in the following areas: use of portable recording equipnent, interview techniques, basic mixing, sound editing, documentation, and filing. Formats were selected and a limited series of programnes were produced in each centre. Sane of the p r o g r m series were aired on ESnissora Oficial da Republica de C a b Verde and Radio Voz de Sao Vicente.

One of the major objectives of the training missions was the gradual evolvement of an organisational plan for the new educational unit, which would distribute the various

26

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'. FIELD RECOFXIING. Pr&cers ,from. the Agricuitural cooperatives ' ' .

Movement interview the chief of a local coopertive. Discussions and interviews form sufficient taped material.for several programmes on farming techniques, surplus crops,. storage I -: , .

. . facilities, marketing and irrigation. . - . . , . I I .

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27

responsibilities among the producers and which would provide direct liaison with other participating agencies and departments, prarticularly the radio station. Within the educational radio unit, producers of each centre were grouped according to responsibilities: 1) prcgrannning, quality control, and coordination of production work; 2) organisation of reception groups and evaluation; 3) supervision of studios and equiprent.

Frm the start of the project, all producers were under the inmediate supervision of the educational radio coordinator of each centre. The coordinators in turn worked closely with the Directors and Chief Producers of the Radio Stations to plan airtime and usage of production facilities. The coordinators also reported to the Education Director of their respective region.

This organisational plan which evolved during the project also became the basis of the institutionalisation of educational radio as proposed in the draft decree.

Among the cnief difficulties encountered during the several training missions were: 1) part-time availability of the producers (two half-days per week); 2) constant reshuffling of personnel; 3) insufficient number of available technicians to assist in production; 4) and the resultant lack of continuity in training and production. Nonetheless, there exists in each centre a nucleus of prospective educational radio producers .

I

'

PRODUCTION AND TRANSMISSION

The choice of topics and treatment of the p r o g r m s was made in close collaboration with the ,participating ministries and agencies. While at the start of the project, a number of subjects were foreseen (including progrmes for fishermen, children, literacy campaigns, .. and specialised subjects for secondary school students), because of the limited number of producers and their availability only on a part-time basis, it was decided to emphasize the following priority areas: pedagogy for primary school teachers, health and nutrition for mothers and housekeepers, agricultural support for farmers. Each of these topics were produced in a series of ten or m r e weekly progrmes, repeated once or m r e during the same week.

, Production of progrmes 'began as soon as the training activities had succeeded in imparting a sufficient level of pro- duction skills. Production teams were formed on an experimental basis, depending on the abilities and priorities of each parti- cipating ministry.

The programmes in effect reflected the environmental conditions and the developnent level of the two major island groups. Tn the north, where Schools, and especially normal

28

VILLAGE CDOPERATIVE. In Boa Entrada, a small village on the island of Santiago, the rural producers participated in the organisation of a new agricultural cooperative. It was celebrated with the singing of mornas, traditional folk songs.

29

schools had developed, priority was placed on pedagogy for school teachers. In the south, the larger agricultural area, emphasis was placed on assistance to farmers and rural populations. In Mindelo, the availability of reasonable studio space and facilities, and the availhility of producers favoured a m r e rapid start in production work. And hence, the Mindelo centre was also seen as a sort of pilot activity fran whose. experiences the whole project could benefit in terms of a method of production, a system of organisation, utilisation of personnel and facilities and styles of production, including the use of Creole.

In Praia, a number of problems had to be settled before a regular production schedule could be established. Chief m n g these problems was the renovation of a suite of roams to be used as a studio. Though this was not completed until March 1981, producers used a makeshift set-up in the same hall for assembling their progrmes. This is one of the main reasons why production started much later in Praia.

In Mindelo four progrme series were produced and aired. Pedagogia em Progresso (improving pedagogy) disseminated pedagogical information, model classes, discussions, and interviews to teachers in the Barlavento islands. The team was composed of an educational radio producer and a pedagogy expert from the Mindelo Normal School. The series of 12 progrannnes was first aired from April to July 1980; a second series was broadcast fran October 1980 to March 1981. The second set was also broadcast from Praia and Sal.

