Development of a practical diet for grow-out culture of ...
Transcript of Development of a practical diet for grow-out culture of ...
Oseni M. Millamena, Nelson V. Golez and Joebert D. ToledoSoutheast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Aquaculture DepartmentTigbauan, Iloilo, 5021 Philippines
Development of a practical diet for grow-out culture of grouper Epinephelus coioides.
Phase 1 – Replacement of fish meal by animal by-product meals in apractical diet for grow-out culture of grouper Epinephelus coioides
Phase 2 – Evaluation of processed meat solubles as replacement for fish meal in the diet for juvenile grouper Epinephelus coioides
Phase 3 – Replacement of fish meal by lupin meal in a practical diet forjuvenile grouper Epinephelus coioides
Replacement of fish meal by animal by-product meals in a practical diet for grow-out culture of
grouper Epinephelus coioides
Oseni M. MillamenaSoutheast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Aquaculture DepartmentTigbauan, Iloilo
Philippines
Grouper Epinephelus coioides
a popular food fish in Southeast Asiaexcellent meat quality and high market
valuefast growth and efficient feed conversion
Main constraints to grouper culture
limited availability of frysourced from the wild.
trash fish asmain feed source.
Global production of fish meal is in astate of decline
Need to develop suitable grow-out dietwith minimum of fish meal and fisheryproducts.
To develop a practical diet for juvenilegrouper
low content of fish meal, as alternative to trash fish feeding.
Experimental Diets
Eight isonitrogenous diets were formulated tocontain 44% protein and 12% lipid
Fish meal was replaced by 0%-100% meat mealand blood meal (4:1) in diets 1 - 8
Diet with 100% fish meal (diet 1) or trash fish asfeed (diet 9) were used as controls
Table 1. Composition of the experimental diets in g/100gdry diet
Diets (% fish meal replacement)Ingredients 1
0%2
10%3
20%4
30%5
40%6
60%7
80%8
100%
Fish meal 40 36 32 28 24 16 8 0
Meat meal 0 4 8 12 16 24 32 40
Blood meal 0 1 2 3 4 6 8 10
Other ingredients = shrimp meal (10%), soybean meal (6%), squid meal (1%),cod liver oil (6%), wheat flour (15%), vitamin/mineral mix(7%), vitamin C (60 ppm) and rice bran as filler
fish meal : meat meal & blood mealDiets (%) (%)
1 100 : 02 90 : 103 80 : 204 70 : 305 60 : 406 40 : 607 20 : 808 0 : 1009 trash fish
Culture
Experimental set-up250-L circular fiberglass tanks,PVC pipes as shelter,sand-filtered sea water,flow-through system
Experimental fishGrouper Epinephelus coioides,initial BW = 6.0 ± 2g,25 fish per tank
Experimental designCRD with 4 replicates per treatment
Parametersweight gain,survival, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR),body composition of grouper
Table 2. Proximate composition (%) of the diets andtrash fish
Diet Moisture Crudeprotein
Crudefat
Crudefiber NFE* Ash
1 (0) 2.4 44.4 12.2 3.8 23.0 14.3
2 (10) 2.8 43.3 11.9 3.6 24.2 14.2
3 (20) 2.8 44.8 11.7 3.7 22.2 14.6
4 (30) 2.8 43.8 12.1 2.2 22.9 15.9
5 (40) 2.7 43.7 11.7 2.1 23.8 16.0
6 (60) 4.0 43.9 11.5 1.7 22.6 16.3
7 (80) 4.0 43.6 11.3 1.7 22.8 16.6
8 (100) 3.8 44.0 11.5 1.8 22.2 16.9
9 (Trash fish) 4.2 68.2 5.5 0.1 20.0 20.1
*nitrogen free extract
Table 3. Weight gain, specific growth rate, survival andfeed conversion ratio of juvenile grouper fed thediets for 60 days1. n = 23-25 fish
Diet Weight gain SGR2 Survival (%) FCR3
1 (0) 501.6ab 2.95a 95 a 1.002 (10) 539.5 ab 3.06 a 100 a 0.993 (20) 570.4 a 3.13 a 99 a 0.954 (30) 529.3 ab 3.04 a 96 a 0.985 (40) 493.8 ab 2.93 a 99 a 1.026 (60) 500.7 ab 2.95 a 100 a 1.057 (80) 491.7 ab 2.92 ab 99 a 1.04
8 (100) 448.0 b 2.82 b 96 a 0.999 (trash fish) 524.7 ab 3.02 ab 90 b 0.95
1Treatment means with unlike superscripts are significantly different (P>0.05).2SGR = (ln final wt - ln initial wt) x 100/ln initial wt.3FCR = amount of feed given (g) unit/unit amount of wet gain (g).
