Development of a Dimethyl Ether (DME)-Fueled Shuttle Bus€¦ · Development of a Dimethyl Ether...
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The Energy Institute Development of a Dimethyl Ether (DME)- Fueled Shuttle Bus Jennifer Stefanik, Elana Chapman, Shirish Bhide, Louis Boehman, Howard Glunt, David Klinikowski, Joseph Perez and André Boehman Department of Energy and Geo-Environmental Engineering The Penn State Energy Institute College of Earth and Mineral Sciences The Pennsylvania State University Ed Heydorn Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
Transcript of Development of a Dimethyl Ether (DME)-Fueled Shuttle Bus€¦ · Development of a Dimethyl Ether...
The Energy Institute
Development of a Dimethyl Ether (DME)-Fueled Shuttle Bus
Development of a Dimethyl Ether (DME)-Fueled Shuttle Bus
Jennifer Stefanik, Elana Chapman, Shirish Bhide, Louis Boehman, Howard Glunt, David Klinikowski, Joseph Perez and
André Boehman
Department of Energy and Geo-Environmental EngineeringThe Penn State Energy Institute
College of Earth and Mineral Sciences
The Pennsylvania State University
Ed Heydorn
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
Jennifer Stefanik, Elana Chapman, Shirish Bhide, Louis Boehman, Howard Glunt, David Klinikowski, Joseph Perez and
André Boehman
Department of Energy and Geo-Environmental EngineeringThe Penn State Energy Institute
College of Earth and Mineral Sciences
The Pennsylvania State University
Ed Heydorn
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
The Energy Institute
DME-Fueled Shuttle BusPartners
DME-Fueled Shuttle BusPartners
l Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
l US Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory
l Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
l Navistar International
l Champion Motorcoach
l DuPont Flourochemicals
l DuPont Dow
l Caterpillar, Inc.
l Parker Racor
l Clean Air Technologies, Int’l
l Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
l US Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory
l Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
l Navistar International
l Champion Motorcoach
l DuPont Flourochemicals
l DuPont Dow
l Caterpillar, Inc.
l Parker Racor
l Clean Air Technologies, Int’l
The Energy Institute
ObjectivesObjectives
l Demonstrate DME-Diesel Fueling in a Campus Shuttle and Operate the Shuttle on DME-Diesel
l Through Laboratory and Field Studies, Determine How to Maximize the Amount of DME in the Blend without Sacrificing Fuel System Integrity
l Demonstrate DME-Diesel Fueling in a Campus Shuttle and Operate the Shuttle on DME-Diesel
l Through Laboratory and Field Studies, Determine How to Maximize the Amount of DME in the Blend without Sacrificing Fuel System Integrity
The Energy Institute
Laboratory DME-DieselFueling System
Laboratory DME-DieselFueling System
Engine cylinder head
Fuel return line pressure @ 120 psi
Diesel-DMEblend
Fuel filterPump
100 psi He
Heat Exchanger
Back pressure regulator
Line pressure 120 psi
Pressure Relief valve
Waterseparator
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Navistar T444E V-8 TurbodieselAfter DME-Diesel Conversion
Navistar T444E V-8 TurbodieselAfter DME-Diesel Conversion
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Mode
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ticu
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/kg
fu
el)
. Baseline
5% oxygen by DME10% oxygen by DME
Particulate Matter Results per unit fuel consumed, g/kg fuel
Particulate Matter Results per unit fuel consumed, g/kg fuel
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Mode
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el)
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Baseline5% oxygen by DME10% oxygen by DME
NOx Results per unit fuel consumed, g/kg fuel
NOx Results per unit fuel consumed, g/kg fuel
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CO
(g
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fu
el)
.
Baseline5% oxygen by DME10% oxygen by DME
CO Results per unit fuel consumed, g/kg fuel
CO Results per unit fuel consumed, g/kg fuel
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Mode
Hyd
roca
rbo
n e
mis
sio
ns,
g/k
g f
uel
Baseline, 49 state fuel5% oxygen by DME10% oxygen by DME
HC Results per unit fuel consumed, g/kg fuel
HC Results per unit fuel consumed, g/kg fuel
The Energy Institute
HEUI Fuel InjectorHEUI Fuel Injector
l Electronic Signal from Engine Control
l Volume of fuel is delivered per:è Injection Timing
è Injection Pressure
l Electronic Signal from Engine Control
l Volume of fuel is delivered per:è Injection Timing
è Injection Pressure
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Fuel Injection Timing(Degrees Before Top Dead Center)Fuel Injection Timing
(Degrees Before Top Dead Center)
6.04
7.66 7.73 7 .74
19.08
14.48
10.25
12.66
6.04
7.68 7.74
9 .21
16.44
12.6811.82
7.216.66
7.73
15.45
10.88
13.76
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25.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Mode
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ctio
n T
imin
g(d
egre
es)
.