Saudi di Povo (people's health), aimed at mothers and housekeepers on Sa0 Vicente, carried information and advice about hygiene and nutrition, supported with a number of .interviews. Produced by a social worker, a hygiene and nutrition expert, and a literacy field worker the first series of 11 progrmes was aired fran April to July 1980. A second series began in December 1980.

Historias da Vovo Bia (stories by granmther), broadcast tales, songs, and games for children. While its format was overtly entertaining, the. purpose was to acquaint young children with the Portuguese language in preparation for primary school. The team was formed by two kindergarten teachers fran the Institute of Solidarity. It was first aired in June 1980.

Estudos Sociais (sxial studies) provided support materials and supplementary information about social studies for secondary school students. At the same time, the programmes also assistd social studies teachers in preparing for their classes. The p r g r m e was produced by two social studies teachers, and broadcast in June 1980.

.

30

The Praia production. centre also produced four prcgrms. Saudi di Povo (people's health), unlike its Mindelo equivalent, was a campaign to assist in the prevention of epidemic diseases in Praia and nearby villages. Eighteen progrmes were produced in Creole. programmes were prepared per week (each was repeated) by a social worker, a field worker, a doctor, and the producer fran the Ministry of Health.

Mundo Rural (the rural world) aimed to provide the rural population with agricultural information on f a n production and marketing fran the Ministry of Rural Develapnent. The team was formed by an agronomist and the producer fram the Ministry of Rural Developnent. The programme was presented in simple Portuguese, but interviews and dramatisations were conducted in Creole. Fourteen progrmes were broadcast beginning December 1980 .

Voz do Alfabetizador (the literacy trainer's voice) was a series of ten progrmes directed to literacy trainers. The objective was to support them in their tasks and motivate new trainers to join this work. Three educational radio producers worked on this series. * I

Djunta MO (let's get rtogether) was already .in productioon under the auspices of the Institute-of Cooperatives. When the ,producers joined the training courses under the project, they were able to produce 24 new progrmes in this series. Using Creole, the progrme sought to provide support. and motivation to the existing cooperatives and promote the . formation of new ones. cooperatives.field workers.

FUXEPTICN

One of the integral from the beginning it was of listening groups and the could assist . producers accordance with the needs

The series- was produced by two

features of this project was that' foreseen to include the organisation collection of fedback data which in revising their progrmes in

and cambilities of their audiences. The project thus included a numbe; of activities such as: 1) assisting producers in working out the objectives of each progrme in terms of audience response; 2) organisation of listening groups in coordination with local officials and field workers of the participating ministries; 3) training of the production groups in the work of organising reception and preparing feedback data sheets.

. " As production work was m r e advanced in Mindelo, it was decided to start reception activities in the northern islands. Since the Ninistry of Education put special emphasis on the pedagogical progrmes for primary school teachers, this progrme was selected for pilot experiments in reception and feedback.

. .

I

. .

31

In qril 1980, a consultant (V. Freitas) prepared the groundwork for organised reception of Pedagcgia ern Prcgresso which was heard in Sao Vicente, Santo Antao, and Sa0 Nicolau. The consultant prepared the training schedule and programne for the reception group leaders and evaluation forms for the progrmes and meetings. Local coordinators of the regional department of the Ministry of Education recruited school teachers who in turn organisel their particular listening groups. It should be noted, however, that because of difficult reception conditions and schedules, many teachers listened individually to the progrmes, rather than in groups.They would would meet twice a mnth to discuss the progrmes with teachers in the same area.

kraluation sheets provided assessment of both the prcgrmes that were aired and the meetings that were held. The local coordinators developed a system of circulating feedback sheets and having them returned to the producers for analysis.

Since the producers could not undertake all the fieldwork and at the same time ensure the constant production of progrmes, great dependence was had on the local network of coordinators and teachers for the reception mrk, with the producers mnitoring from time to time.