Table 4. Proximate composition (%) of grouperjuveniles on wet tissue basis after 60 days ofculturen = 10 (no. of fish used for analysis)
Diet(% fish mealreplacement)
%moisture
Crudeprotein
(%)
Crude fat(%)
Crude fiber(%) NFE (%) Ash (%)
1 (0) 4.18 55.9 18.0 0.17 4.7 17.2
2 (10) 4.30 54.9 17.8 0.19 4.7 17.5
3 (20) 4.42 55.5 16.9 0.27 5.7 17.1
4 (30) 4.82 53.2 16.1 0.28 8.9 16.7
5 (40) 4.56 53.8 18.1 0.26 7.6 15.7
6 (60) 4.58 52.9 18.2 0.27 7.6 16.4
7 (80) 5.05 54.4 16.4 0.21 7.5 16.4
8 (100) 4.61 55.8 16.8 0.24 6.0 16.6
9 (Trash fish) 4.62 56.9 15.8 0.23 5.8 16.6
Comparison of essential amino acid(EAA) content in fish meal, meat andbone meal and blood meal mixture,with the EAA pattern of grouperjuveniles
Table 5. Comparison of essential amino acid content in fishmeal with meat meal and blood meal in diets 1-8 withEAA pattern in grouper in g AA/g TCA protein
Diets (% replacement)Amino
acidGrouperjuveniles 1
(0)2
(10)3
(20)4
(30)5
(40)6
(60)7
(80)8
(100)
Arg 2.50 3.00 3.09 3.19 3.28 3.38 3.56 3.76 3.94His 1.20 1.73 1.79 1.84 1.90 2.01 2.07 2.18 2.29Ile 1.66 2.48 2.33 2.19 2.04 1.88 1.60 1.30 1.01Leu 5.04 6.31 6.46 6.60 6.75 7.00 7.19 7.48 7.77Lys 4.60 5.22 5.11 5.00 4.88 4.82 4.55 4.32 4.10
Met 1.82 2.05 1.95 1.84 1.74 1.64 1.43 1.23 1.02Phe 2.47 2.43 2.45 2.57 2.68 2.85 3.02 3.25 3.47Thr 2.76 2.83 2.84 2.84 2.85 2.87 2.87 2.88 2.90Trp - - 0.04 0.09 0.13 0.18 0.27 0.36 0.45Val 1.89 2.86 3.00 3.14 3.29 3.49 3.71 4.00 4.28
No significant differences (P>0.05)in growth among fish fed diets 1- 8(0-80% MM + BM).
Fish fed diet 8 (100% MM) hadsignificantly lower growth comparedto diet 3 (20% MM) that gave the bestgrowth.
Survival among fish fed diets 1-8 did notsignificantly differ (95-100%), but wassignificantly higher than survival (90%) intrash fish-fed group.
Feed conversion ratio were high at 0.95-1.05and did not significantly differ (P<0.05)indicating efficient feed conversion.
Up to 80% FM protein can be replaced byprocessed animal by-product meals with noadverse effects on growth, survival, and FCR of E. coioides juveniles.Use of meat meal reduces the requirement fortrash fish, another fishery resource which isextensively used as feed.From the economic standpoint, use of cheaperanimal by-product meals in a practical diet forgrouper can alleviate the problem of low fishmeal availability and high cost.