baseline
5% Oxygen
10% Oxygen
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3 .57 3 .59
7.50
13.93
9 .15
10.91
13.90
16.98
3 .56
4 .51
8.74
17.02
10.18
11.73
16.98
3 .69
6 .23
10.2310.74
12.27
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Mode
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ctio
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ssu
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a)
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baseline
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10% Oxygen
Fuel Injection Pressure(Degrees Before Top Dead Center)Fuel Injection Pressure(Degrees Before Top Dead Center)
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High Pressure ViscometerHigh Pressure Viscometer
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0.100
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0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Gage pressure, psig
Vis
cosi
ty, c
St
49 Statepure DME75-25
50-5025-7550-50 Biodiesel
Viscosity of DME-Diesel Blends at Pressures from 500 to 2500 psi
Viscosity of DME-Diesel Blends at Pressures from 500 to 2500 psi
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DME Content in Blend, Wt. %
Vis
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St
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1500 psig1000 psig
Blend Response of Viscosity to DME Addition at Various Pressures
Blend Response of Viscosity to DME Addition at Various Pressures
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Shuttle Bus DME-DieselFueling System
Shuttle Bus DME-DieselFueling System
Diesel Fuel Tank
Mixture Tank
Diesel Transfer Pump
Helium Cylinder
Circulation Pump
Fuel Coolers
DME from Fueling Station
1. Fill Diesel Tank2. Transfer Diesel to Mixture Tank while Venting Helium and Leftover DME3. Transfer DME into Mixture Tank4. Pressurize Mixture Tank with Helium to 90 – 120 psi5. Start Engine and then Start Circulation Pump, which Keeps the Rail at 250 psi
1. Fill Diesel Tank2. Transfer Diesel to Mixture Tank while Venting Helium and Leftover DME3. Transfer DME into Mixture Tank4. Pressurize Mixture Tank with Helium to 90 – 120 psi5. Start Engine and then Start Circulation Pump, which Keeps the Rail at 250 psi
The Energy Institute
Shuttle Bus DME-DieselFueling System
Shuttle Bus DME-DieselFueling System
Mixture Tank:
40 gallon Recreation Vehicle Tank for LPG
DME Fueling DoorCirculation Pump
Fuel Coolers
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Shuttle Bus “Event,” April 19, 2002Shuttle Bus “Event,” April 19, 2002
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The Energy Institute
DME-Fueled Shuttle BusFaculty/Staff Shuttle Route
DME-Fueled Shuttle BusFaculty/Staff Shuttle Route
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ExhaustSampling
Line
Emissions Testing at PTI TrackEmissions Testing at PTI Track
CATIPortable
EmissionsAnalyzer
The Energy InstituteManhatten cycle on 14 volume % DME balance diesel
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Time (seconds)
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eed
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ph
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desired speed (mph)
actual speed (mph)
Manhatten cycle on 25 volume % DME balance diesel
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Time (seconds)
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desired_speed[mph]
actual_speed[mph]
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Manhattan cycle - PM [mg/test]
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Manhattan cycle - NOx [g/test]
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Manhattan cycle - HC [g/test]
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Transient PM Emissions During Manhatten Cycle
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me 24 48 72 96 120
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Time (seconds)
PM
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/sec
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0%14%25%
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Observations and Current StatusObservations and Current Status
l Shuttle Bus Deployed on Campus on June 5, 2002è Fuel Circulation Pump is a Weak Link in the System; Damaged
Pump Replaced in Late June Solved Problemsè Some Operational Issues Observed – Mostly Due to Heating of the
Fuel in the Rail when Shifting from Heavy Load Operation to Idle; Hot Re-Start is Sometimes Difficult; Pull-Out into Traffic More Difficult at 25 wt.% DME
l Fueling Procedures Working Smoothly and Fueling “Station” is Functioning Wellè Hand-Off of Fueling Responsibilities to Penn State’s Fleet
Operations is Unlikely
l Target for Shuttle Operation Remains 25 wt.% DME-Diesel Blend, but Best Observed Operation is at 8-12 wt.%
l PM Emissions Decrease 80% with 25 vol.% DME-Diesel Blend in the Shuttle Bus Tests with Clean Air Technologies Analyzer
l The Shuttle Bus will Operate until September 30, 2002 on DME-Diesel Blends, mostly on 12 wt.% DME
l Shuttle Bus Deployed on Campus on June 5, 2002è Fuel Circulation Pump is a Weak Link in the System; Damaged
Pump Replaced in Late June Solved Problemsè Some Operational Issues Observed – Mostly Due to Heating of the
Fuel in the Rail when Shifting from Heavy Load Operation to Idle; Hot Re-Start is Sometimes Difficult; Pull-Out into Traffic More Difficult at 25 wt.% DME
l Fueling Procedures Working Smoothly and Fueling “Station” is Functioning Wellè Hand-Off of Fueling Responsibilities to Penn State’s Fleet
Operations is Unlikely
l Target for Shuttle Operation Remains 25 wt.% DME-Diesel Blend, but Best Observed Operation is at 8-12 wt.%
l PM Emissions Decrease 80% with 25 vol.% DME-Diesel Blend in the Shuttle Bus Tests with Clean Air Technologies Analyzer
l The Shuttle Bus will Operate until September 30, 2002 on DME-Diesel Blends, mostly on 12 wt.% DME