The training of the reception group leaders was handled at first by the consultants and the Mindelo educational radio coordinator. Later the task of training group leaders was delegated to the local coordinators of the Ministry of Education.

Another progrme that had organised reception was that on social studies. Teachers underwent a short training period to help them in the use of the radio programmes as a supplementary

-teaching aid. As the prcgramne was aired late in the afternoon after class hours, students listened individually and met with the teacher the following day to discuss the prcgramne. Evaluation was made through the oral discussions in class. Maps also proved a useful tool in this exercise.

After this preparatory work in Mindelo, the consultant went to Praia to assist the producers for their future broadcasts and reception work later in the I year. Training covered feedback problems, rnodels of organisation, preparation of evaluation sheets, and methods of coordination. It was fortunate at this time, that Ministry of Xealth had organised a group of field workers who specialised in small group work, group dynamics, and social animation. The consultant mrked with these sxial animators who would eventually be assigned to the field to follow up the Ministry's activities there.

The project also assisted the Ministry of Education in training' all the local coordinators in the work of organising reception groups and utilising the feedback for improving the

32

p r o g r m s and activities of the Ministry. This was done during three days of a national seminar in Praia, in, preparation for the national broadcast of the pedagqy progrme.

approach. Pranpted by severe clinical problems caused by poor environmental conditions in and abut'Praia, the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, the Wanen's Organisation, the Youth Organisation, and the Party were ,mobilised under a unified campaign.

The Praia progranme, Saudi di Povo, presented another

-' In the strategy that was developed, six teams were formed, comprising doctors, social workers, and active members of the population. During the week, each team organised meetings with mothers and housekeepers to discuss various hygiene a

problems, to visit the sick children, and inspect the living conditions of the area. At the special request of the Director General of Social Affairs, the educational radio team was asked to join the campaign. A production team was organised, canposed of aadoctor, a social worker, a social animator, and the educational radio producer fran the Ministry. Two p r o g r m s per week were scheduled and repeated. Production and reception work were done'simultaneously . Members of the radio team joined the campaign team on their regular visits. In this way they gathered material for interviews and scripting. This also provided them with a direct experience of the health problems discussed in the programmes. These meetings were also used to mtivate the people to listen to the programme and form their own listening groups with friends and relatives. Feedback thus came in regularly as the progranme was always discussed meetings organised by the campaign team. Weekly meetings were also held between the campaign team and the educational radio producers to assess the progress of the campaign and its ,

results. 4

F

in the.

In Novemher-Decemkr 1980, the consultant for the orga- nisation of listening groups (V. Freitas) returned to continue her work in Praia. the studio was in disuse, much of the production work had ceased, and many of the produ- cers under the pressure of other duties had returned to their previous assignments. Much of the reception work intendd for this period had to be sacrificed in favor OE intensified produc- tion.

Rut upon arrival,

EVALUATION

Fran the start of the project, research and evaluation were recognised as key tools in mnitoring progrmes and acti- vities, and providing feedback to the producers, as is evident in the previous chapter. Similarly, as the project began with discussions with key national authorities on the concept and organisation of a pros,oective educational radio unit, it was '

also foreseen to organise a national seminar' to evaluate the project and prepare the inputs for Phase TI.

:

33

A Secretariat mission (G. Dipont-Henius) was fielded in October 1980 to discuss with Education officials suitable dates, agenda, participants, and necessary reports and documents for an evaluation seminar. The mission also proposed tht since the project involved several ministries, a formal interministerial agreement be drafted for discussion with the participating ministries" and agencies before the seminar. This agreement, upon approval by the participating parties would have the effect of institutionalising an educational radio unit in Cape.Verde.

The Ministry of Education scheduled a national seminar 12 to 17 March 1981 in Mindelo to evaluate the educational radio project 507-CvI-70, to prepare a workplan for Phase I1 and to assist the Ministry in the formulation of a draft decree institutionalising an interministerial ccnanission .for educational radio. Unesco provided US$ 5,000 to help defray the local costs the of seminar and recruited two consultants to assist in preparing and running the seminar.

At this time, the Government was particularly desirous to have a Secretariat mission in order to convey the Government's new policies concerning the use of radio for education and rural developent and to ascertain assurances of Unesm's continued assistance through its network of funds in trust donors, principally the Federal Republic of Germany which has, thus far funded the entire Phase I of the project ($ 280,265.00) .

The Unesco consultant (J. Soifer) arrived a week before the mission- to hold prior discussions with the participating ministries and, if possible, to ascertain ahead of -time, their viewpoints on the draft decree to institutionalise educational radio. The rest of the mission (R. P. da Cruz and a member of

arrived in Praia via Sal on 10 March. Discussions were held with UNDP, the Ministry of Education, and the Praia radio authorities in prepration for the seminar which was to take place the following Thursday in Min- delo. - *

-the.Secretariat, Carlos A. Arnaldo)

Meanwhile, a draft of the new decree was prepared and after minor drafting changes won the generalcapproVal of all concerned. It would be discussed again by the participating Ministers and u,mn their final approval sent to the Prime

c

. Minister for enactment into law.

The seminar calendar was fixed as follw:

' THURSDAY: Opening and General Statements

' FRIDAY: Pers,oectives for Evaluation Small Small group discussions Perspectives for Phase I1 Small group dixussions

34

SATURDAY: Formal closing of Seminar I

. . . PIICNDAY: (travel to Praia)

TUESDAY Meeting with participating Ministries to draft decree for ,submission to the Prime Minister.

< .

The producers f r m the Praia and Mindelo centres prepared evaluation reports and these were reproduced and &

circulated. The seminar began Thursday evening with a formal I

opening by the Director General of the Ministry of Education, Dr Oscar Rikiro, who is also the newly appointed National Coordinator of the educational radio project. by remarks by the Ftegional Director of Education for the Barlavento Islands, Dr Augusto Costa; and the Director of the radio station, Radio Voz de Sa0 Vicente, Mr Francisco Tanar. All of the opening addresses stressed the importance of educational radio, the high priority placed by the Ministry of Education and the Directors of radio, and expressed their urgent expectations for institutionalisation of educational radio and expansion of the programmes.

Before closing the session, the Unescq Secretariat ,

member was requested to provide a few brief remarks on the project. He stressed-the particular character of this project in I

Cape ‘Verde: a small-scale project but which has now shown results beyond expectation; b) short-term rather than long-term experts; c) semi-professional, low-cost prduction equipnt in order to provide simple gear for new producers to work on, rather than costly materials.requiring sophisticated maintenance and spares; d) radio producers available only part time until the educational radio unit is formalised; e) a highly exploratory system of production and operation, as the new unit acquaints. itself with the skills, duties, and requirements of a fully operational educational radio system; f) work conditions characterised by a sense of urgency and pressure to produce rapid results; g) a full spirit of coaperation and generosity on the part of all.

The seminar then divided into .small groups as follows:

mRDINATION AND ~INISTRATION

Dr Oscar Ribeiro, Dr Augusto Costa, Regional Director of Education Mr Francisco Tomar, Director oE Radio Voz de S. Vicente Mr Antonio Pedro Rocha, Chief of Programmes of

FSnissora Oficial da Republica de Cab0 Verde Mr Carlos A. Arnaldo, Unesco Secretariat member.

This was followed ’

a)

Director General of Education

35

PLANNING AM) PEDACOGY

Mrs Bernardina Salustio, Educational Radio Coordinator

, Mrs Conceicao Pina, Educational Radio Coordinator (Praia) . Mrs Helena Delgado, Producer (Mindelo)

Mrs Maria de Lourdes Duarte, Producer (Praia) ,

t?! Jack Soifer, Unesco Consultant.

(Mindelo)

Mrs Fatima Almeida, Producer (Mindelo) Mrs Melinda Pereira, Producer (Mindelo) Mr Jose Eduardo Fonseca Soares, Producer (Rvsv) Mr Joao b e s , Producer (Praia) Mr Rui Paulo da Cruz, Unesco Consultant. - FUXEPTION AND ES7ALU?iTICN

Mrs Isabel Brito, Reception Group Leader Trainer Mr Jacinto Santos, Producer (Praia) Mr Paulo Varela, Producer (Praia) Mrs Isaurinda Oliveira, Producer (Mindelo) Mr Carlos Estevao, Producer (Sal).

Each group worked on detailing their respective evaluations and preparing a list of activities and requirements for Phase 11.

In sunnnary, the participants emphasized the following major problems and difficulties in the first two years of the projects. The key difficulty was the lack of clear objectives and a clear mandate fran the participating ministries and agencies. Without this, producers could be appointed only part time and could devote only secondary attention to the prcduction of radio progrannnes; producers were given little incentive and support in their educational radio work which was considered as supplementary to their main duties.

A second problem was the lack of sufficient infrastruc- ture and facilities. For almost the entire duration of the pro- ject, the Praia producers had no permanent studio to work in. As two motorcycles were provided, a project vehicle was not foreseen. Transportation problems on the island of Santiago thus greatly hampered field mrk, espcially for-the organisation of listening groups.

Third, while because of limited funds, the project had to schedule field consultants at separate periods, this posed problems of continuity in the production teams' work on both islands. Often, consultants had to backtrack to recuperate lost w r k before starting the new work that was planned. Also between consultant missions, much of the learning imparted was lost due to lack of continuous practice, mtivation, ancl evaluation.

36

Clearly, what the seminar evaluation pinted to was the need to institutionalise the new educational radio unit and draw clear lines of responsibility and coordination among the participating ministries, departments, and agencies. This insti- tutionalisation would also guarantee a permanence to the educational progrme work begun and possibly open new careers for government personnel. Institutionalisation would also lead to the formulation of regular budgets and finance for the progrmes.

. . Towards the end of '.the seminar, the National Coordinator formally presented the draft of' the .''decree .institutionalising

radio producers,: provided ' by'. the participating ministries,and . ' ' $

formalise liaison with' the two .principal radio stations' ' (Praia and Mindelo) I as well as with that on the island of Sal. . ,, .

The ,decree _. ,would then be , discussed with- the

decree' would be submitted to ' the; . Prime , ,I. Minister ' ,for enactment

*

educational radio through ;~ the ': establishment ' - of an . .

.' interministerial cprmission which would coordinate'the k r k . of . .

.

1 , . . . . ,

. ' participating Ministries in Praia. ' Upon their approval, the : . .

. . . - . , into law. I . . .

. , ' . .- . , . . .

37

111. CONCLUSION AND FEaMENDATIONS

The plan of operations of the project stated two long-

1. To establish and develop an efficient system 'of educational radio for the entire country.'. ,.

2. To assist in the production of educational - ' prcqrmnes by improving technicial facilities

and resources and by in-service training aimed at developing creative talents for the produc- tion and transmission of these prqramnes to schools, rural forums, and individual hcmes in the entire archipelago.

With the financial assistance of the Federal Republic of Germany, the project set to work on providing a basic FM radio network capable of later expansion; furnishing semi-professional portable radio production equiprent; and training prospective educational radio producers in two separate centres, Praia and Mindelo.'. '

t e n goals:

The installation of low-power FM transmitters and links in Praia and on Pbnte Xota now serves as a 'backbone for any expansion in the form of higher-power transmitter or additional repeaters on Santiago island or others. A canplete set of laboratory equiprent in Praia has been provided for handling all technical maintenance and operations problems. The equipnt has been selected in close discussion with the engineers of the

-French project in order to ensure, as much as possible, compatibility of models and simplicity of operation.

Fran October 1979 to March 1981 a total of.15 man mnths of consultants visited the islands to organise the project and provide training in the areas of: concepts of educational radio, studio production, field recording, organisation of listening groups, preparation of feedback sheets, research evaluation and analysis, &cumentation and archiving of taped materials.

'CtJO production centres were established, one in Praia,

mrdinator under the responsibility of the national project coordinator. The production teams were ccsnposed of members of the participating ministries and agencies in the educational radio project. Several series of prqramnes were produced and aired f r m both Praia and Mindelo.

. the other in Mindelo. Each was headed by a production

38

During the lifetime of the project the educational radio unit was organised on an experimental basis to test the best method of delineating lines of responsibility and coordination. While the unit has not yet been formally institutionalised, a praposal in the form of a draft decree has been studied by the national authorities and it is expected that this proposal, once amended and approved by the ministries concerned, will be subnittd to the Prime Minister for enactment into law.

Based on the r&endations of the evaluation seminar a draft project document for a Phase I1 was prepared. The project will provide for: 24 man mnths of an expert, 10 man mnths of specialised consultants, supplementary equipnt, and study tours. Upon acceptance by a funds in trust donor, the second phase of the project will beccme operational, tentatively by the end of 1981.

. . * . . . , .

, . . . <

, .

, . . .. .

' - ' -ATIONS . . - - - . , , I j . . , . 1 . r . ~ . .

. . ,, ~ased on' .the .report "'of the evaluation s-minar and in. . view..:of the problems and difficulties described therein, the ..

study a d . .'finil-; , . :I., , I ;'

. , - .. _ I , I .

following .rec&nnendations . 1 are put. forward. ;. . I - . . I

, . !. - I I .

, . . , , . , . . . , , . ., ,

, . ,

,. 1. I . ise , the proposed ,.draft decree creating an . , I , .

'

. ... educational radio unit and 'facilitate its enact- - ment -into law. . , .

That 'the' national .authorities

. . . . . . .

. .- ..

. , , . a,. . I . .. , . .

.. ' , I I

1- --' '. ' ,. . . . , ,., ' . . , . I .

2. That the national. authorities, once. -.the draft, , ~ - ' ,

- .beccanes law, assign.the,necessary .permanent.and. . . . ' . r I full-time staff to the.new 'hit and provide ad&- ,

i' I - quate,:. finincial-assistance for-.its activities.

; . . , . 'I r

.. .' . .

.. . J., . . , I

. . , . . .

3,. That.::.'the Gover&nt of. ,&pe Verde . seek .. to . . . ..,. ..: , . skure whatever additional external 'funds '.may ..

.-.' I be needed to implement Phase I1 activities. 1 . .

39

ANNEX 1: PRopOsED TABLE OF ORGANISATION

IXIERMINISTERIAL CDJWISSION FOR EWCATICFAL RADIO

I I COORDINATION COMMITTEE

'; : National Project Coordinator

Director of Radio Voz de San Vicente

Director of Emissora Oficial de C a b Verde

/ I / I Coordinator* Praia

Production Staff

Literacy

Rural Developnt

Health

pedagogy

Coordinator Mindelo

Production Staff

Literacy

Rural Developnent

Health

Pe(%IogY

Note: The Interministerial Curmission and the Coor- dination Camittee will be organised upon the enactment into law of the proposed draft decree.

40

ANNEX 2: LIST OF PAHTICIPATING MINISTRIES AND AWCIES

MM:

' M S A S

INC

Rs

JAAC -'

SCAPA

. .

. .

Ministerio da Eaucacao e Cultura

Ministerio do ksenvolvhento Rural

Ministerio da Saude e dos AssuntG Sociais

Instituto Nacional das Cooperativas

Emissora Oficial da Republica de Cab0 Verde

Radio.Voz de. Sa0 Vicente ,

Retrasmissora do Sal

Instituto Cabwerdeano de Solidariedade - .

Juventude Africana Amilcar Cabral

Sociedade de Canercializacao e -io a Pesca Artesenal

Proteccao Materno Infantil/Plineamento Familiar

,

ANNEX 3: CONSULTANT MISSIONS

Jan H. Forsman, Chief Engineer (SWEarn;) September 1978

' October 1979 May 1980 October 1980 .

March 1981

October 1979

March 1981

Bo Tidesten, Antenna Engineer (m)

Ingmar Kanals, Tawer Engineer

Jack Soifer, Educational Technology October 1979 - January 1980 March - April 1980 March 1981

Valkiria Freitas, Organisation of Reception Groups April - June 1980 November - December 1980 April - June 1980 August - October 1980 March 1981

Rui Paulo da Cruz, Educational Radio Production

Carlos A. Arnaldo, Unesco Project Officer I September 1978 ,

May 1980 March 1981

George Dupnt-Henius, Unesco Secretariat October 1980

42

ANNEX 4: LIST OF PRclDucTIaJ TRAINEES

PRAIA:

U Maria de Lourdes Duarte (MDR) '

Luis Fbdrigues (MDR) Paul0 Ganes Mendes Varela (WAS) Ranualdo Mendes Cardoso (W) Albert0 Nascimento Lapes (WAS) Maria de Conceicao Pina (MEC) Joao de Naschnto Ganes (MEC) Carlos Ferreira de Pina (MEC) Herminia Ganes da Cruz Curado Ferreira (MEC) Jose Narciso Baptista (INC) Rquiles Alexandrino Tavares (INC) Adelcides Carvalho de Barros (INC) Maria Salme ( E O W Anna Goncalves (MIWJV) Carlos Goncalves (EOFCV) Joao Matos (EOFCV) Ivo Vera-Cruz (EOWJV) Ana Eunice dos Santos Lima (MEC Maria Josefa Lopes (MEC) Jacinto Abreu dos Santos (MC)

*

Antonio Juvenal Cohen (PEAS) Helena Neves Delgado (WAS-FMI/PF) Isaurindo Santos Cruz Oliveira (IWS) Moacyr Rodrigues (MEC) Melinda Pereira (MEC) Dulce Vera Cruz (MEC) Maria Fernando Barbosa (E) Dina Salustio (MIX) Maria de Fatima Figueira (MEC) Maria de Fatima Vaz Almeida (MEC) Euclides Lima (INC) Jose Manuel Fortes (INC) Maria Dias Monteiro (ICs) Amelia Sousa (ICs) Luis Filipe Ferreira (SCAPA) Osvaldo Lapes (SCAPA) Jorge Tolentino (JAAC) Manuel Novais (RVSV) Jose Eduardo Fonseco Soares

43

r m Do SAL: Carlos Estevao (RS) Luis Cunha (E) Carlos Brito (E)

. Luis Tanar (E) Jose Manuel (E) Margarida Spencer (E)

a

44

ANNEX 5: LIST OF PRQlEXX EQUIPMENT

pF8lDWCTIoN EQuIPMENl' FOR PRAIA AND MINDELD:

2 2 2 4 12 2 2 2 1 12 2 1 2

2 4 2 6 2

2 Pr

HONDA Mtorcycles Trail 90 '.

FEVOX tape decks B-77 S W sound mixers MX 650 Microphones SONY EcM-17CA Microphones UHER M-517 Microphones UHER M-518 Microphones LEM DO-21B Microphones LEM e 6 6 B set of Headphones SONY UHER portable tape Recorders 4000-IC UHER portable tape recorders 40004lonitor SaJy portable cassette recorder with microphone SCNY amplifiers TA-515 SCMY speakers SS-315 SCMY turntables PB-513 SaJy demagnetisers HE-3 Typewriters MESSA Typewriters OLYMPIA

Various supplies and stationery duplicating machines

PRAIA

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 I 1 1 1

1

TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT:

19 inch rack TELEFUNKEN 100 watt FM transmitter S-3161 STA monitor panel UNIVERSAL AUDIO line amplifier 1176 IN TECHNICS FM demodulator ST-9038 TECHNICS FM receiver ST-9038 KENGJOOD medium wave/short wave receiver R-1000 TECHNICS monitor/amplif ier SU-8055K TECHNICS cassette recorder Rs-~85 TECHNICS speakers sB-F3 Receiving antenna splitting device 18 metre WIBE self-supporting mast 8 metre help-mast KATHREIN turnstile (crossed di-poles) antenna KATHREIN panel antenna ARA-10 SCHIMA 100 extendable temporary mast (2 to 8 metres) (at station for future tests) KA'I'HREIN turnstile antenna ARA 10 (for tests)

(1 Kenwood R-1000 receiver and 2 Technics M ST9038 receivers are kept in the station for reserve. One Caldwell AV 10 watt FM trans- mitter tuned to the Praia frequency is kept in the laboratory for standby or test pur- poses together with one 3-element yagi antenna. )

.' -

8

45

, _I ..

PRAIA LABORATORY EQUIPMENT:

1 HEM.EIT-PAQ(ARD Audio generator 339A 1 , AFM;! modulation meter 1 1 HEWUXT-PACKARD frequency counter 5315A 1 HEWUXT-PAQCARD digital multimeter 3465B 1 Ixrmny load BIRD 8135 1 Reflectaneter BIRD 43 with 3 probes 1 , SADELM) field strength meter E'S-3C-E 1 set tesb leads, adaptors, cable contacts, adaptors,

terminations, mounting bolts, cables, etc.

HEWLEIT-PACKARD oscilloscope with 2 probes

MXlZ XOTA TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT:

..

. . . , .

.. ,

1 1 1

1

19 inch rack TELEFUNKEN 100 watt FM transmitter S-3161 STA mnitor panel UNIVEXSAL AUDIO line amplifier 1176 IN 'TECHNICS FM demodulator ST-9038 TECHNICS FM receiver ST-9038 set TECHNICS headphones EAH-820 TECHNICS amplifier SU-8055K 36 metre WIBE self-supporting *tower (AIiTA)

% 12 metre helpmast winch set of KATHREIN 12 panel antennas (K5231187) 4 transformers (K62571 and K752125) (three spare transformers are left on site for emergency 1 4-element KATHREIN *yagi antenna K52401 MacMartin FM receiver (to receive Mindelo p r c g r m ) Caldwell AV 10 watt E'M transmitter (to transmit Mindelo p r o g r m to Praia 3-elemnt yagi antenna (to radiate Mindelo prcgramne to Praia and environs)

ASCHADINHA MEDIUM WAVE SATION: '

. > I

1 Maartin FM receiver (to receive Praia prograrrane for relay on medium wave Ercm Aschadinha)

46

ANNEX 6: SCHEMA OF INSTALLATIONS AT FONTE XOTA

. CTT- LINK MONTE VEI

,

. , .

CTT TELECOMMI CATION “CENTR:

I

\ I

‘ 8

I CTT ILHA

Q JI-

GENERATOR

INK- TO DO SAL,

SIVING INNA

.FF RESIDENCE

- 8 . ’

m Praia

47 ANBEX 7: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PRAIA

8.2 Blockdiagram Praia

,-

Omnidir e Turns tile Gain -2 dB

I .

~ Audio

Dipole and vert i c a1

b .. .

Project Configuration

/ \

48

ANNEX 8: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF PRAIA

Y 0

s

,.

I

.

.. ,

<i

49

ANNEX 9: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MONTE XOTA

. .. .

Omnidir

Gain 7. d B ;Panel

, ._. . _ _

./i' .-.Dir. . .. ,

Yagi ant. Gain 5 dB. ' ,

4

\ Dir. Yagi at. Gain 4.5 dB

Audio . I ' / -, . *r

. C i b

Project Configuration

b

. . . ,

Dir. Yagi ant, Gain 5.5 d~

ANNEX 10: CIRCUIT*DIAGRAM OF MONTE XOTA

,,

..

........

........ - ,:

-.

,

:

..

....

>.*

..... .., ; .

..

..

..

.

..

j

..

.

.

d

..

.<

; .

..

-. ,/

. 1

,

. _I

,

.

........

- . ~ -. I

. , '.

! ,

.

'& 'I 1. F c 'E

....... .....

'< i

\

' .I

,

...

3 .

.r \

-.

..

.....

'.

I .

. Y-

*

d 7

n

0

K K

f3

G